Grigory Yevseevich Zinoviev (the real surname is Radomyslsky [5] , which was also used as a literary name; the first name Evsey and Ovsey, the middle name Gersh, Gershen, Gershon and Girsh, patronymic Aronovich [5] ; 11 (23) September 1883 , Elisavetgrad , Russian Empire - August 25, 1936 , Moscow , USSR ) - Russian revolutionary, Soviet political and state leader. Member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Party (1921–1926), candidate member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (B.) (1919-1921). Member of the Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) (1923-1924).
Grigory Evseevich Zinoviev | |||||||
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Evsey-Gershen Aaronovich Radomyslsky | |||||||
a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) and the chairman of the Executive Committee of the Comintern, G.Ye. Zinoviev | |||||||
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Predecessor | Lev Davidovich Trotsky | ||||||
Successor | Nikolai Pavlovich Komarov | ||||||
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Predecessor | position established | ||||||
Successor | Mikhail Pavlovich Tomsky | ||||||
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Predecessor | position established | ||||||
Successor | position abolished | ||||||
Birth | |||||||
Death | |||||||
Burial place | ibid | ||||||
Spouse | |||||||
The consignment | RSDLP / RSDLP (b) / RCP (b) / VKP (b) (1901-1927, 1928-1932, 1933-1934) | ||||||
Education | University of Bern (Chemical Faculty, not graduated) | ||||||
Activity | statesman | ||||||
Place of work | |||||||
After the death of Lenin, one of the main contenders for leadership in the party. An active participant in the internal party struggle of the 1920s . Three times (in 1927, 1932 and 1934) it was excluded from the CPSU (b) and was restored twice in it. Shot, posthumously rehabilitated.
Content
Biography
Before the Revolution
Grigory Yevseyevich was born in Elisavetgrad (in 1924-1934 in his honor, the city was called Zinovievsk, until 2016 Kirovograd, now Kropyvnytsky ) in a wealthy Jewish family. He received education at home under the leadership of his father Aaron Radomyslsky, who was the owner of a dairy farm.
Participated in the organized revolutionary movement since 1901 , when he became a member of the RSDLP . Having been persecuted by the police for organizing workers' strikes in Novorossiysk, in 1902 he emigrated to Berlin , then lived in Paris and Bern , where in 1903 he met V. I. Lenin . Subsequently, he was one of the people closest to the leader of the party and for a long time his permanent representative in the socialist organizations of Europe. At the II Congress of the RSDLP in 1903, Zinoviev supported Lenin's position, joining the Bolsheviks , after which he returned to his homeland, where he conducted active propaganda work in the territory of Ukraine.
Due to illness in 1904 he left the country again. Soon he entered the Faculty of Chemistry at the University of Bern , but he interrupted his studies to participate in the revolution of 1905-1907 . Returning to Russia, he was elected a member of the Petersburg City Committee of the RSDLP. Because of the new attacks, he returned to Bern, this time enrolling at the Faculty of Law. Some time later, in March 1906, he was again in Petersburg . At the V London Party Congress he was elected to the Central Committee (received the most votes after Lenin). He became one of the editors of the clandestine newspapers Social Democrat and Vpered. In 1908 he was arrested, but after 3 months he was released due to illness, after which he emigrated again - together with Lenin he left for the territory of Austrian Galicia.
1917
On April 3, 1917, Zinoviev, his second wife, Zlata Lilina, with her son Stephen, and his first wife, Sarah Ravych , with whom he was divorced, returned to Russia with Lenin in a sealed train . After the events of July 4, 1917, together with Lenin, he hid from the persecution of the Provisional Government in a hut on the lake Razliv . In the Bolshevik list for the elections to the Constituent Assembly was the second after Lenin.
On October 10 (October 23 in a new style), at a closed meeting of the Bolshevik Central Committee, together with Lev Borisovich Kamenev, he spoke out against the Leninist resolution on an armed uprising and voted against the overthrow of the Provisional Government during the uprising, considering it to be premature. Moreover, Zinoviev and Kamenev demonstrated their opposition to the majority of the members of the Central Committee by their open address in the Menshevik ’s New Life organ, actually revealing to the government the intentions of the Bolsheviks and the Left Social Revolutionaries . Lenin considered these actions of Zinoviev and Kamenev to be traitorous: “Kamenev and Zinoviev gave Rodzianko and Kerensky the decision of the Central Committee of their party about an armed uprising ...”. Therefore, the leadership of the Bolshevik party raised the question of their expulsion from the party, but limited itself to a ban on speaking on behalf of the Central Committee. Later, their disagreement with the decision of their comrades was mentioned by Lenin in the " Testament ": "The October episode of Zinoviev and Kamenev, of course, was not an accident."
Soon after the seizure of power in Petrograd by the Bolsheviks and the Left Social Revolutionaries during the October armed uprising on October 25 (November 7 in a new style) in 1917, the first actions against the new government were outlined. On October 29, Vikzhel , the All-Russian Executive Committee of Railway Workers, proclaimed a strike demanding the formation of a homogeneous socialist government from the parties of the Social Revolutionaries , Mensheviks and Bolsheviks without the participation of the revolution leaders Lenin and Trotsky . Zinoviev, Kamenev, Victor Nogin and Alexei Rykov reacted to the demands of Vikzhel with a joint position regarding the need for negotiations with Vikzhel and the fulfillment of his demands, explaining that by the need to unite all socialist forces to counter the threat of counter-revolution. Despite the fact that for some time this group was able to win over the relative majority of members of the Central Committee, the failure of Kerensky-Krasnov’s speeches on the approaches to Petrograd allowed Lenin and Trotsky to interrupt the outlined negotiations with the rebellious trade union. In response, on November 4, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Rykov, Nogin and Milyutin submitted applications for resigning from the Central Committee. The next day, Lenin made a statement in which he condemned the position of the Bolsheviks who had left the Central Committee, calling them "deserters."
After 1917
And Zinoviev to all
Led this speech:
"Brothers, it is better for us
Here with bones to fly,
How to give the enemy
Free peter grad
And go again
In bondage back. "
"Song of the Great March"
However, Zinoviev was soon allowed to return to political activities. From December 1917 to March 1918, he was chairman of the Petrograd (later Leningrad) Council . In Petrograd , during the Civil War, he also served as Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Petrograd Labor Commune, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Union of Communes of the Northern Region (May 1918 - February 1919) and Chairman of the Revolutionary Defense Committee of Petrograd , as well as a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 7th Army. When the Petrograd workers called in response to the murders of M. S. Uritsky , V. Volodarsky , as well as the attempt on Lenin to launch the “ Red Terror ”, Zinoviev refused. Lenin, in response to this, subjected Zinoviev to sharp criticism. He led the defense of the city from the attacking white armies of Yudenich , but the actual organizer of the Red Army, Lev Trotsky, considered him to be a very mediocre military leader (possibly, Trotsky’s personal dislike of Zinoviev, which arose after the conflict around Vikzhel, had an effect). By virtue of his broad powers as the head of Petrograd, Zinoviev opposed the decision of V. I. Lenin to transfer the capital of Soviet Russia to Moscow.
Supporting Lenin's position regarding the signing of the Brest Peace Treaty with Germany and Austria-Hungary of 1918 , he regained the position of the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars. Zinoviev was returned to the Central Committee at the VII Party Congress on March 8, 1918 . A year later he was elected a member of the newly created Politburo without the right to vote at the VIII party conference on March 25, 1919 .
High confidence in him in the party was expressed in the appointment of Zinoviev as chairman of the Executive Committee of the Communist International (in office from March 1919 to 1926 , resigned as a result of the conflict with Stalin ). Named "the leader of the Comintern." During the presidency of the Executive Committee of the Comintern, he encouraged factional squabbles and was the first to introduce the term “ social fascism ” in relation to the social democratic parties in Western Europe.
According to P.A. Sorokin , during the Civil War and after it, Zinoviev, being the “revolutionary dictator” of Petrograd with unlimited powers, acted as the main organizer of the “Red Terror” policy against the Petrograd intelligentsia and the former nobility, up to complete physical destruction. exploiting classes. Among the intelligentsia, Zinoviev was given the contemptuous nickname “Grishka the Third” (after Grigory Otrepiev and Grigory Rasputin ). In particular, by the decision of the Petrograd Soviet in 1921, the participants of the so-called “ Tagantsev conspiracy” were shot, including the poet Nikolai Gumilev . In fact, the conspiracy case was completely falsified by the bodies of the Petrograd Cheka.
In 1921-1926 he was a member of the Politburo . In an effort to become one of the main leaders of the party, Zinoviev made a report at the XII and XIII congresses of the RCP (b) . He propagandized Lenin's legacy, printing a huge number of books with his articles, speeches, etc. The publication of his collected works was begun.
Zinoviev played an important role in the rise of Stalin. In 1922, Kamenev proposed that Stalin be appointed General Secretary of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) . At the XII Party Congress in 1923, Zinoviev spoke with the political report of the Central Committee , together with Kamenev and Stalin, in the composition of the so-called. “The troika Kamenev — Zinoviev — Stalin” was fighting at this time against Trotsky.
In opposition
But in December 1925 , at the XIV Congress of the CPSU (b) , Zinoviev, supported by Kamenev and the Leningrad delegation, on behalf of the "new opposition" opposed the Stalin group ( Molotov , Rykov , Bukharin , etc.) and the party majority. In 1926 he was removed from the leadership of the Lensovet and the Executive Committee of the Comintern , the decision of the plenum of the Central Committee removed from the Politburo (was elected in 1921 ). The union with Trotsky led to the fact that in 1927 Zinoviev was also removed from the Central Committee (of which he was a member since 1907 ), expelled from the party, and on November 28 they expelled the old Bolsheviks from the Society and expelled them. Supporters of Zinoviev also suffered punishment on the party and service lines.
In 1928 , after repentance, Zinoviev was reinstated in the party, appointed rector of Kazan University . He was engaged in literary and journalistic activities. In October 1932, he was again expelled (for not informing in connection with the case of the “Union of Marxist-Leninists” ), arrested; he was convicted by a special meeting at the OGPU for 4 years of exile and sent to Kostanay . Being in exile, he translated the work of Adolf Hitler "Mein Kampf" [6] .
In 1933, by decision of the Politburo [7], he was reinstated in the ranks of the CPSU (b) and sent to work at the Tsentrosoyuz. He was invited to the XVII Party Congress in February 1934, at which he spoke with repentance and thanksgiving to Stalin and his associates.
He was engaged in literary activity, the author of the book "Karl Liebknecht" in the series ZZL . In April-July 1934, he was a member of the editorial board of the Bolshevik magazine.
Doom
On December 16, 1934, Zinoviev was arrested, expelled from the party, and soon sentenced to ten years in prison in the case of the Moscow Center. Contained in Verkhneuralsk political isolator . In 1935, he kept records addressed to Stalin . In particular, he wrote:
“The desire burns in my soul: to prove to you that I am no longer an enemy. There is no requirement that I would not fulfill in order to prove it ... I get to the point where I stare at you and other Politburo members for a long time looking at portraits in newspapers with the thought: dear, look into my soul, do you not see that I Your enemy is no longer, that I am your soul and body, that I understood everything, that I am ready to do everything to earn forgiveness, condescension ... " [8]
On August 24, 1936, Zinoviev was sentenced to an exceptional measure of punishment in the case of the Anti-Soviet United Trotsky-Zinoviev Center . He was shot on the night of August 26 in Moscow in the building of the All- Union Conference . According to the recollections of some witnesses of those events, before being executed, they humbledly begged for mercy, even shouted that all this was a “fascist plot” and begged to call Stalin, who promised to save them life, and according to some, even kissed his executioners in boots [9] , to which Kamenev answered him: “Stop it, Grigory, we will die with dignity!” A former employee of the NKVD, A. Orlov, wrote in his book The Secret History of Stalin's Crimes that during the execution there were [10] the head of the NKVD, G. G. Yagoda , the deputy heads of the NKVD, N. I. Ezhov, and the head of Stalin’s guard, K. V. Pauker ( all three in the following years were shot). The bullets that killed Zinoviev and Kamenev took Yagoda to his home, they were seized during a search during his arrest and were taken to Yezhov's house, from which they were later seized during the arrest of Yezhov himself.
Rehabilitated by the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the USSR on July 13, 1988 [11] .
Personality
E. E. Lazarev wrote about Zinoviev in Switzerland [12] :
Lenin <...> began to pour out his poison through an ordinary canal - through his obedient and faithful footman - an energetic, cynical, wooden and heartless oprichnik - "Comrade Zinoviev"
Trotsky described Zinoviev as follows:
In the agitation whirl of that period, Zinoviev, a speaker of exceptional power, occupied a large place. His high tenor voice surprised at first, and then bribed with a peculiar musicality. Zinoviev was a born agitator ... Opponents called Zinoviev the greatest demagogue among the Bolsheviks ... At party meetings, he knew how to convince, conquer, bewitch when he appeared with a ready-made political idea, tested at mass rallies and as if saturated with hopes and hatred of workers and soldiers. Zinoviev was capable, on the other hand, in a hostile meeting, even in the then Executive Committee, to give the most extreme and explosive thoughts an enveloping, ingratiating form, climbing into the heads of those who treated him with a previously prepared distrust. In order to achieve such invaluable results, it was not enough for him only the consciousness of his own right; he needed a reassuring confidence that political responsibility was removed from him with a reliable and strong hand. Lenin gave him such confidence.
Lunacharsky wrote [13] :
Zinoviev himself is an extremely humane and exceptionally kind, highly intelligent, but he seems to be a little ashamed of such properties and is ready to conclude in the armor of revolutionary hardness, sometimes, perhaps, even excessive. (...) I want to point out another feature of Zinoviev, his completely romantic devotion to his party. Usually extremely businesslike and sober, Zinoviev, in his solemn speeches about these or other jubilee moments of the party, rises to real hymns of love for her.
An employee of the Comintern, A. Kuusinen, in her book, “The Lord Cast Down His Angels,” recalls:
Zinoviev’s personality did not cause much respect, people from his inner circle did not like him. He was ambitious, cunning, with people rude and unkempt ... It was a frivolous woman lover, he was sure that he was irresistible. To subordinates was unnecessarily demanding, with the boss - sycophant. Lenin Zinoviev patronized, but after his death, when Stalin began to make his way to power, Zinoviev’s career began to crumble.
In his memoirs [14] Boris Bazhanov wrote:
Zinoviev was an intelligent and cultured man; a clever intriguer, he passed a long Leninist pre-revolutionary Bolshevik school. A decent coward, he was never inclined to be exposed to the risks of the underground and, before the revolution, almost all his activities proceeded abroad.
It is difficult to say why, but they do not like Zinoviev in the party. He has his drawbacks, he likes to enjoy the benefits of life, with him always the clan of his people; he is a coward; he is an intriguer; politically he is a small man; but the rest around is not better, but many are much worse. The formulas that run in the party elite are not very favorable to him (and to Stalin?): "Beware of Zinoviev and Stalin: Stalin will betray, and Zinoviev will run away."
For all that, he has a common feature with Lenin and Stalin: he keenly seeks power; Of course, he doesn’t have such an all-consuming passion like Stalin’s, he is not averse to using his life ...
The secretary of the Comintern, Angelika Balabanova, in her memoirs, “My life is a struggle,” wrote:
After Mussolini, whom I did know better and longer, I consider Zinoviev to be the most despicable person I have ever met ... ... For the first time, I saw Zinoviev in action in Zimerwald. I noticed then that whenever it was necessary to carry out some dishonest fractional maneuver, to undermine someone’s reputation as a revolutionary, Lenin entrusted Zinoviev with this task.
... Zinoviev was an interpreter and performer of the will of other people, and his personal insight, ambiguous behavior and dishonesty enabled him to perform these duties more effectively than a more scrupulous person could do.
Family
- Father - Radomyslsky Aron Markovich (1859 -?).
- The first wife is Sarra Naumovna Ravych ( 1879 - 1957 ), the pseudonym is Olga. Professional revolutionary. Member of the RSDLP since 1903 . After the murder, M. S. Uritsky served as commissar of the interior of the Northern Region. She was arrested in 1934 , 1937 , 1946 and 1951 . Released in 1954 .
- The second wife is Zlata Ionovna Lilina ( 1882 - 1929 ), pseudonym of Levin Zina. Member of the RSDLP since 1902 . An employee of the newspaper " Pravda ", "Star", an employee of the Petrograd Soviet.
- The son of his second wife, Stefan G. Radomyslsky ( 1908 - 1937 ), was arrested and shot. His wife, Jafarova (Levina), Berta Samoilovna, was twice arrested, detained, in exile.
- The third wife - Lasman Evgenia Yakovlevna (1894-1985). Was in exile and prisons from 1936 to 1954. Rehabilitated by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on March 17, 2006.
Memory
Toponyms
- In 1924–1934, the city of Kropyvnytskyi (Kirovograd Region, Ukraine) was called Zinovievsk.
Movie Aviation
- Apfelbaum Comment: ( October , 1927)
- Boris Olenin (" Unforgettable 1919 ", 1951)
- ?? (" Hostile Whirlwinds ", 1953)
- Mark Nickelberg (" In the days of October ", 1958, " Blue Notebook ", 1963)
- Friedrich Schütter ("Bürgerkrieg in Rußland", a television series (FRG, 1967)
- Gerard Calio ("Stalin-Trotsky" / "Staline-Trotsky: Le pouvoir et la révolution", France, 1979)
- Jerzy Kosinski (The Reds , 1981)
- Yaroslav Baryshev (" Red Bells ", 1983)
- Dietrich Mattausch / Dietrich Mattausch ("The sailors of Kronstadt" / Die Matrosen von Kronstadt, West Germany, 1983)
- Paolo Bonacelli ( Lenin. Train , 1988)
- Vsevolod Plotkin (“The Enemy of the People — Bukharin ”, 1990)
- Andrash Balint (" Stalin ", 1992)
- Alexey Safonov (" Under the Sign of Scorpion ", 1995)
- Peeter Volkonski (“ All my Lenins ”, 1997)
- Valery Shevchenko (“ Children of the Arbat ”, 2004)
- Oleg Komarov (“ Yesenin ”, 2005)
- Evgeny Knyazev (“December heat” / “Detsembrikuumus”, Estonia, 2008)
- Yuri Gertsman ( Ligovka , 2010)
- Sergey Perevoyev (“Stalin with us”, 2013).
- Tim Charles ( Bitter Harvest , 2017)
- Georgy Fetisov (“ Demon of the Revolution ”, 2017)
- Denis Pyanov ( Trotsky , 2017)
- Kirill Ulyanov (“ Foundling ”, 2019)
Works
- Writings T.1-8, 14-15. - M.-Pg. (L.), GIZ, 1923-1929
- Austria and world war. Pg., 1918
- The war and the crisis of socialism. Pb., 1920
- Twelve days in Germany. Pb., 1920
- Communist Internationale at work. M.-Pg., 1922
- History of the RCP (b) - M.-Pg., 1923 (at least 30 editions)
- World Party of Leninism. M., 1924
- Bolshevization stabilization. L., 1925
- Year of the revolution. L., 1925
- The history of the first Russian revolution. Gomel, 1925
- Leninism. L., 1925
- Comintern in the struggle for the masses. M.-L., 1926
- Our differences. M.-L., 1926
- War, revolution and Menshevism. M.-L., 1931
- Karl Liebknecht. M., Zhurgaz, 1933 (ZHZL)
- The civil war in Austria. Kharkiv, 1934
See also
- Zinoviev's letter
Notes
- ↑ from January 26, 1924 - Chairman of the Lensovet
- B BNF ID : Open Data Platform - 2011.
- ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica
- ↑ SNAC - 2010.
- ↑ 1 2 In the post-Soviet sources, the following versions of the real name and surname of Zinoviev were indicated: Zinoviev (Radomyslsky) Grigory Yevseyevich (Yevsei-Gershen Aronovich) (News of the Central Committee of the CPSU, 7, July, 1990); Zinoviev Grigory Yevseyevich (present. Fam. And name Radomyslsky Ovsey-Gershen Aronovich) ( Shikman A. P. Figures of Russian history. Biographical guide. Moscow, 1997); Zinoviev Grigory Yevseevich (real surname and name - Radomyslsky Ovsey-Gersh Aronovich) (Political figures of Russia 1917. biographical dictionary. Moscow, 1993) [1]
- ↑ Vatlin A. “Mein Kampf”. What to do? Gefter (December 24, 2014). The appeal date is January 5, 2015.
- ↑ The draft decision of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) on the restoration of L. Kamenev and G. Zinoviev in the party. December 12, 1933
- ↑ V. Berezhkov. St. Petersburg Procurators. SPb .: 1998. p. 10
- ↑ Montefiore Simon Sebag. Stalin: Yard of the Red Monarch
- ↑ Orlov A. The Secret History of Stalin's Crimes. M., 1991
- ↑ News of the Central Committee of the CPSU, No. 7, 1990
- ↑ EUGENIA FROLOV. “IF YOU LOVE RUSSIA ...” Yegor Egorovich Lazarev . STAR Magazine: PEOPLE AND FATE . zvezdaspb.ru. The appeal date is October 16, 2016.
- ↑ A. Lunacharsky, K. Radek, L. Trotsky. Silhouettes: political portraits. M .: Politizdat, 1991. p. 296
- ↑ Story03
Literature
- Zinoviev, Grigory Yevseyevich / Aksyutin Yu. V. // Iron tree - Radiation. - M .: The Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2008. - P. 495-496. - (The Great Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 t.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004–2017, vol. 10). - ISBN 978-5-85270-341-5 .
- Vasetsky N. A. G. E. Zinoviev: pages of life and political activity // Modern and Contemporary History . - 1989. - № 4 . - pp . 111–139 .
- Vasetsky N. A. G. E. Zinoviev: Pages of a Political Biography. - M .: Knowledge , 1989. - 64 p. - ( New in life, science, technology . Series "History and Politics of the CPSU"; № 6).
- Vasetsky N. A. Liquidation. Stalin, Trotsky, Zinoviev: fragments of political fate. - M .: Moscow Worker , 1989. - 204 p.
Links
- Biography on the site "Chronos"
- Grigory Zinoviev on the Project 1917 site
- Portrait of Zinoviev G. E. in the “Russian Portrait Gallery”
- Smirnov A.P. Petersburg myth of Grigori Zinoviev . // History of Petersburg. 2006. № 4.
- Decree on exclusion vols. Zinoviev and Trotsky of the Central Committee of the CPSU . 10/23/1927. // The project of the Russian military-historical society "100 main documents of Russian history."