Strada, Vittorio

External Images
Vittorio Strada
	Vittorio Strada , Milan, 1956
	Vittorio Strada (left) at Pasternak in Peredelkino, 1957. Photo from the Facebook of the Slavist Stefano Gardzonio . The original is in the archive of Vyacheslav Ivanov in Rome.
	Vittorio Strada and Evgeny Yevtushenko . Moscow, 1958. Photo by Rina Bianchi.
	Vittorio Strada, Clara Strada and Eugene Evtushenko . Moscow, 1959
	Vittorio Strada, Clara Strada, Victor Nekrasov, Alexander Twardowski , Italy, 1959 (?)
	Victor Shklovsky, Victor Nekrasov, Vittorio Strada, Clara Strada , Florence, 1962
	Elena Bonner presents Vittorio Strad with the A.D. Sakharov . Rome, 1982
	Vittorio Strada with Milovan Jilas . 1988
	Vittorio Strada with Alberto Moravia and Fazil Iskander , Capri, 1988
	Zoya Boguslavskaya, Vittorio Strada and Andrey Voznesensky . Moscow, early 1990s
	Vittorio Strada and Alexander Solzhenitsyn . Trinity-Lykovo, 2001
	Vittorio Strada and Alexander Solzhenitsyn . Trinity-Lykovo, 2001
	Vittorio Strada, Clara Strada, Natalia Solzhenitsyna and Alexander Solzhenitsyn . Trinity-Lykovo, 2001
	Mikhail Blumenkrants, Vittorio and Clara Strada , our time (no later than 2009)

Vittorio was born in Milan in 1929 into a middle-class Lombard bourgeois family; brought up in the Catholic faith ("a Christian by conviction, but far from complying with church standards"). The formation period fell on the 30s and 40s, that is, mainly during the period of fascism. Vittorio remembered the thirties as a happy period. The family lived in Brianza 's grandmother’s villa. In the gymnasium years in Monza he was fond of reading, in particular Dostoevsky's novels - at the age of 12 Vittorio experienced an internal shock when he read The Brothers Karamazov ^[1] .

After the war, he graduated from the Lyceum and entered the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Milan . He studied under Antonio Banfi , but the idol of the student group was the American philosopher John Dewey with his theory of pragmatism . At the university, Vittorio considered himself a Leninist , but Lenin considered the work “ Materialism and Empirio-Criticism ” and “ Party Organization and Party Literature ” to be “unacceptable.” Banfi became the supervisor of Strada's thesis on Soviet dialectical materialism, The Materialist Theory of Knowledge by Karl Marx.

Vittorio independently learned the Russian language, communicating with Russian emigrants living in Milan ^[2] . Having mastered the Russian language, Vittorio began to study Russian literature and culture of the Soviet period. In 1955, he translated into Italian the story of V. P. Nekrasov “In his native city” , and in 1956 he wrote a number of articles on the literature of the “ thaw ”.

In 1956, while still a student, he began working in the journal Il Contemporaneo (Contemporary). The first article of Strada in Contemporaneo was the text ^[1] about Vladimir Pomerantsev and his famous article in the New World for 1953 On Sincerity in Literature ^[3] , which provoked a huge discussion in the Soviet Union ^[4] . Another article by Strada in Contemporaneo was dedicated to the suicide of Alexander Fadeev , general secretary of the Writers' Union (two images appeared in the article: a young revolutionary - the author of a good-quality novel "The rout", and a bureaucrat in whom Fadeev degenerated pursuing a destructive policy serving Stalin, which set there is a cross on it as a writer). This article was opposed by the ideologists of the Italian Communist Party, as well as the renowned communist artist Renato Guttuso , who accused Strada of disrespectful attitude towards Fadeev and all Soviet literature ^[1] .

In 1956, in an atmosphere of hope associated with criticism of the "personality cult" of Stalin , Strada joined the Italian Communist Party (left after 1968 ). He signed a collective protest against the suppression of the 1956 Hungarian uprising .

Despite a number of disappointments in Khrushchev’s policy (“incomplete economic reforms , a crazy anti-religious campaign , a return to the worst atheist traditions of the Leninist period, Khrushchev’s attacks against writers and artists”) generally supported her - “Khrushchev’s anti-Stalinism outweighed everything.”

In 1957, together with his sister Laura, he visited the USSR (Marseille-Odessa-Moscow) as part of the World Youth Festival . During the month spent in Moscow, he met and made friends with Evgeny Yevtushenko , Bella Akhmadulina , a little later with Andrei Voznesensky , Boris Slutsky and Zabolotsky ^[1] .

In 1957, Strada wrote a large article on Pasternak for Il Contemporaneo. This article was transferred to the Foreign Commission of the USSR Writers Union specifically for Pasternak. He liked the article and through the USSR joint venture he invited Strada and the chief editor of Il Contemporaneo to his lunch at the cottage in Peredelkino. The meeting took place in August 1957 ^{[5] [6]} . The meeting was also attended by writer Vsevolod Ivanov and Georgy Samsonovich Breitburd , head of the Italian department of the Foreign Commission of the USSR joint venture, subsequently curator of Strada from the KGB ^[1] .

During a second meeting in 1957, Pasternak confidentially told Strada ^{[1] [6] [7]} :

In November 1957, the novel was first published in Italian in Milan by the Feltrinelli publishing house "contrary to all the efforts of the Kremlin and the Italian Communist Party." After that, there were suspicions of Strad as an accomplice in the appearance of Doctor Zhivago in the West, and he turned out to be under the supervision of the KGB . Despite the persecution of the KGB, Strada behaved "absolutely free and felt completely comfortable in the USSR" ^[1] .

After collaborating with Il Contemporaneo, Strada became an employee of IKP Rinascita magazine (Renaissance) ^[1] .

After graduating from the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Milan, in 1958, at the request of his scientific adviser, Professor Antonio Banfi and at the insistence of the leadership of the Italian Communist Party, he was accepted to graduate school at Moscow State University .

At the beginning of 1958, Vittorio Strada , a graduate student of the philological faculty of Moscow State University, in a dormitory of Moscow State University on the Lenin Hills, met a student, “young, charming, albeit cool Siberian” Clara Yanovich, and married her on July 4; the Soviet bureaucracy ( Ponomarev, Boris Nikolaevich ) did not want this wedding, Yevtushenko punched it with his appeals to the KGB, the Central Committee, the police ^[8] , Strada also addressed the Secretary General of the Italian Communist Party Palmiro Tolyatti ^[1]

Another reason for the supervision was Vittorio Strada's friendly relations with Soviet writers during the “thaw” period, in particular with the editors and authors of the New World . In the USSR, Strada met and made friends with many writers and philosophers of the liberal reform direction, over the next decades not only maintained these relations, but also constantly expanded his circle of acquaintances and friendships.

So, complications arose on the basis of Strada’s acquaintance with the philosopher Ewald Ilyenkov . In 1958, at the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow State University, Strada heard Ilyenkov speak to students, became interested in what he heard and asked for a home from Evald Vasilyevich to discuss some issues. When Ilyenkov said that he had finished the book (Dialectics of the Abstract and the Concrete), Strada asked me to give him a typewritten copy for careful reading. After reading Strada was delighted and, with the knowledge of the author, sent the text to the Milanese publishing house Feltrinelli. At the same time, a scandal broke out with the publication of Pasternak by the same publishing house. The party bureau forced Ilyenkov to write a letter to Italy with a refusal to publish books there, announced a party reprimand to him and scattered a set of Russian books ^[9] . For Ilyenkov, these contacts with Strada had serious consequences, he ended up in a hospital, then in a sanatorium.

In 1958, Vittorio accompanied on a big trip to the USSR (Leningrad, Tbilisi, Kiev) the Italian poets Sergio Solmi , Ignazio Buttitta , Velso Mucci and Domenico Cadorezi ; in Kiev Vittorio met in person with Victor Nekrasov ^[10]

After studying at the graduate school of Moscow State University until 1961, Vittorio could not formally graduate from it for ideological reasons - he was accused of “ revisionism ” and anti-Leninist positions. Scientific adviser Vittorio Strada, Professor A. Metchenko, did not allow his dissertation “Politics of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) in the Field of Literature in the 30s” dedicated to Soviet theoretical and literary research of the 1920s and 30s (Vittorio flatly refused to " party affiliation in literature" ^[1] , but was carried away by the ideas of the formalism of Shklovsky and Zhirmunsky , with whom he often communicated).

At the beginning of 1961, Strada found in the library a book of “a certain Bakhtin ” in 1929, “The Poetics of Dostoevsky” and was shocked by it ^[11] . On the advice of Slutsky ^[12] (or on the advice of Vadim Kozhinov ^{[13] [14]} ), Strad wrote a letter to Bakhtin in Saransk asking him to publish his book about Dostoevsky ^[15] :

Bakhtin received a letter from Strada on February 22, 1961, and on February 23 answered that he would like to rewrite the old text. In the end, he really wrote something completely original ^[12] . However, the conceived Italian collected works did not take place, and the Italian edition of Bakhtin’s book was published only in 1968. ^[15] According to Strada’s recollections, it was difficult for Bakhtin to find a translator (extremely difficult language), and rumors spread around Moscow: Bakhtin was boycotted in the West! ^[12] Kozhinov, in the article “Where did the manuscript of M. M. Bakhtin go?” (“Moscow”, 1997, No. 10) accused Vittorio Strada of “putting on somewhere the manuscript he had received of the whole book” by Bakhtin about Dostoevsky ^{[ 16]} . But from the spring of the same 1961, energetic actions by V.V. Kozhinov began with the aim of reprinting the book in Moscow. In March 1962, Bakhtin received an official proposal from the publishing house "Soviet Writer" and after a long break began to be published again (M. Bakhtin. Problems of Dostoevsky's poetics. Moscow: Sov. Writer, 1963 ^[17] ), taking one of the most important places in the world XX century culture.

In 1961, Strada returned to Italy with his Soviet wife.

In March 1962, Strada participated in the congress of the European Community of Writers COMES (held in Florence in the Palazzo Vecchio Palace ^[18] ) and receives the Soviet delegation ( A. Surkov , M. Bazhan , V. Panova , A. Tvardovsky , G. Chukhrai , G. Breitburd ^{[notes 1]} ) and Soviet guests ( I. Andronikov , S. Antonov , E. Vinokurov , A. Voznesensky , D. Granin , E. Kazakevich , V. Nekrasov , I. Ogorodnikova ^{[notes 2]} , N. Tomashevsky , V. Shklovsky ). Strada had a particularly long and “surprisingly frank” conversation with Tvardovsky (Tvardovsky noted in his diary also Strada’s wife: “the Lower Amur half-Tatars ... somehow cringed, looked away, embarrassed, excited and definitely guilty, no matter how I tried to cheat on her situation, - apparently very, very homesick for his homeland, the love of which, as it seems to me, is often stronger than love ” ^[19] ). According to the results of this trip to Italy (and the USA), Twardowski’s companion Viktor Nekrasov published in the 11th and 12th issues of the New World for 1962 the essays “On Both Sides of the Ocean”, where he mentioned “his friend” Strada ^[20] . The essays provoked a sharp reaction from Khrushchev (“ reverence for the West ”), they tried to expel Nekrasov from the party , but Strada’s article saved the writer:

Articles by Vittorio Strada from the weekly of the Communist Party of Italy “Rinashita” translated and transferred to the editor of the “New World” Cecilia Isaakovna Kin ; with Strada she was in friendly correspondence ^[23] .

At the same time, Vittorio Strada published articles in various magazines on Russian literature of the Soviet period, collected in 1964 in the book “Soviet Literature. 1953-1964 "(" Letteratura sovietica. 1953-1964 "). His literary works provoked a hostile reaction from the Soviet ideologists of socialist realism ( Shcherbina , Dymshits , Metchenko and others), who openly took up arms against him.

In early 1964, Strada organized a meeting-interview with Nikta Khrushchev for Giulio Einaudi (director of the publishing house Giulio Einaudi Editor) and came to Moscow with him. The meeting between Einaudi and Strada and Khrushchev took place on February 21, 1964 - Einaudi presented Khrushchev with a giant truffle from the Piedmontese city ​​of Alba and received the right to publish Khrushchev's speeches on the problem of peaceful coexistence ^{[24] [25] [26]} . According to the memoirs of Strada, Khrushchev spoke continuously for forty minutes, and looked at the mushroom with great amazement ^[12] .

Then, in February 1964, Strada met in Moscow (in the Writers' Union) with Vsevolod Kochetov at the invitation of the latter. The fact is that earlier, Strada ironically criticized Kochetov’s novel “Secretary of the Regional Committee” in a review for L'Unita’s journalism ^[27] , and Kochetov wished to meet with the young Italian communist. According to Strada’s recollections, “the meeting was quite correct”, and Kochetov was different from his colleagues, bureaucratically arrogant and arrogant: he rather resembled a fighter for the Soviet communist idea and considered himself as such ^[28] .

In the same (1964), Giulio Einaudi suggested that Strada, after returning to Italy, to move to Turin to work with him at Einaudi publishing house as a consultant in Russian literature. Edited by Strada in Italy, the works of Russian classics, political thinkers from Herzen and Lenin to Trotsky and Trubetskoy , prose Aksyonov , Babel , Bulgakov , Vaginov , Dombrovsky , Kazakov , Lunts , Olesha , Solzhenitsyn , Trifonov , Chayanov , Schwarz , works of representatives of OGO were published , V. Propp , Bakhtin , Lotman , Uspensky . He translated the poetry of Pasternak and Zabolotsky , communicated with Khardzhiev , Kruchenykh , Solzhenitsyn.

At the beginning of 1966, in connection with the Sinyavsky Case , even before the trial, Strada wrote an article in defense of the freedom of writers (published in Rinashit after the trial, accompanied by an editorial box by Giancarlo Payette ^[23] ).

In July 1966, in Italy (in Turin and in the Ligurian coastal village of Varigotti ), Strada received Kochetov , who had come on a business trip. The writers, “heated with vodka,” staged a “real battle, leaving all diplomacy” ^[29] At the end of the argument, Kochetov exclaimed: “Why did your Togliatti not say anything like this when he was in Moscow and agreed with us on everything?” Strada shouted back: “Remember my word: the time will come, and the freedom of culture, speech will come to Russia, pluralism will come. I am sure of that” ^[30] . The duel ended: Kochetov left him even more Stalinist than he was before, confident that he was facing an enemy, and Strada - an even greater “anti-Stalinist”. ^[31]

In 1966/67, Strada met Bulgakov’s widow . Thanks to friendly relations with Elena Sergeevna, who transmitted to him excerpts from The Master and Margarita , excluded by censorship from the first Soviet publication, the full text of this novel was first published in Italy by Einaudi in 1967 with the introduction of Strada ^{[32] [33]} . In 1967, the novel without cuts was broadcast by Radio Liberty ^{[34] [35]}

In 1966/67, Strada received from Solzhenitsyn, through one of his friends, the manuscript of the “Cancer Corps” , carried it in a suitcase through customs to Italy, where it was published in Einaudi with the introduction of Strada ^{[12] [36]} . In 1969, the Cancer Corps was broadcast by Radio Liberty ^{[37] [38]}

In the spring of 1968, Strada came with his wife to Moscow, where he met with Yuri Karyakin ^[39] , who transmitted to Strada for publication in the Western press the text of his report at the evening about Platonov in the Central House of Writers on January 30, 1968 (Karjakin then uttered the phrase “Black male” to Stalin you won’t wash white ”, for which he was expelled from the party). On the same visit to Strada at Moscow's Sheremetyevo Airport, they seized customs records of a conversation between Lev Kopelev and the Secretary of the Union of Writers Yu. N. Verchenko, as well as Solzhenitsyn’s open letter (04.25.1968) against the publication in the West of his novel “The Cancer Corps ” ^[12] . Solzhenitsyn later described these events in his novel, Butting a Calf with an Oak :

Strada then spent a day under arrest, and Solzhenitsyn’s novel was published in 1969 in Italian with his introduction. These events caused the breakup of Vittorio Strada with the Soviet authorities, which later, for two decades, refused him a visa to enter the USSR.

Autumn 1969 Sun Kochetov in the novel “What Do You Want?”, Published in the journal “October” , portrayed Strada in the image of a negative hero named Benito Spada ^{[2] [40] [41]} , “anti-Soviet” and “revisionist”. Strada, under the name Benito Spada, is the protagonist of the novel - “the negative hero”, revisionist, anti-Soviet, false communist and, naturally, in the canons of socialist realism, a traitor in the service of American imperialism. Strada’s wife, Clara, is also represented in the novel under the name of Lera, the “positive heroine”, who realized at the end what a gross mistake or sin she committed when she married a vile revisionist and left her radiant Soviet homeland. In connection with the controversy surrounding the novel, Strada received a postcard from Kiev from writer Viktor Nekrasov: “Vittorio, Kochetov made you famous! And about himself ... sya. ” ^[12] This novel caused an international scandal, but in Italy, of course, it made more noise. Kochetov was sure that he served a worthy praise service, standing up for the party’s policies, but the upper ranks didn’t appreciate such a service, because the romance caused a scandal everywhere, and they tried to hush up the matter, leaving the romance oblivious. According to Strada, Kochetov behaved in an improper way: at first he denied acquaintance with Strada ^[42] , then, when he was convicted of a lie, stated that Strada and anti-Soviet revisionists publish only “thaw” literature in Italy and that such a novel as “ What do you want? ”Will never reach a healthy Italian reader. But in 1973, Kochetov’s novel was published in the Italian edition with the acrid preface of Strada, who was anxious to forward one copy of this publication to the author. ^[43]

According to Strada, “my political views gradually changed, and in one steady direction - I became more and more a “ revisionist “ ” ^[1] .

The cultural revolution in China caused Strada to “instinctively” reject it - he saw in it a new form of “Stalinism” and “Zhdanovism” that was different from the Soviet one; Strada expressed his fundamental rejection of despotic violence obeying the mass order from above, qualifying it as an "anti-cultural counter-revolution." Strada reacted to the western protest movement of 1968 without any enthusiasm (but he supported the parallel in the "east" , in the countries of the zone of Soviet influence to the maximum). The imitation of Maoism in the Western vein was for Strada “unbearable not so much from the political as from the intellectual point of view”; the new atmosphere became “suffocating”, especially when its jets began to seep into his place of work - Einaudi publishing house, and soon Strada left this publishing house.

After leaving the publishing house, Strada entered the position of head of the department of Russian language and literature at the University of Venice ( 1970 - 1992 ). In Venice, the Strada family lived “in an amazing place,” on the island of San Giorgio , in a house that stood side by side with the famous building of Andrea Palladio, ^[44] overlooking the Cathedral of St. Mark . On the island of San Giorgio, Strada, along with the Cini Foundation, held many symposia with the participation of Soviet scientists ^[12] .

In the seventies, Strada stopped working with the communist press: with the newspaper L'Unità - since his article on Solzhenitsyn was blocked; with Rinashita magazine - after Togliatti's refusal to publish an article about Ehrenburg . During this period, Strada was published in the newspaper La Repubblica .

On the initiative of Vittorio Strada, Yuri Lotman and Boris Uspensky prepared the book Semiotics (Ricerche semiotiche, 1973) - this is the most significant collective work of the Tartu-Moscow school published in the West.

Despite the refusal of Soviet visas, Strada was able, with “grandiose” scandals, to visit the USSR for three short-term visits: in 1977, as part of the delegation of the Einaudi publishing house, the first International Book Fair in Moscow , in 1979 the second International Book Fair, and in 1986 the year - the historical symposium of the Academy of Sciences , where Strada read a "heretical" report on Maxim Gorky .

In 1979, Strada stopped working with La Repubblica , whose position, including her attitude to the Chinese "cultural revolution," became increasingly unacceptable to him, and began to appear in the newspaper Corriere della Sera .

In December 1979, the Soviet ambassador to Italy, Nikita Ryzhov, sent a secret letter to the International Department of the CPSU Central Committee (published by the Repubblica newspaper on June 12, 1992), stating that Strada had come to discredit the personality of V. I. Lenin and to claim that Soviet culture is under the heel of totalitarianism: therefore, the path to it in the USSR should be blocked, although this will certainly cause a scandal. According to him, such a scandal "will do less harm than the one that Strada constantly causes us with his anti-Soviet activities."

In September 1980, Strada took part in the anti-Soviet international conference “The Left is for Afghanistan” in Rome, organized by the magazine Mondo Opera , published by the Italian Socialist Party . The participants in the conference created the “Committee of Solidarity with Afghanistan” ^[45] .

In 1982, Strada introduced the West to the ideas of Eurasianism - on his initiative, a collection of Nikolai Trubetskoy (including “Europe and Humanity”) was published in Italy, with a preface by Jacobson ^[12] .

Strada published the international journal Russia / Russia ( 1974 - 1993 ), with his participation the History of Russian Literature was created and published in seven volumes ( 1986 - 1995 , in collaboration with J. Niva , E. Etkind , I. Serman). He was published in such Western European Russian-language publications as “Russian Thought” (included in the editorial board of the newspaper), “Country and World”, “Review”, “Continent” (in the last journal for many years was a member of the editorial board at the invitation of the founder and editor of “Continent” Vladimir Maximov ).

In 1988, Strada organizes and conducts on Kapri Island a writers' seminar on perestroika problems, Culture during the Perestroika Period. The Soviet side was attended by Fazil Iskander (who was awarded the Malaparte Prize) and philologist Igor Vinogradov ^[46] .

In October 1988, Strada participated in the international seminar “ Perestroika . Where is the Soviet Union going? "In Barcelona , after reading the report" Stalin was, and this requires an explanation. "

In the fall of 1989 , after removing the visa veto at the invitation of the Writers' Union, Strada and his wife again visited the USSR.

In December 1989, at the invitation of Strada, Olga Sedakova visited Italy, giving a lecture on Akhmatova at the University of Venice ^[47] .

In the fall of 1990, at the initiative of the Helsinki Committee of Italy, the Independent University of Washington-Paris-Moscow ^[48] , the Italian magazine Rabochy Mir, Continent and Youth magazines , the Komsomolskaya Pravda newspaper, Vittorio Strada organized a meeting of Russian writers ( D. Likhachev , V. Soloukhin , G. Baklanov , V. Krupin , S. Zalygin , V. Astafiev , V. Bukovsky , Ch. Aitmatov , V. Bykov and other writers of the “patriotic” and liberal sense): the idea was simple - reconcile those who quarreled in perestroika, who before it represented different trends in one of literature, but still not feuded ^[49] . The conference, which was held on October 14-17, 1990 in the Italian parliament , had the theme “National Issues in the USSR: Renovation or Civil War?” (According to other sources - “From Civil War to Civil Peace in the USSR”) and received the informal name “Roman a meeting". The conference was welcomed by Mikhail Gorbachev , Boris Yeltsin , Joseph Brodsky , Mstislav Rostropovich , Ernst Neizvestny , Milovan Gilas , Italian President Francesco Cossiga , Italian Foreign Minister Gianni De Michelis , Mayor of Rome Franco Carraro ^[50] . The meeting participants (including Strada and his wife) signed the so-called “Roman appeal”, where (a year before the official dissolution of the USSR ) it was stated: “the existence of one of the greatest empires in the history of mankind ends and new state formations appear on its territory” ^{[51 ]} , and calls were made for “abandoning imperial totalitarian thinking” ^{[52] [53]}

In 1992, the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs appointed Strada to the post of director of the Italian Institute of Culture in Moscow ( 1992 - 1996 ).

In the post-Soviet period, Vittorio Strada collaborated with the magazines Voprosy Filosofii, Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta, Nezavisimaya Gazeta, and participated in the scientific journals Meditating on Russia (Moscow, 1996) and Revolutionary Radicalism in Russia. The nineteenth century ”(Moscow, 1997; both editions were edited by E. L. Rudnitskaya). In 1995, in Moscow, under his editorship and with his introduction, the collection “Christianity and Culture Today” (authors - Russian and Italian philosophers and theologians) was published. Regularly published in the almanac "Second Navigation" (Munich-Kharkov).

In 2000, Strada came to Solzhenitsyn in Trinity-Lykovo ; in their conversation on October 20, 2000, Solzhenitsyn criticized NATO and the United States . The conversation was shot on film for demonstration at a symposium of Christian youth in Italy ^[54] In 2001, Strada had the longest meeting with Solzhenitsyn at his home. Alexander Isaevich admitted that he really liked Strada’s articles “with a philosophical connotation”, including those published in “Russian Thought” in Paris ^[12]

As a teacher, he resigned in 2003 , but continued his scientific and organizational activities.

In 2003, Vittorio Strada organized a large exhibition in Rome, St. Petersburg and Italy. 1750-1850. Italian genius in Russia ”(“ Pietroburgo e l'ltalia. Il genio italiano in Russia ”) with the participation of the Hermitage and the Museum of the History of St. Petersburg, as well as a symposium on Petersburg (Frascati). He edited the catalog of the exhibition with articles by Russian art historians. On his initiative, symposia of Russian and Italian historians were also resumed (Venice, 2001; Moscow, 2005).

In December 2003, Strada took part in the International Congress “The Righteous in the Gulag . The value of moral resistance to Soviet totalitarianism ”in Milan, where he read the report“ Fullness of memory and historical consciousness. The century of totalitarianism and the spiritual transformation of Vasily Grossman ” ^[55] .

Strada repeatedly expressed condemnation of Bolshevism :

In the article “Down with the goddess of literature from the pedestal” in the newspaper Corriere della Sera, Strada summarized his view of the literary process in modern Russia: the disappearance of all taboos , the enormous role of translations of Western prose, the adaptation of publishing to market conditions and its inclusion in a more complex mass market -Media as a whole, undergoing a period of strong expansion. A direct consequence of these recent changes is "the end of liteocentrism, which took place in Russia much later in comparison with the Western world and felt as a loss of the old style by writers." This process is assessed by Strada extremely positively: in his opinion, it testifies to "the emancipation of literature and society and serves as a sign of the modernization of Russian culture, which no longer imposes on literature functions that belong to politics, religion, history, sociology, etc." ^[57]

His wife is a literary critic and translator Klara Alekseevna Yanovich-Strada (born March 31, 1935 in the village of Chlya, Khabarovsk Territory ). She taught at several Italian universities (in Turin, Padua, Venice), translated into Russian the works of Russian literature (Pushkin, Chekhov), as well as the works of Mikhail Bakhtin and Vladimir Propp, published his own research on Blok, Pushkin, Chekhov.

There are two children: Olga ^{[58] [59] [60]} (headed by the Institute of Italian Culture in Moscow ^[1] ) and Nikita. Tommaso's grandson graduates from Ca'Foscari University in Venice.

Vittorio Strada passed away on April 30, 2018; the funeral was held on May 5 at the San Michele cemetery in Venice ^[32] .

• Letteratura sovietica 1953-1963 ( 1964 )
• Tradition and Revolution in Russian Literature (Tradisione e rivoluzione nella letteratura russa 1969 , 2nd extended edition - 1980 )
• “Gogol, Gorky, Chekhov” (“Gogol, Gorkij, Cechov.” Roma, 1973 )
• Strada V. Il "marxismo legale" in Russia / Storia del marxismo. Torino, 1979.
• “USSR-Russia. Literature and history between past and present ”(“ URSS-Russia. Letteratura e storia tra passato e presente ”, Milano, 1985 )
• “Insomnia of the mind. Myths and figures of Russian literature from Dostoevsky to Pasternak "(" Le veglie della ragione. Miti e figure della letteratura russa da Dostoevski '' a Pasternak ", 1986 )
• Simbolo e storia: aspetti e problemi del Novecento russo ( 1988 )
• “Meeting with Pasternak” (Incontro con Pasternak, Napoli, 1990 )
• “Russian question. Identity and Fate "(" La questione russa. Identita e destino ", Venezia, 1991 )
• “Symbol and history. Aspects and problems of Russia of the XX century "(" Simbolo e storia. Aspetti e problemi del Novecento russo ", Venezia, 1991 )
• The Other Revolution (L'altra rivoluzione, Capri, 1994 ) (about the Capri school and God-building)
• I Russi e l'Italia ( 1995 )
• Autobiography “Self-critical self-portrait. Archeology of the October Revolution "(" Autoritratto autocritico. Archeologia della rivoluzione d'Ottobre ", Roma, 2004 )
• “EuroRussia. Literature and culture from Peter the Great to the revolution "(" EuroRussia. Letteratura e cultura da Pietro il Grande alla rivoluzione ", Roma - Bari, 2005 )
• La rivoluzione svelata: una lettura nuova dell'ottobre 1917 ( 2007 )
• Russia e rivoluzione. Ottobre 1917: un 'altra prospettiva (2007)
• Etica del terrore: da Fëdor Dostoevskij a Thomas Mann ( 2008 )
• Lenin, Stalin, Putin: studi su comunismo e postcomunismo (“Lenin, Stalin, Putin: studies of communism and post-communism”, 2011)
• Europe: la Russia come frontiera (Europe: Russia as a Frontier, 2014)
• Impero e rivoluzione (Empire and Revolution, 2017)
• Il dovere di uccidere (“Duty to kill”, 2018, - a study on terrorism , starting with Russian people of the middle of the XIX century ^[61] )

Publications in Russian

• “Legal Marxism” in Russia // History of Marxism. Volume 2. Marxism in the era of the II International. Issue 1. / Per. with it. - M .: Progress , 1981. - It is distributed according to a special list
• Marxism and post-Marxism // History of Marxism. Volume 4. Marxism today. Issue 1. / Per. with it. - M .: Progress, 1986. - It is distributed according to a special list
• History of Russian literature. XX century. Silver Age. M .: Progress-Litera, 1995 (co-authored with J. Niva , I. Serman , E. Etkind )
• Literature and society: An introduction to the sociology of literature. M., Russian State Humanitarian University ; Institute of European Cultures , 1998 (co-authored with L. Gudkov and B. Dubin ; see: [1] )
• Russia as fate / Preface. O. Sedakova . - M .: Three squares, 2013 .-- 536 p.

• A. D. Sakharov Prize ( 1982 )
• Prize named after D. S. Likhachev ( 2008 )

• Vittorio. International scientific collection dedicated to the 75th anniversary of Vittorio Strada / Comp. Sergey Bocharov , Alexander Parnis . - M .: Three squares, 2005 .-- 760 p. - (Series "Philology"). - ISBN 5-94607-053-3
• Vittorio Strada. Curriculum Vitae // Vittorio, M.: Three Squares, 2005, S.9-14
• Self-critical self-portrait // Vittorio Strada, Russia as Fate - Moscow: Three Squares, 2013, S. 465-524.
• Klara Strada-Janovich. Fragments of the past. My Far East. - M .: Three squares, 2015.128 s. ISBN 978-5-94607-205-2

• Sandro Teti Editore (Italian)
• Vittorio Strada: "Understanding Russia with the mind and love ...". Interview (2009)

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