Bosnian language [4] [5] (also Bosnian , Bosanian , Bosnian, self-name: bosanski jezik, Bosanian Gezik ) - the language of the South Slavic group , traditionally considered to be an ethnic Serbo-Croatian .
| Bosnian language | |
|---|---|
| Self name | Bosanski jezik, Bosanski јesik |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Official status |
 CEAST |
| Total number of speakers | 1,334 thousand people [3] |
| Classification | |
| Category | Languages of Eurasia |
Indo-European family
| |
| Writing | Latin ( gaewitz ), Cyrillic ( vukovitsa ) |
| Language Codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | bs |
| ISO 639-2 | bos |
| ISO 639-3 | bos |
| WALS | |
| Ethnologue | |
| Linguasphere | |
| ABS ASCL | |
| IETF | |
| Glottolog | |
This is the language of the Muslim population of the former Yugoslavia, distributed mainly in Bosnia and Herzegovina , where it has an official status, in Kosovo and in the Novopazar Sanjak [6] . In the Republika Srpska, the language is officially called јezik boshњachkog people [7] .
The main differences between the language from Serbian and Croatian are in the widely represented turcisms, Arabisms and Persisms, entrenched here during the reign of the Ottoman Empire. About 1.33 million people speak Bosnian [3] .
Writing in Latin - gaevitsa and Cyrillic - vukovitsa , previously used Arabic script , Glagolitic and Bosanice (a local variety of Cyrillic ).
Content
Linguogeography
Range and abundance
According to the publication Ethnologue , about 1334 thousand people speak Bosnian in the world, of which: [3]
- in Bosnia and Herzegovina - 1120 thousand people (2014);
- in Serbia (mainly in the Rash okrug ) - 135 thousand people (2002);
- in Kosovo - 28.9 thousand people (2011) [8] ;
- in Montenegro - 36.7 thousand people, of which 33 thousand named Bosnian as their native language, 3.6 thousand - Bosnian (2011) [9] ;
- in Croatia - 16.86 thousand people (2011) [10] ;
- in Northern Macedonia (in the communities of Petrovets , Skopje , Veles and Zelenikovo ) - 8.56 thousand people (2002) [11] .
Bosnian is also spoken in several countries of Western Europe , Turkey and North America among labor migrants, immigrants and their descendants. In Turkey, according to various estimates, Bosnian speaks from 100 to 200 thousand people.
Sociolinguistic information
Bosnian is one of the three official languages in Bosnia and Herzegovina along with Serbian and Croatian . With the equality of official languages declared in the republic, the differentiation of their use on the basis of ethnic and territorial characteristics (separate education, national orientation of the media ) actually develops. In accordance with this, Bosnian represents exclusively the Muslim (Bosnian) community of Bosnia and Herzegovina (taking into account the significant similarities of literary languages and deeper dialectic differences, the speaker’s language always correlates with his ethnicity) [12] .
In addition to Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Bosnian language has official status in some regions of Serbia . In the 2006 Yugoslav declaration on the ratification of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, Bosnian is included among the languages that guarantee protection and development, [1] . According to the laws on local self-government in Serbia, the Bosnian language is recognized as the second official language along with Serbian in several communities of the Rash and Zlatibor districts of the historical region of Sandzak [6] . According to the “Constitutional Framework for the Provisional Self-Government of Kosovo”, adopted in 2001 as the main law in the Serbian region of Kosovo , which is de facto an independent state of the Republic of Kosovo , all laws of the state are published in Albanian , Serbian, English , Turkish and Bosnian. Bosnian along with Turkish and Gypsy has the right to be recognized as official in a particular region of Kosovo, in which the number of speakers of these languages is at least 5% [2] . The only region in which Bosnian was included in the number of official languages (along with Albanian and Serbian) has been the Dragash community since 2008 (the main population of the community is Albanians and the Slavic-Muslim ethnic group of Gorans ) [13] [14] .
Bosnian is also a regional language legally recognized in Montenegro [3] .
Since 2005, in the Republika Srpska , instead of the name Bosnian јezik «Bosnian language’, б Bosnian language ’, the Ministry of Education officially introduced the name Bosnian јezik б Bosnian language’, язык Bosnian language ’. This decision provoked protests of the local Muslim population [15] .
Language Features
The main features of the Bosnian literary norm that distinguishes it from the other three literary standards based on dialects of the Shtokav dialect (Serbian, Croatian and Montenegrin) include [16] :
- Conservation or secondary appearance of the consonant phoneme / h /: bahnuti “to appear unexpectedly” ( Serbian , Croatian. Banuti ), horiti se “reflect” (Serbian, Croatian. Oriti se ), hrđa rust (Serbian, Croatian. Rđa ), hudovica “widow” (Serbian, Croatian udovica ), mehak , mehka , mehko “soft”, “soft”, “soft” (Serb., Croatian. mek , meka , meko ), sahat “hour”, “hours” (Serb., Horv. sat ), etc.
- The wider spread of Turkishisms and Orientalisms , most often in a form close to the form of the source language of the loan: aždaha “dragon”, “snake” (Serbian, Croatian aždaja ), bašča “garden” (Serbian bašta , Croatian bašća ) , findžan “cup” (Serb., Croatian. fildžan ), kahva “coffee” (Serb., Croatian. kafa / kava ), mejdan “square” (Serb., Croatian. megdan ). This type of borrowed vocabulary is characteristic mainly of confessional Islamic terminology.
- The downward trend in the number of Serbs and an increase in the number of Croatian language forms. At the same time, part of the traditional Serbian forms is steadily preserved: hirurg “surgeon” (Croatian kirurg ), okean “ocean” (Croatian ocean ), Evropa “Europe” (Croatian Europa ), niko “nobody” (Croatian nitko ) etc.
In the grammar, there are no differences with the Serbian and Croatian literary languages in the Bosnian language [17] .
See also
- Bosnyaki
Notes
- Comments
- ↑ According to the administrative division of Serbia, Kosovo is included in its structure as the Autonomous Region of Kosovo and Metohija. In fact, Kosovo is a partially recognized state whose territory is not controlled by Serbia.
- Sources
- ↑ 1 2 List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148. European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages . Council of Europe (10.21.2014). (Retrieved February 10, 2016)
- ↑ 1 2 Katunin D. A. Status of languages in modern Serbian legislation as the implementation of the language policy of the state // Tomsk State University Bulletin. Philosophy. Sociology. Political science. - 2008. - No. 2. - P. 149-150
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, Charles D. Fennig: Bosnian. A language of Bosnia and Herzegovina . Ethnologue: Languages of the World (18th Ed.) . Dallas: SIL International (2015). (Retrieved February 11, 2016)
- ↑ Bosnia and Herzegovina // Greater Caucasus - Grand Canal. - M .: Big Russian Encyclopedia, 2006. - P. 72-79. - (The Big Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vols.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004—2017, vol. 4). - ISBN 5-85270-333-8 .
- ↑ Serbo-Croatian // BDT
- ↑ 1 2 Katunin D. A. Status of languages in modern Serbian legislation as the implementation of the language policy of the state // Tomsk State University Bulletin. Philosophy. Sociology. Political science. - 2008. - No. 2. - P. 143
- ↑ Status j is not set unspecified (inaccessible link) . // slglasnik.org. Date of treatment November 20, 2016. Archived November 4, 2016.
- ↑ Data access. Population. Display data in the selected year (2011). Kosovo Detail municipality. Dragash (English) (inaccessible link) . Kosovo Agency of Statistics (2012). Archived on April 4, 2014. (Retrieved February 11, 2016)
- ↑ Popis stanovništva, domaćinstava i stanova u Crnoj Gori 2011 godine. Stanovništvo Crne Gore prema polu, tipu naselja, nacionalnoj, odnosno etničkoj pripadnosti, vjeroispovijesti i maternjem jeziku po opštinama u Crnoj Gori. Tabela 5. Stanovništvo prema maternjem jeziku po opštinama (Serb.) S. 10. Podgorica: Crna Gora. Zavod za statistiku (07/12/2011). (Retrieved February 11, 2016)
- ↑ Popisi. Popis stanovništva 2011. Tablice. Po gradovima / općinama. 5. Stanovništvo prema materinskom jeziku po gradovima / općinama, popis 2011 (Croatian) . Republika Hrvatska - Državni zavod za statistiku (2011). (Retrieved February 11, 2016)
- ↑ Popis Population, Domination and Become 2002, Book X: Combined Population, Dominism and Become - Define the Subtotality by Population of the Place - The population is also spoiled because of the nationality of the country, the Macaques and the religion (Macedonian) P. 198. Macedonian Republic. The plant is rusted for statistics (05/05/2004). (Retrieved February 11, 2016)
- ↑ Kretschmer, Neveklovsky, 2005 , p. 2-3.
- ↑ Statuti i Komunës. Neni 6. Gjuhët dhe simbolet unopened (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment February 10, 2016. Archived October 27, 2015.
- ↑ Katunin D.A. Status of languages in modern Serbian legislation as the implementation of the state language policy // Tomsk State University Bulletin. Philosophy. Sociology. Political science. - 2008. - No. 2. - S. 151
- ↑ Bosnian Schools Boycott Over Language Row Spreads
- ↑ Kretschmer, Neveklovsky, 2005 , p. 7.
- ↑ Gudkov V.P. About the status, structure and name of the literary language of Bosnian Muslims / Study of Slavic languages in line with the traditions of comparative-historical and comparative linguistics. - M., 2001. - S. 24-25
Literature
- Dulichenko A. D. Introduction to Slavic Philology. - 2nd ed., Erased. - M .: Flint, 2014. - 720 p. - ISBN 978-5-9765-0321-2 .
- Kretschmer A. G., Neveklovsky G. Serbo-Croatian language (Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian) // Languages of the world. Slavic languages . - M .: Academia , 2005 .-- 62 p. - ISBN 5-87444-216-2 .
Links
- Grammar of the Bosnian language, 1890 (Bosnian)