Waste - substances or objects that are formed in the process of production, performance of work, rendering of services or in the process of consumption, which are disposed of, are intended for disposal or are subject to disposal.
Content
General information
In the 20th century, the amount of production and consumption waste grew so rapidly that waste generation became an important problem for large cities and large industries.
From the point of view of the natural sciences , any substance can theoretically be used in one way or another. A natural limitation of use is the economic viability of use.
The appearance of waste (garbage) as a phenomenon is easily explained in terms of control theory . Waste occurs when a person stops managing material objects that are unnecessary for him (throws them away), and these objects go into self-government mode - the garbage begins to wallow and slowly decompose.
Waste Types
Waste Classification
Waste varies:
- by origin:
military waste
- by composition:
- Dung , dung
- Bird droppings
- Barda
- Beer grains
- Kanyga
- Pulp
- Spent nuclear fuel
- Electronic waste
- Packaging
- Slag
- Bayonet
- Oil sludge
- Cutting down
- Butt
- by state of aggregation:
- solid
- liquid
- gaseous
- hazard class waste (for humans and / or for the environment)
In Russia, there is the Federal Classification Catalog of Wastes [1] (FKKO), in which an identification code is assigned to each type of waste, depending on the source of its origin.
Production Waste
Industrial waste - solid, liquid and gaseous production waste resulting from chemical, thermal, mechanical and other transformations of materials of natural and man-made origin. [2]
Waste from certain products - unused residues of raw materials and / or substances and energy that arise during technological processes and are not subject to utilization.
- Part of the waste that can be used in the same production is called recyclable waste . This includes the remains of raw materials and other types of material resources generated in the process of production of goods (performance of work, rendering of services). Due to the partial loss of some consumer properties, return waste can be used in conditions with reduced product requirements, or with increased consumption, sometimes they are not used for their intended purpose, but only in auxiliary production (for example, automobile waste oils - for lubricating non-essential components of equipment ) At the same time, the remains of raw materials and other material values that are transferred to other units as high-grade raw materials, in accordance with the technological process, as well as by-products produced as a result of the technological process, are not considered to be returnable waste.
- Wastes that cannot be used within this production but can be used in other industries are called secondary raw materials .
- Waste, which at this stage of economic development is not practical to recycle. They form irretrievable losses , they are pre-neutralized in case of danger and disposed of at special sites .
Consumption Waste
Consumption waste is generated in industry and in everyday life.
Household waste - solid waste generated as a result of human household activities. [2] Sewerage is also used to remove solid and liquid human waste products.
Hazard of waste. Hazard Class of Production and Consumption Waste
The hazard of waste is determined by their physico-chemical properties, as well as the conditions of their storage or placement in the environment.
Currently, in Russia, for waste in accordance with the order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation dated June 15, 2001 No. 511, 5 hazard classes are set forth in the table. (the order has lost force) (replaced by Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation and Ecology dated 04.12.2014 No. 536 “On approval of the Criteria for classifying wastes in I-V hazard classes according to the degree of negative impact on the environment”, which does not have this table with the degree of harmful effects)
| Waste hazard class for the environment | The degree of harmful effects of hazardous waste on the environment | Criteria for classifying hazardous waste as hazardous to the environment |
|---|---|---|
| I class (extremely dangerous) | The ecological system is irreversibly broken. There is no recovery period. | |
| II class (highly hazardous) | The ecological system is severely disturbed. The recovery period is not less than 30 years after the complete elimination of the source of harmful effects. | |
| Grade III (moderately hazardous) | The ecological system is broken. A recovery period of at least 10 years after reducing the harmful effects from an existing source. | |
| IV class (low hazard) | The ecological system is broken. Self-healing period of at least 3 years. | |
| V class (practically non-hazardous) | The ecological system is practically not broken. |
In Russia 11 tons of class 1 waste, 122 tons of class 2 waste, 1500 tons of class 3 waste are generated annually
The concept of “hazardous waste” is used in the following cases:
- the waste contains harmful substances, including those containing pathogens of infectious diseases, toxic, explosive and fire hazardous, with high reactivity, for example, corrosive, radioactive ;
- waste poses a danger to human health and / or to the normal state of the environment.
For waste, it is necessary to compile a waste passport , determine the hazard class and limits for the placement of waste in the environment, limits for accumulation at the enterprise and other documents.
Computer programs for calculating the hazard class of waste
There are currently several commercial programs for calculating the hazard class of waste.
Different stages of waste management
Waste management - activities related to the collection, accumulation, transportation, processing, recycling, disposal, disposal of waste; [3] .
Collection
Waste collection - waste reception for the purpose of their further processing, disposal, disposal, disposal by the person who processes them, disposal, disposal, disposal [3]
Waste collection - activities related to the collection of waste for a certain time from the places of their generation, to ensure subsequent waste management [4]
Waste generation is carried out by persons:
- Consumers of municipal solid waste management services [5]
- Waste producers - any legal entity, individual entrepreneur that produces waste, or, if these persons are unknown, the person who owns the waste or in whose territory it is located [4] .
The cost of the waste collection service, in addition to the collection processes, includes the cost of garbage removal and disposal.
Waste collection methods:
- 1. Apartment-by-room - collection of waste is carried out at the set hours directly to the garbage truck , bypassing the container. The apartment-by-apartment method is less expensive because it does not require equipped container sites and containers. But, in turn, inconvenient, since the collection is carried out only at a certain time.
- 2. Container - waste collection is carried out in established containers on specially equipped sites. The container method, convenient for collection, but costly. The high cost of building a container site, containers, and also requires constant costs for the repair, maintenance and maintenance of containers and sites.
Separate collection
Separate collection of different categories of waste determines the efficiency and cost of disposal of individual components.
Along with a large amount of waste, the issue of a lack of natural resources has become an acute question. Mixed waste containing a mixture of biodegradable wet food waste , plastics, metals, glass and other components is most inconvenient for disposal.
Separate collection and subsequent use of secondary resources partially helps to reduce the burden on the environment and solve the problem of the additional receipt of raw materials.
Hardware
Various equipment (broom, dustpan, broom, garbage bag , wastebasket ), technical equipment ( waste chute , grate (construction at wastewater treatment plants) ) and technical means ( sweeper , excavator) are used to collect and separate waste.
Accumulation
Accumulation of waste - storage of waste for a period of not more than eleven months for the purposes of their further processing, disposal, disposal, disposal; [3]
Accumulation of waste takes into account:
- documented accounting and control of waste generation and accumulation
- waste prevention and minimization
- organizational and technological operations of waste management
Prevention of waste accumulation
One of the main methods of waste management is to prevent the accumulation of waste. This includes:
- reuse of various items;
- repair damaged equipment instead of buying new ones;
- the manufacture of reusable products (for example, rag bags for products instead of polyethylene),
- propaganda of reusable household items;
- purification from food residues of cans, bags, etc.
- the development of products requiring less raw material for their manufacture (for example, the use of lighter cans for drinks).
Transportation
Waste transfer between places or objects of their generation, accumulation, storage, disposal, burial and / or destruction.
Removal - the process of moving waste from the place of collection to the landfill . Export can be two-stage. If the landfill is far from the collection point and it is not economically feasible for the garbage truck to go to the landfill, then garbage transfer stations are usually located.
Recycling (processing)
Reasons and feasibility of waste recycling
- The resources of many materials on Earth are limited and cannot be replenished in terms comparable to the time of the existence of human civilization.
- Once in the environment, materials usually become pollutants .
Waste Disposal
The destruction of irretrievable wastes implies their recycling with the aim of almost completely ceasing their existence as wastes and is accompanied by the cessation of management of these wastes (handling).
Waste Disposal
Waste storage
Waste storage - storage of waste in specialized facilities for a period of more than eleven months for the purpose of disposal, disposal, disposal [3]
Landfill
The cheapest way to dispose of waste is to dispose of it. This method goes back to the simplest way - to throw something from the house into a landfill . However, simply throwing out unsuitable items does not solve the problem. In the XX century, it was necessary to move from the spontaneous creation of landfills to the design and implementation of special engineering facilities, landfills for the disposal of household waste. The project provides for minimization of environmental damage , strict observance of sanitary and hygienic requirements.
When disposing of waste, it is transported to the designated storage location for an unlimited period, where the dangerous effects of the buried waste on unprotected people and the environment are excluded [4] .
State role in waste management
The state plays a key role in waste management
Legislation
The legislative framework provides and establishes requirements for the production, operation and disposal of products and waste management, which creates favorable conditions for the development and implementation of resource-saving technologies and practices.
Regulatory documents governing waste management in the Russian Federation :
- Federal Laws, Codes and Government Decisions;
- sanitary norms and rules;
- building regulations;
- standards and specifications;
- rules and regulations for handling hazardous substances and for working at hazardous facilities.
- rationing of the generation, use and disposal of waste. Draft waste generation standards and limits for their disposal
Economic Factors
Tax incentives - to reduce the cost of production using waste.
Concessional loans - to attract investment in the creation of waste processing facilities. Loans are partially refundable and non-repayable in case of unsuccessful decisions.
Restrictions on the consumption of products - in order to stimulate demand for products using waste in a number of countries. Production without waste. The scale of using the system of city and municipal orders for products from waste is growing.
Environmental payments - reimbursement of the costs of collecting and pre-processing a number of the most common types of products that create typical problems for its disposal after use - batteries, lubricants, accumulators, used tires. Widespread in many countries.
Payments for the use of packaging or licensing fees for the use of the Green Dot trademark have become especially widespread in Russia, the resources of which organize the collection and processing of packaging waste.
Regional features of waste management
Waste collection methods vary widely across countries and regions. Waste collection services are often hosted by local authorities or private organizations. In some regions, particularly in developing countries , there is no formal waste collection service .
The efforts of foreign countries to collect and recycle waste are coordinated internationally.
- mandatory availability of waste treatment plans and the creation of a market for recycled materials in the EU countries;
- standardization of the level of use of the most common wastes (for waste paper, glass and plastic packaging, the level of collection and processing calculated for 2000 was set at 50%).
Particular shifts have taken place in the international coordination of the organization of the collection and recycling of packaging waste. It was under the control of state authorities that mainly in the 90s centrally managed national waste collection and recycling systems were intensively created, functioning with financial support from environmental fees for the use of packaging or from license fees for the use of the Green Dot trademark, that is without attracting state budget funds. In 1994, a special EU Directive No. 62 “On packaging and packaging waste” was enacted, requiring the EU countries to create organizational, regulatory and economic conditions for the collection and processing of obsolete packaging. Corresponding boundaries were set for the level of processing of such waste. In particular, in accordance with the requirements of this Directive, EU countries must ensure the recycling of 50-65% of packaging waste within 5 years after accession to this Directive. By the beginning of 2002, 17 EU countries had joined this directive, including Germany , France , Sweden , Norway , Austria , Spain , etc.
The system of state regulation of solving the problem of waste processing in the EU countries continues to improve. The main provisions of the new strategy for creating an economically and financially sustainable waste management system are formulated. Key principles of this strategy include: maintaining a balance of economic and environmental interests; coordinated use of economic and administrative tools; stimulation of investments in the field of waste processing; introduction of tax incentives, loans and government subsidies aimed at expanding the production and technological base of waste processing.
In Egypt - Zabbalins
Waste Management Issues in Russia
Waste generation in the Russian economy is 3.4 billion tons per year, including 2.6 billion tons / year - industrial waste, 700 million tons / year - liquid waste from poultry and livestock, 35-40 million tons / year - MSW, 30 million tons / year - sludge treatment plants. The average level of their use is about 26%, including industrial waste processed by 35%, solid waste - 3-4%, the remaining waste is practically not processed.
Irrational use of waste - is mainly due not to the lack of technology, but to the fact that the processing of most of the waste as a secondary raw material is characterized by low profitability or generally unprofitable. (with the exception of their individual types - scrap of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, as well as sufficiently high-quality types of waste paper, textile and polymer waste in terms of raw materials).
Accumulated waste is usually not processed in Russia, because the prevailing economic conditions do not ensure the complete processing of even the current output of waste, which is characterized by higher consumer properties compared to accumulated waste.
As a result of the low level of use, the accumulation of waste in the natural environment continues. According to the estimates of NITsPURO , the volume of accumulation of unused waste reached 80-90 billion tons. According to the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia, 2.4 thousand hazardous waste disposal facilities were recorded. The conditions for the disposal of such waste in many cases do not meet the environmental requirements in force in Russia and internationally accepted standards. As a result, the environmental impact of waste storage and disposal sites often exceeds established MPCs . There are many examples when such an excess is tens and hundreds of times.
Over the past 10 years, the role of the state in organizing the collection and processing of waste has declined. Since 1996, the statistical statistical reporting on forms 14-BP (secondary resources), 14-forest (wood waste), 9-CH (scrap of ferrous metals), 17-CH (scrap of non-ferrous metals) has been canceled.
Despite the decrease in the amount of waste generated as a result of the decline in production in the 90s , the level of processing of many types of waste decreased significantly. По оценкам НИЦПУРО уровень переработки доменных шлаков снизился со 100—120 % (с учётом вовлечения в переработку накопленных отходов) в 1990 г. до 53 % в 2000 г.; шин изношенных — с 8,7 % до 4 %; текстильных отходов — с 75 % до 44 %; полимерных отходов — с 23,5 % до 8,3 %; фосфогипса — с 14 % до 3,2 %; стеклобоя (в производстве стеклянной тары) — с 92,3 % до 54,6 %; макулатуры — с 64,8 % до 57,4 %; зол и шлаков ТЭС — с 11,6 % до 10,4 %. Наиболее высокие темпы снижения уровня переработки отходов были в период 1992—1995 годов.
значительным количеством образования отходов в России
отсутствием в России экономических условий для переработки основной массы отходов, в результате чего средний уровень переработки отходов не превышает 26 %, а негативное воздействие постоянно накапливаемых отходов на окружающую среду и, следовательно, уровень экологической опасности постоянно возрастают;
Государственное регулирование
Минэкономики ( Минэкономразвития ) не стало рассматривать вторичные ресурсы в числе объектов, требующих специальных мер государственного регулирования.
Природоохранные ведомства пока не смогли создать эффективные нормативные ограничения и экономические инструменты государственного регулирования. Из-за заметного отставания индексации платежей за размещение отходов в сопоставлении с индексами инфляции, стимулирующее воздействие платы за размещение отходов снизилось к 2002 году примерно в 6 раз.
Действующие инструменты государственного управления уже не могут обеспечить существенное повышение уровня сбора и переработки основной массы отходов, по крайней мере, без поддержки бюджетного финансирования муниципальных и городских органов административного управления;
Финансовые потери из-за отсутствия механизма взимания экологических платежей за некоторые виды импортируемых товаров, а также за упаковку, поступаемую в Россию с импортируемыми товарами;
Проведенные НИЦПУРО исследования проблемы управления отходами в Российской Федерации и за рубежом свидетельствуют о необходимости усиления государственного регулирования в области сбора, переработки и хозяйственного использования отходов в России с учётом рыночной направленности проводимых Правительством Российской Федерации реформ хозяйственного механизма, положений концепции устойчивого развития, а также достижений отечественного и зарубежного опыта по решению этой проблемы без использования механизма прямого финансирования и средств федерального бюджета.
Предпосылки решения проблем
К настоящему времени сложились следующие основные предпосылки для необходимости и возможности решения проблемы сбора и переработки отходов в
России:
- имеется зарубежный опыт создания централизованно-управляемых национальных систем сбора и переработки отходов, функционирующих за счет экологических платежей, то есть без целевого бюджетного финансирования (за исключением специальных государственных программ);
- имеется советский опыт 70-80-х годов по организации сбора и переработки традиционных видов вторичного сырья на территории России по территориальному принципу. Отдельные элементы этой системы продолжают функционировать и в сложившихся экономических условиях;
- имеется российский опыт создания в последние годы локальных систем сбора и переработки отходов в рамках крупных российских городов (Москвы, Санкт-Петербурга и др.), работающих при финансовой поддержке их административных органов.
Постановка такой задачи обусловлена следующими основными факторами:
- возможностью создания в рыночной экономике более благоприятных экономических условий для переработки наиболее распространённых отходов, демонстрируемой развитыми зарубежными странами в последние 5-10 лет, в том числе с использованием российского опыта функционирования в 70-х — 80-х гг. системы вторичных ресурсов;
- необходимостью ратификации Россией Директивы ЕС 1994 года № 62 «Об упаковке и отходах упаковки», поскольку руководством Российской Федерации принято решение о вступлении в ВТО (в данный момент — уже вступила).
Новая система вторичных ресурсов
Принципиально новая система вторичных ресурсов — для комплексного решения обострившейся с начала 90-х годов проблем сбора и переработки отходов в Российской Федерации, способная работать в рыночных условиях хозяйствования, то есть без выделения целевых средств из Федерального бюджета на эти цели.
По экономическим условиям функционирования такая система должна быть аналогична национальным системам сбора и переработки отходов упаковки, созданным в последние годы в странах ЕС, то есть работать при финансовой поддержке за счет системы экологических платежей и общих мер экономического стимулирования предпринимательской деятельности.
Однако её функциональные задачи целесообразно расширить в направлении увеличения номенклатуры перерабатываемых отходов и с учётом специфических условий России. Элементы такого подхода фактически имеют место и в ряде стран ЕС.
Программы переработки мусора, которые уже работают
Планируемые проекты
В 2013 году Президент России Владимир Путин заявил также о необходимости создать систему регулирования сбора и утилизации мусора, сформировать рыночные и административные инструменты, которые обеспечивали бы эффективное обращение с отходами. [6] В 2016 году в России стартовала новая реформа сбора и переработки мусора .
Кто занимается отходами
People
- Janitor
Organizations
Оператор по обращению с твердыми коммунальными отходами — индивидуальный предприниматель или юридическое лицо, осуществляющие деятельность по сбору, транспортированию, обработке, утилизации, обезвреживанию, захоронению твердых коммунальных отходов; [3]
Региональный оператор по обращению с твердыми коммунальными отходами (далее также — региональный оператор) — оператор по обращению с твердыми коммунальными отходами — юридическое лицо, которое обязано заключить договор на оказание услуг по обращению с твердыми коммунальными отходами с собственником твердых коммунальных отходов, которые образуются и места накопления которых находятся в зоне деятельности регионального оператора; [3]
- Department of Housing and Utilities
- Мусоросжигательный завод
Общественные движения
- Мусора.Больше.Нет
- Раздельный сбор
- Зелёное движение ЭКА
- Центр «Устойчивое развитие»
See also
- Твёрдые бытовые отходы
- Гарбология
- Restroom
- Система управления отходами
- Garbage truck
- Зелёная химия
- Ядерные отходы
- Свалочный газ
Notes
- ↑ Федеральный классификационный каталог отходов — Росприроднадзор
- ↑ 1 2 ГОСТ 25100-95* «Грунты. Классификация». УДК 624.131.3.001.33:006.354 . МКС 13.080. 93.020 ОКСТУ 5701
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Федеральный закон от 24.06.1998 N 89-ФЗ (ред. от 28.12.2016) «Об отходах производства и потребления»
- ↑ 1 2 3 ГОСТ 30772-2001. Ресурсосбережение. Обращение с отходами. Термины и определения .
- ↑ Постановление Правительства РФ от 06.05.2011 N 354 .
- ↑ Совещание по вопросу стимулирования переработки отходов
Links
- Экологическая проблема отходов / ecologyproblems.ru
- Законодательные акты Российской Федерации, регулирующие классификацию, сбор, хранение, транспортировку и переработку отходов.
- Отраслевой портал Отходы. Ру 2003—2017
- Отраслевой сайт — Отходы и вторсырьё (Украина)
- ИММ-технология против отходов
- Базельская конвенция о контроле за трансграничной перевозкой опасных отходов и их удалением (1989) , Беллона, 2007
- Старший прокурор отдела по надзору за соблюдением федерального законодательства прокуратуры Тюменской области советник юстиции О. М. Копьева, Снижение у предпринимателей и организаций объёма документации по отходам — это реальность / Портал kultura-prava.ru, 18 ИЮЛЬ 2010