The Russian-Turkish war of 1806-1812 was one of the links in a series of wars between the Russian and Ottoman empires.
Russian-Turkish war of 1806-1812 | |||
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Main conflict: Napoleonic Wars , Russian-Turkish Wars | |||
A.P. Bogolyubov . Russian fleet after the battle of Athos | |||
date | November 11 (23), 1806 - May 16 (28), 1812 | ||
A place | Danube principalities , Bulgaria , Western Armenia | ||
Total | Victory of Russia. World bucharest | ||
Changes | The Ottoman Empire ceded Bessarabia to Russia; Granting autonomy to Serbia | ||
Opponents | |||
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Commanders | |||
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Content
Start of War
The reason for the war was the resignation in August 1806 of the rulers of Moldavia and Wallachia - Alexander Muruzi (1802-1806) and Konstantin Ypsilanti (1803-1806). According to the Russian-Turkish treaties (in accordance with the provisions of the Iasi peace December 29, 1791) appointment and removal of the rulers of Moldavia and Wallachia were to take place with the consent of Russia.
In 1806, Russian troops of General I. Mikhelson were introduced into the principality, which did not contradict article 16 of the Kyuchuk-Kaynardzhinsky peace (1774). The number of his army reached 40,000 people. November 11, Russian troops began to cross the Dniester . The commandants of the fortresses Khotyn , Bender , Akkerman and Kiliya ceded them without a fight. Pasha , who commanded Izmail , did not succumb to the admonitions of Michelson, who assured that Russian troops enter the principalities only to save Turkey from Bonaparte’s ambitious plans. At the same time, Ruschuksky commandant Alemdar Mustafa Pasha sent a detachment of troops to Bucharest , having occupied that, the Turks began to indulge in all sorts of violence against the inhabitants, but on December 13 they were ousted by the detachment of General Miloradovich and left for Zhurgu. Almost at the same time, General Meyendorff’s attempt to capture Ishmael ended in failure. Meanwhile, Michelson, placing his troops in the winter apartments in the principalities, entered into an alliance with the Serbs, who, under the leadership of Karageorgij , in 1804 revolted against the Ottoman government . Ottoman influence was weakened in the principalities.
Only on December 18, a declaration of war followed from the Ottoman Empire. A huge role in provoking the war played a French diplomat, General Sebastiani . The High Vizier’s Army was ordered to hastily concentrate at Šumla, while the Bosnian Pasha, with 20,000 men, moved against the Serbs , who on November 30 managed to take Belgrade . Despite the protests of the English ambassador, who was fighting in Constantinople with French influence, he did not manage to prevent a break with Russia . Then he left the Ottoman capital in the squadron of Admiral Duckworth , and at the end of January 1807 this squadron broke through the Dardanelles by force and stopped against the sultan's palace.
At the instigation of Sebastiyani, Porta set up written negotiations with the British, and while they were stretching, they began to energetically strengthen the Dardanelles passage, threatening the retreat paths of the squadron of Dakworth. The latter understood this and left Constantinople at the end of February. After that, the Port entered into an alliance with France, while England declared war .
Fighting before the first truce
The formation of the Turkish army went slowly, but this could not be used, since the new clash with Napoleon did not allow strengthening the troops in the principalities, and therefore in early 1807 Michelson was ordered to confine himself to defense. Offensive actions were assigned to the Black Sea Fleet and Senyavin's squadron cruising in the Mediterranean Sea (the Second Archipelago Expedition ), as well as to Russian troops stationed in Georgia .
Active hostilities on the Danube and the Caucasus began in the spring of 1807. Khotyn, Bendery, Ackermann, Bucharest were occupied by Russian troops, and Izmail was besieged by General Meyendorff’s corps. The latter, however, could do nothing, and stood at Ishmael from the beginning of March to the end of July, limited to only a reflection of the Turkish attacks.
Corpus c. Kamensky, sent to Brailov, was also unsuccessful, and after several skirmishes with the enemy, he retreated beyond the river Buseo. Miloradovich, aimed at Zhurzhu , managed to break the Ottoman detachment from. Turbat, but in early April, too, went to Bucharest. Meanwhile, the vizier, gathering an army under Shumla , was preparing to invade Wallachia, but was detained by the Janissaries riot that broke out in Constantinople, which overthrew Selim III and proclaimed Sultan Mustafa IV . When the latter declared his intention to vigorously continue the war, the Vizier with the forty-thousand-strong army crossed the Danube at Silistra and moved to Bucharest, hoping to join the Rushchuk ayan Aleman Alemdar Mustafa Pasha on the road, following from Jurgi. The connection failed: on June 2, Miloradovich defeated the vanguard of the vizier at Obileshti, who then went to the right bank of the Danube again. Meanwhile, on June 19, Senyavin defeated the Ottoman fleet in the battle of Athos .
The Serbian rebels, led by Karageorge , who spoke for the independence of Serbia, in early 1807, supported by the Russian detachment Isayev, took Belgrade, and on July 10, 1807 Serbia passed under the protectorate of Russia.
In Transcaucasia, Count Gudovich , who initially acted unsuccessfully, defeated Erzurumsky seraskir Köhr Yusuf Ziyayuddin-Pasha on the Arpachay River on June 18 . Rear Admiral Pustoshkin’s Black Sea Squadron captured Anapa [5] .
A number of failures, the poor state of the army and the loss of hope for the help of Napoleon, who concluded peace with Russia in Tilsit , forced Porto to accept the gene. Michelson proposal for a truce, which was concluded on August 12, 1807, for a period of March 3, 1809 . Russian troops were to leave the principality, the captured ships and the island of Tenedos returned to Turkey. The Ottomans pledged not to join the principalities and cease hostilities in Serbia .
Caucasus, 1808
In 1808, the affairs of the Caucasus took an unfavorable turn: the local population, incited by Persian and Turkish agents, was worried; Imereti King Solomon II clearly rebelled against Russia. The Persians, according to the suggestions of England, did not agree to the proposed establishment of the border and declared claims to Georgia. To pacify them, Count Gudovich approached Erivan , but the assault undertaken by him on November 17 was recaptured and cost a lot of losses. Nevertheless, several Persian troops invading Georgia were defeated.
The resumption of war in 1809
Emperor Alexander I was extremely dissatisfied with such terms of truce. The conclusion of peace with Napoleon made it possible to increase the number of the Danube army to 80,000 people. Instead Meiendorff commander was appointed Prince. Prozorovsky , who was ordered to put other conditions for a truce. However, the Port did not want to change the conditions. At that time, negotiations for a final peace were under way in the mediation of Napoleon; however, with the departure of him to Spain, they were discontinued. In early 1808, negotiations began again, but this time not with the vizier, but with the most influential of the Turkish pasha, Mustafa (Ruschuksky). Negotiations were interrupted by a new coup in Turkey, where Mahmoud II was proclaimed sultan. Mustafa, now becoming Supreme Vizier, rejected all the demands of Russia and ordered to prepare for war. After the new meeting of Alexander I and Napoleon, new negotiations began in Erfurt, but not for long, as Mustafa was killed by the Janissaries in November, and the Port approached rapprochement with England and Austria and showed resolute persistence in negotiations with Russia on peace terms.
On March 12, 1809, the sultan's firmman came to St. Petersburg with the declaration of war.
Campaign 1809
The campaign of 1809, Prince Prozorovsky decided to begin the conquest of the Ottoman fortresses on the left bank of the Danube, and above all - Zhurgi; but the storms of both this fortress and Brailov ended in failure.
Meanwhile, the sovereign demanded decisive action; the elderly and sick commander-in-chief contrasted him with various reasons for the impossibility of crossing the Danube before the fall. Then Prince Bagration was sent to assist Prozorovsky.
At the end of July, the corps of General Sass crossed the Danube at Galati and then seized Isaccea and Tulcha without a shot being fired. Avant-garde chieftain Platov entered Babadag , after which they crossed to the right bank of the Danube and the main forces. August 9, Prince Prozorovsky died, and the authorities over the army passed to Bagration. The ease of crossing the Lower Danube was due to the small number of Ottoman troops there, as the Vizier moved his main forces to Serbia in early May. At that time, Prince Prozorovsky recognized that it was possible to separate only the three thousand Isaev detachment to help the Serbs, who was soon forced to return to Wallachia.
At this time, Serbia was subjected to a terrible defeat, and the inhabitants were crowded into the Austrian limits. After the passage of the main forces of Prince Bagration across the Danube in Great Wallachia, the corps of General Lanzheron was left, and in Buseo - the corps of Essen, designed to support, if necessary, the Russian troops in Bessarabia. Bagration, having ascertained the weakness of the enemy on the Lower Danube, decided to try to capture Silistria, to which 14 August and began to attack, and a few days after that, the troops of General Markov and Platov captured Machin and Girsov.
Meanwhile, thanks to the subsidies of England, the Ottoman army was significantly strengthened, and the supreme vizier had the intention, using the removal of the main Russian forces to the Lower Danube, to invade Wallachia, seize Bucharest and thereby force Bagration to retreat to the left bank of the Danube. In the 2nd half of August, he began to send his troops from Zhurgi. Langeron , having learned about it, decided, despite the insignificance of his forces, to go to meet the Ottomans and ordered the gene. Essen, who moved to Obileshti, join him. On August 29, they attacked the Ottoman vanguard and broke it at the village of Frasine (9 versts from Zhurgi). Meanwhile, the vizier himself, receiving alarming news from under Silistria, did not move from Zhurgi.
Meanwhile, Bagration continued his offensive; On September 4, he defeated the building of Husrev Pasha at Rasevata , and on September 18 he stopped in front of Silistraya. 4 days before the fortress Izmail surrendered to the detachment of General Sass. The Vizier, having learned about Rasesevatsky’s defeat, transferred his army from Zhurzhi back to Ruschuk and sent an order to the troops operating against the Serbs, to hasten there too. Thus the final defeat that threatened Serbia was temporarily stopped; the Ottoman detachment located there retreated to the city of Niš .
Meanwhile, Bagration had fears of the Anglo-Turkish landing at Dobrudja and the advance of the Ottoman troops from Varna ; therefore, he transferred the corps of Count Kamensky I left by Isakchi and Babadag to Kovarny, the corps of Essen to Babadag, and the detachment of Zass was left in Izmail. No more than 20,000 soldiers remained for action against Silistria; the siege of the fortress was sluggish, and when the Vizier with the main forces of the Ottoman army approached her, Bagration found it necessary to retreat to the Blackwaters, ordering at the same time Kamensky to retreat to Kyustendzhi. After that, he turned to Petersburg for permission to withdraw the army to the left bank of the Danube due to the lack of sufficient food on the right bank, and also because of the danger of bridges being destroyed by ice. At the same time, he promised in early spring to cross the Danube again and move straight to the Balkans. The final action of this campaign was a siege by General Essen Brailov, who surrendered on November 21 . The sovereign, although extremely dissatisfied with the sterility of the preceding actions, agreed to Bagration's petition, but with the condition that Machin , Tulcha and Girsovo remained on the right bank of the Danube.
Back in the beginning of 1809, Tormasov replaced Gudovich in the Caucasus. Threatened by Persia and the Ottoman Empire, he did not dare to attack, but when the Persians broke into Russian borders, he met them on the Shamkhor River and forced them to retreat, after which they again initiated peace talks. Taking advantage of this, Tormasov sent a detachment of Prince Orbeliani to capture Poti’s fortress, which served as a point of intercourse between the Ottomans and Abkhazia and Imeretia : the fortress was taken on November 16th . Another detachment sent to Imeretia captured her king Solomon, and the inhabitants swore allegiance to Russia. To Anapa, the fortifications of which were renewed by the Ottomans, a squadron with landing troops was sent from Sevastopol. This fortress was taken on July 15 and occupied by the Russian garrison.
1810 Campaign
Meanwhile, Prince Bagration, distressed at the sovereign’s disapproval, asked for dismissal from the rank of commander-in-chief, and Count Kamensky II , who had just distinguished himself in the war against Sweden, was appointed in his place. In early March 1810, he arrived at the Danube Army, whose forces reached 78,000, and, in addition, another infantry division was sent to reinforce it.
The plan of action for the new commander-in-chief was as follows: the corps of Sass and Langeron are ferried from Turtukai and are besieged by Rushchuk and Silistra; the corps of Count Kamensky I is sent to Bazardzhik; the main forces (half weakened by the separation of troops for the siege of fortresses) are attacking Shumla; the Isayev detachment, which was stationed in the Little Wallachia, goes to Serbia, against which the Ottomans again faced a threatening situation; to cover Wallachia, a detachment is left under the command of Major General Count Zucato .
The Ottoman Empire at that time was still not at all ready for war, and the gathering of its troops from умumla was fraught with great difficulty. Count Kamensky 2nd , hurrying to take advantage of this, in the middle of May, he crossed the Danube at Girsov and moved forward; May 19 Zass captured Turtukay; 22 was taken by storm Bazardzhik, 30 surrendered to Silistra , besieged by the corps of Lanzheron and Rayevsky, and on June 1 fell Razgrad . Russian forward detachments occupied Balchik and the line Varna - Shumla. The cash subsidies of the English government, however, brought the Ottomans the opportunity to continue the war; quickly recruited troops were sent to Shumla, Ruschuk and the Serbian border. To gain time, the vizier offered to conclude a truce; but it was rejected.
Meanwhile, the Russian army was constantly moving towards Shumla and by June 10 it overlaid it from three sides. The commander-in-chief, confident of the weakness of the garrison, undertook the storming of the fortress on June 11 , but after a stubborn 2-day battle, he was convinced that it was impossible to take Shumla by open force, and therefore went over to a close blockade. He hoped to take the fortress by hunger; but when, after a few days, a large transport with supplies had passed there, this hope also disappeared.
Meanwhile, success has stopped at other points of the theater of war; Everywhere they demanded reinforcements, but there was nowhere to take them. Then the commander-in-chief decided to tighten all his forces towards Ruschuk, to seize this fortress and, based on it, move through Tarnov beyond the Balkans . Leaving the corps of Count Kamensky I to observe Shumla and Varna, on July 9 the main forces approached Rushchuk, who had joined the corps of Sasse; On July 22 , after a 10-day bombardment, an assault was undertaken, but it was repulsed and cost the Russian army enormous losses.
Meanwhile, the vizier, having learned of the departure of the Russian main forces, tried several times to attack the detachments left to observe Shumla, but on July 23 he was completely defeated by Count Kamensky I. Nevertheless, the commander-in-chief ordered Count Kamensky I to withdraw to the Trayanov val line and, having destroyed the fortifications Bazardzhik, Machina, Tulchi , Isakchi, to attract to themselves the garrisons left in them; At the same time, the detachment of Lanzheron, left in Razgrad, is ordered to join the main army. Ruschuk continued to remain in tight levies, and the Turkish attempt to liberate this fortress ended on August 26 with an unhappy battle for Batin , after which the Russian detachments occupied Sistov, Bela, Turnov and Orsov. On September 15, Ruschuk and Zurzha surrendered.
For the Serbs, only thanks to the strong reinforcements sent to them (first the O'Rourke detachment, and then the Zass corps), things also went well, so that Serbia was liberated in early October. After the fall of Ruschuk, Count Kamensky II moved up the Danube on October 9 to master the Ottoman fortresses up to the Serbian border. Nikopol and Turno surrendered without resistance; At the same time, the detachment of Major General Count Vorontsov captured Plevna , Lovcha , Selvi and destroyed their fortifications. The winter commander for the Balkans, however, recognized the commander in chief as impossible for food reasons and therefore decided to leave one half of the army in the occupied fortresses, while the other would be housed in the principalities for the winter.
Beyond the Caucasus, after fruitless negotiations with the Persians, hostilities resumed and were generally favorable, and after the defeat of the enemy near Akhalkalaki, the Persians again began negotiations for peace. The actions of the Black Sea Fleet were limited to the conquest of Sukhum-Kale .
1811 Campaign
Meanwhile, by the beginning of 1811, Russia's relations with France were so aggravated that they foreshadowed a close war, and to strengthen the Russian forces on the western border, Alexander I ordered Count Kamensky to separate 5 divisions from his army, send them beyond the Dniester, and with the rest of the troops confine themselves to defense occupied fortresses; however, he was instructed to hasten the conclusion of peace, but with the indispensable condition of recognizing the border along the Danube River and fulfilling the former demands of Russia. The commander in chief pointed out the impracticability of these commands and proposed an energetic offensive for the Balkans.
In the meantime, Napoleon made every effort to prevent Turkey from concluding peace; Austria has also requested this. Subjecting to their influence, Porta strenuously gathered forces to inflict a sensitive blow on the Russians: her troops were tied up in the Etropolis Balkans, while Lovcha had their vanguard (15,000) under the command of Osman Bey. Count Kamensky , waiting for the approval of his plan for the movement for the Balkans, set out to prepare his way there and for this he ordered the detachment of Count Saint-Prix to seize the Hunters, which was done on January 31 ; but after that, on the orders of the seriously ill commander-in-chief, this detachment returned to the Danube.
Soon after, Kamensky was appointed head of the 2nd Reserve Army and in March 1811 he was recalled from the Ottoman Empire, and the Danube army was entrusted to General of Infantry M. I. Golenishchev-Kutuzov .
The new commander-in-chief found himself in a difficult position, especially since the Ottoman army had risen to 70 thousand by the spring of 1811, being at the head of the army, whose forces, through the removal of 5 divisions, had almost halved (about 45,000 left). In view of this, Kutuzov recognized the need to act with extreme caution and, as he put it, "to keep modest behavior."
After reviewing his opponent back in the Catherine Wars, he calculated that the Ottomans would limit themselves to demonstrations on the Lower Danube, and would direct the main forces to the Middle Danube so that, having crossed there, seize Bucharest. Therefore, having destroyed the fortifications of Silistra and Nikopol, Kutuzov pulled his main forces to Ruschuk and Zurzha. The troops of Sass in Mala Wallachia and O'Rourke in Belgrade covered his right wing; the left was guarded by detachments located on the Lower Danube and at Sloboja. Simultaneously with these preparatory decrees, Kutuzov entered into peace negotiations with the Vizier. But since the emperor Alexander did not agree to reduce his previous demands, and the Ottomans, for their part, were also extremely uncompromising, the negotiations were suspended. The inaction of the Russians convinced the vizier of their weaknesses, and therefore he decided to launch an offensive against Ruschuk, and after mastering this fortress, cross the Danube and smash Kutuzov; At the same time, another Ottoman army, Ismail Bey, collected from Sofia, was to cross over near Vidin and invade Malaya Wallachia. By combining both of these armies, it was supposed to capture Bucharest.
At the beginning of June, the vizier made a move from Shumla, and 22 attacked the Russians from Rushchuk, but was defeated and retreated to a previously fortified position near the village of Kadikoy (15-20 versts south of Rushchuk). Despite the victory, for various reasons, Kutuzov found it dangerous to remain under Ruschuk, and therefore, after destroying its fortifications, he sent all the troops to the left bank. Then, reinforcing the detachments on the right and left wing and strengthening the fortifications of Jurgi, the commander-in-chief himself with the case of Lanzheron settled down in one passage to the north of her, hoping in the case of crossing the Vizier across the Danube to deliver him a heavy blow. At the same time, knowing that it was still impossible to expect an early outbreak of war on the western border, he asked for permission to move the 9th division to the Danube from Yass and the 15th from Khotin .
After Kutuzov’s retreat to the left bank, the Vizier occupied Rushchuk, but he did not move from there throughout July, waiting for the results of Izmail Bey’s actions. The latter arrived in Vidin only in the middle of July and on July 20 he began to send his troops (about 20 thousand) across the Danube. Having taken the Calafat and entrenched strongly in it, he moved against the Sass detachment (about 5 thousand), but could not master the inaccessible Russian position. When on July 24 the detachments of O'Rourke and Count Vorontsov joined Sass and the Russian flotilla approached the Danube, Izmail Bey was deprived of the opportunity to break into Malaya Wallachia.
Meanwhile, the vizier decided to cross over to the left bank, so that, using a huge margin of his strength, to smash Kutuzov and, threatening the messages of Sass, force him to open the road to Ismail Bey. The vizier’s preparations continued for a long time, so that only on the night of August 24th the crossing of his troops began, 4 versts above Ruschuk. By September 2, up to 36 thousand Ottomans were on the left bank, where, as is their custom, they immediately entrenched themselves; up to 30 thousand were left on the right bank. Instead of immediately attacking Kutuzov, who had no more than 10 thousand under his arm, the Vizier remained in place. Thanks to his inaction, the commander-in-chief managed to attract General Essen's detachment standing on the Olte River (as a reserve for Sasse), and, knowing that the critical moment of the war had come, did not wait for orders from St. Petersburg regarding the 9th and 15th divisions, but with his own will, he ordered them: first he sent orders to rush to Zurzha, and the second - to Obileshti, to cover the left wing of the army from Turtukai and Silistra, from which also threatened the appearance of the enemy.
With the arrival ( September 1 ) of the 9th division, Kutuzov's forces increased to 25,000, and now he himself overlaid the fortified Ottoman camp, arranging a line of redoubts adjacent the flanks to the Danube. At the same time, a very courageous plan was ripe for him: he decided to send part of his troops to the right bank, to drop the part of the Ottoman army that remained there and thus cut off his message from the Vizier. To fulfill this enterprise, the harvesting began on mid-September. Olte rafts and ferries.
Meanwhile, Ishmael-Bey attacked Sass twice ( September 17 and 30 ) in order to open his way to Zhorzhe, but both times he failed. Then the vizier ordered him to return over the Danube, move to Lom-Palanka, where many ships were assembled, and, having crossed over to the left bank there, go to the rear of Kutuzov. The latter, having learned about this plan in time, sent a detachment of Colonel Engelhardt to Lom-Palanka, who succeeded in destroying the Ottoman ships stationed there on the night of September 27 . Upon learning of this, Ishmael-Bey did not dare to move from Calafat.
Following this, Kutuzov’s plan was carried out: on October 1, a detachment of General Markov (5,000 infantry, 2,500 cavalry and 38 guns) crossed over to the right bank of the Danube, and on 2 October , at dawn, the Ottoman troops that remained there suddenly yielding to panic fear, they fled partly to Ruschuk, partly to Razgrad. Following this, Markov, putting his batteries on the right bank, began to smash the camp of the vizier. Then the vizier immediately turned to Kutuzov with a request for an armistice, but, without waiting for an answer, swam at night in a boat to Rushchuk, transferring the authorities to Chapan-ogly. On October 3, the Russian Danube flotilla finally interrupted communications with the right bank, and the remnants of the Ottoman army with the exhaustion of all supplies were in a desperate situation.
On October 10 and 11, Turtukai and Silistria are occupied by units of the 15th division; At the same time, the actions against Ismail Bey were successful and ended with his retreat to Sofia. This state of affairs finally forced Porto to bow down to the world.
As a result of the skillful diplomatic actions of M.I. Kutuzov, the Ottoman government was inclined to sign a peace treaty.
Marine campaigns
Outcome of War
On May 16, 1812, the Peace Treaty of Bucharest was concluded .
- The eastern part of the Moldavian principality, the territory of the Prut-Dniester interfluve, passed to Russia, which later received the status of the Bessarabian region .
- The border in Europe was transferred from the Dniester to the Prut before its connection with the Danube, provided the freedom of the Russian merchant shipping on this river.
- The Danube principalities returned to Turkey, but their autonomy, granted on the basis of Kyuchuk-Kaynardzhi (1774) and Yassky (1791) peace treaties, was confirmed.
- Serbia was granted internal autonomy and the right of Serbian officials to collect taxes in favor of the Sultan.
- In the Caucasus, Turkey recognized the expansion of Russian possessions, but the Anapa fortress returned to her.
Notes
- ↑ see. Russian-Serbian Union (1807)
- ↑ Vasily Kashirin: The entry of Russian troops into Bessarabia and the liquidation of the Budzhak Tatar horde at the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war of 1806-1812.
- ↑ see. Russian-Persian War (1804–1813)
- ↑ HISTORY OF GEORGIA . Merab Vachnadze, Vakhtang Guruli, Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakhtadze
- П. PI Savvaitov. The capture of Anapa by a squadron of the Black Sea Fleet, under command of Rear Admiral S. A. Pustoshkin in 1807. SPb .: Typography of Military Schools, 1851.
Literature
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