Benz Patent-Motorwagen (with its “ Benz ’s patented car ”) is the world's first car with an internal combustion engine [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] (like the Daimler car ), built in 1885 [7] by the German inventor Karl Benz . On January 29, 1886, patent No. 37435 was officially obtained. Considered the first commercially available and successful car with an internal combustion engine [8] [9] [10] [11] .
Benz Patent-Motorwagen | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Total information | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Manufacturer | Benz & Cie. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Years of production | 1885 - 1893 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Assembly | Mannheim , Germany | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Design | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Body type | 0 ‑ dv Motocar (2-seater.) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Layout | rear engine, rear wheel drive | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Wheel formula | 3 × 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Engine | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Specifications | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mass and Dimensional | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Length | 2400 mm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Width | 1200 mm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Height | 1400 mm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Wheelbase | 1450-1575 mm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rear track | 1190 mm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Weight | 265-360 kg | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
On the market | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Similar models | Daimler car | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Volume of the tank | 4.5 liters (carburetor) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Designer | Karl benz | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The vehicle has much in common with modern cars: it was also equipped with a chassis, a gasoline engine, electric ignition, a carburetor, a cooling system, a transmission and a braking mechanism [12] . However, Benz was unable to develop an acceptable solution for adjusting the direction of movement of the car. “Since I could not solve the theoretical problem of steering, I decided to build a car with three wheels,” he said later. By 1893, a German engineer had resolved this issue and, having improved many other elements of the design, released a new vehicle model, the Benz Victoria .
History
Development
Work on the internal combustion engine of his own design Karl Benz began in the late 70s. XIX century [13] . The basis was taken construction, developed by the German engineer Nikolaus Otto . As a fuel, Benz decided to use gasoline, and not expensive alcohol, which used the engines of competitors. The ignition of the combustible mixture was carried out using a spark. The power source was the battery, the current from which was supplied to the induction coil, raising the voltage to the required value. In the power supply system of the power unit, the simplest spray carburetor was used, the fuel from which flowed into the cylinder by gravity flow, and the throttle valve controlled the flow of the combustible mixture [14] . During the day, Karl worked in his workshops, and at night he experimented in a shed near the house [15] . Perseverance, initiative and aspiration of the engineer allowed Benz to overcome all difficulties. In 1879 he carried out the first tests of the working version of the engine [16] .
In 1885, Benz, being a cyclist, first installed his own engine on a wheeled cart [17] [18] . The engineer purchased some parts directly from Adler , a renowned bicycle manufacturer. Benz himself designed and developed all the components of his car and came to the solution of many technical problems [15] . As a result, the designed car was very reminiscent of a tricycle with one steering wheel and two rear driving. In addition, Karl Benz borrowed a tubular frame and large wheels with spokes and rubber tires from a bicycle [16] . The engineer had been secretly working on his invention for a long time, fearing that someone might steal his ideas. At first, he dared to test his first prototype through the streets only in the dark of the day and in close proximity to his factory. Night after night, he gradually studied the behavior of his car and worked on its technological component, carefully modifying the design. Benz waited for the moment when the vehicle would be patented so that it could be presented to the public [12] .
On January 29, 1886, Karl Benz officially registered his own car [15] [19] , having received a patent under the number DRP-37435 "A car that runs on gasoline" dated November 2, 1886 [5] [16] . On July 3, 1886, on Sunday, the German inventor drove around the old ring of defenses that surrounds Mannheim. He drove around the city, scaring the bewildered pedestrians, and his son Eugen ran alongside a vehicle with a bottle of gasoline, which was refueled by a car [12] . At the same time, German newspapers reported on the first public exit on Ringstrasse in Mannheim of Benz's three-wheeled invention [5] [14] [20] .
In 1887, the engineer made technical modifications to the car, creating a model number 2 [21] . In 1888, official sales started [22] . In 1889, Model No. 3 was created [18] [23] , which was presented at the World Exhibition in Paris [15] [24] [25] .
The new invention of the German engineer at first did not arouse much interest from the public [15] . The noise of the motor vehicle frightened the horses and irritated the locals [26] . Despite this, car enthusiasts are interested in the model. Initially, Benz Patent-Motorwagen enjoyed the greatest success in France , which became a trendsetter for the European automotive community in the 1890s thanks to marketing and sports [27] . However, at least one local advertising tour took place in the inventor's home country, when Bertha Benz, Karl's wife, set off on her first land trip in 1888 from Mannheim to Pforzheim [26] .
In 1893, Karl Benz released a new version of the car, already with four wheels, and called it " Benz Victoria " [28] . In total, during the production from 1886 to 1893, 25 Benz Patent-Motorwagen cars were created [23] [25] [29] .
Current State
In 1906, in honor of the 20th anniversary of his invention, Karl Benz transferred the car "Benz Patent-Motorwagen" to the museum of the city of Munich , Germany [11] . Currently, it is placed in a glass case in the transport center of this museum.
In 1936, to the 50th anniversary, three copies of the Benz car were built, which ended up in the Mercedes-Benz Museum , the Technical Museum in Vienna and the Transport Museum in Dresden [30] . In 1939 and 1961, postage stamps with the image of the first car were issued in Germany (DR 695 and DBP 364, respectively). Between 2003 and 2004, another 150 vehicle replicas were collected [31] .
Reproduction of model number 3 can also be found in the London Museum of Science , UK [21] .
According to the popular American edition of the Los Angeles Times , the cost of the first prototype of Benz in 1886 was estimated at 600 gold German marks [31] .
Description
Engine
The car was equipped with a single - cylinder four - stroke internal combustion engine with a displacement of 954 cm 3 [16] [32] . The design of the power unit included one guide suction blade, one vertical exhaust valve and spray carburetor (Benz design) of 4.5 liters, where the fuel was placed. The intake was carried out using eccentric thrust, the exhaust was produced using a cam disc, rocker arm and pusher [12] . The engine was fixed horizontally above the rear axle, which caused it to rotate through one belt and two gears. Under the engine was installed a large horizontal wheel - a flywheel, which was created to create a uniform rotation, as well as to start the engine, it was worth it just unleash. Despite the fact that the open crankcase and the drip lubrication system used on the Benz Patent-Motorwagen are alien to modern mechanics, the use of a disc valve tappet is well known in the modern automotive industry. A study by the University of Mannheim found that the real power of this car is 0.9 liters. with. at 400 rpm, although in the patent for the invention 2/3 horsepower is indicated at 250 rpm [33] . This engine had a mass of about 100 kg. The clutch was one of the pulleys of the belt drive, equipped with a free-wheeling mechanism. The engine ignition was electric [34] , from a galvanic battery. The car developed a speed of up to 16 kilometers per hour [17] [35] [36] . The cooling system was also a simple design: a metal cylinder-evaporator, filled with water, was put on a single cylinder. The fluid circulated between the casing and the additional reservoir. Over time, the water boiled away and it had to be refilled [14] .
Updated versions of the engine, released after 1887, had a power of 1.5 to 3 horsepower. Benz managed to achieve an increase in productivity due to an increase in the working volume of the power unit (first to 1045 cm 3 , then to 1660, and later to 1990 [37] ), as well as a change in the values of cylinder diameter and piston stroke. In 1888, the only cylinder that was previously located horizontally was now installed vertically. Valve mechanism was also upgraded: now there were two valves in the engine design - intake and exhaust [38] .
Chassis
The chassis of the Benz tricycle was a frame of steel pipes [23] . The simplest design with one front wheel in the steering fork was installed at the front, and the rigid axle with elliptical springs [39] was mounted at the rear. The car was equipped with a rack and pinion steering; The steering knob was located in the center of the vehicle. The engine torque was transmitted through one flat belt from the power unit to the intermediate gear with installed free and fixed pulley and integrated differential, and then with the help of a chain from the intermediate gear to each rear wheel [39] . The passenger and the driver had a single bench with two seats [23] .
The transmission system was the simplest design without a clutch (in its modern concept), with one gear (since 1887 - two gears [38] ), fixed and uncontrolled pulleys, a belt and without reverse. The brake system consisted solely of a hand brake with a belt mechanism that worked on the drive belt pulley. The foot brake was absent [39] .
Three wooden wheels with knitting needles [23] and metal rims or hard rubber tires were installed on the vehicle; the diameter of the single front wheel was 730 millimeters, the two rear wheels — 1125 mm [39] (later the wheel dimensions slightly increased to 760 and 1260 mm, respectively) [37] .
Travel to Pforzheim
In August 1888 [14] [40] , the wife of Karl Benz - Bert Bentz , together with his sons Eugen (15 years old) and Richard (14 years old), performed the first automobile mileage of about 104 km (+ 90 km back road) [41] [42] from Mannheim to Pforzheim [5] . The distances that cars traveled to this historic journey were short, representing only test runs of motor vehicles [40] [43] .
The main purpose of the trip was to visit the mother of Bertha Benz [43] , but the trip had another motive: to show her husband, who could not adequately draw up a marketing strategy for his invention, that the car would have financial success when people understood its value [5] [44] .
During the rally, travelers waited for difficulties, but Berta found a way out of them. At one of the sites they were met by a climb. A car with passengers was not able to overcome it independently - Bertha had to put one of the sons behind the wheel and push the car with the other son. After the passage of Bruchsal , the chain broke, which the local blacksmith helped to repair [45] . She replaced the insulation for the electrical ignition wire with a hosiery garter, and cleared the plug in the fuel tube with a pin from the hat [46] . Petrol stations along the route of the car were pharmacies in which gasoline ( naphtha ) [47] was sold as a medicine for skin diseases and as a cleaning agent. In the evening, worried Benz was telegraphed about the successful completion of the trip [18] [25] [43] . Berta's journey helped Karl Benz to identify and eliminate the shortcomings of the car [45] . Thanks to the arrival, Bertha Benz not only effectively advertised her husband's car, but also became the first woman behind the wheel to drive the vehicle with ICE independently [48] [49] [50] .
On February 25, 2008, the Bertha Bentz Memorial Trail (194 km long [41] [42] ) received the official status of a tourist trail. It is a recognized monument of German industrial history [41] and part of the route “The European Route of Industrial Culture” ( eng. European Route of Industrial Heritage ) [42] .
Notes
- ↑ Alexander Popov, Alexander Solntsev, Vladislav Osipov, Vitaly Gaevsky, Andrey Ivanov, P. Klyukin. The Basics of the Modern Car Design . - Litres, 2012. - p. 9. - 338 p. - ISBN 5457387925 . - ISBN 9785457387928 .
- ↑ Shuturov L. M. Cars: Encyclopedia of technology. - Rosman , 2007. - p. 7. - 64 p. - ISBN 9785353004745 . - ISBN 5353004744 .
- ↑ Yakukhin Victor Grigorievich. High-tech metal processing methods: studies. allowance. - MGIU, 2008. - p. 12. - 297 p. - ISBN 5276016488 . - ISBN 9785276016481 .
- ↑ Tsekhansky Sergey. What? What for? Why? For boys . - Litres, 2016. - p. 90. - 240 p. - ISBN 5457567656 . - ISBN 9785457567658 .
- 2 1 2 3 4 5 The birth of the automobile. Benz Patent Motor Car, the first automobile (1885 - 1886) . Daimler AG . The date of appeal is November 16, 2015.
- ↑ Donald McFarlan, Norris McWhirter. Guinness Book of Records, 1991 = The Guinness book of records 1991. - 37th ed. - Guinness, 1990. - p. 111. - 313 p. - ISBN 9780851123745 .
- ↑ Tom Sherlock. The Chronology of the Nineteenth Century and One of the Twentieth Centuries Volume One - 1800-1899 . - iUniverse, 2013. - p. 296. - 640 p. - ISBN 1475980264 . - ISBN 9781475980264 .
- ↑ Peter Dron. The Morgan 3 Wheeler: - back to the future !. - Veloce Publishing Ltd, 2015. - p. 15. - 144 p. - ISBN 1845847636 . - ISBN 9781845847630 .
- ↑ John Lamm, Larry Edsall, Steve Sutcliffe. 365 Sports Cars You Must Drive. - Motorbooks, 2011. - p. 43. - 320 p. - ISBN 0760340455 . - ISBN 9780760340455 .
- ↑ Richard Porter. Top Gear: Planet Garage: Stuff - Random House, 2015. - p. 17. - 128 p. - ISBN 9781473530089 . - ISBN 1473530083 .
- ↑ 1 2 Gregory Votolato. Car. - Reaktion Books, 2015. - p. 266. - 272 p. - ISBN 9781780234595 . - ISBN 1780234597 .
- 2 1 2 3 4 Benz Patent Motor Car, 1886-1894 (English) . Public electronic archive of Mercedes-Benz. The date of circulation is March 30, 2017. Archived March 30, 2017.
- ↑ Nicolae Sfetcu. The Car Show . - Nicolae Sfetcu, 2014. - p. 5. - 944 p.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Medvedev Mikhail. 10 cars that turned the world. - Astrel, 2012. - 256 p. - 2000 copies - ISBN 9789852000444 . - ISBN 978-5-271-41933-1 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Luchenkova Elena, Myadel Alexander. History of science and technology. - M .: Liters, 2014. - ISBN 5040115482 . - ISBN 9785040115488 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Rezko I. 100 most famous cars of the world. - Liters, 2014. - P. 40—42. - ISBN 9785457621077 .
- ↑ 1 2 Jill C. Wheeler. Mercedes Benz. - ABDO, 2010. - p. 6. - 32 p. - (Ultimate Cars Set 2 Series). - ISBN 9781617143991 .
- 2 1 2 3 Kenneth E. Hendrickson III. The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History. - Rowman & Littlefield, 2014. - Vol. 3. - p. 88—89. - 972 s. - ISBN 9780810888883 .
- 86 1886 to 2016: From the Benz Patent Motor Car to the semi-autonomous new E-Class: 130 years of the automobile . Stuttgart , Germany: Daimler AG (January 8, 2016). The date of circulation is January 11, 2016. Archived March 30, 2017.
- ↑ Patent for the invention of the car , Patentschrift Nr 37435: Fahrzeug mit Gasmotorenbetrieb , November 2, 1886
- ↑ 1 2 Theo Barker. Spread of Motor Vehicles: An International Centenary Tribute . - Springer, 2016. - p. 60. - 324 p. - ISBN 134908624X . - ISBN 9781349086245 .
- ↑ SN Jha. A Text of Automobile Technology: For Class 9 . - Goyal Brothers Prakashan, 2013. - p. 11. - 166 p.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Lawrence Goldstone. Drive !: Henry Ford, George Selden and the Auto Age. - Random House Publishing Group, 2016. - p. 34. - 400 p. - ISBN 0553394193 . - ISBN 9780553394191 .
- ↑ Gilles Bonnafous. MERCEDES Tricycle (Fr.) . Motor Legend. The appeal date is November 13, 2015.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Steven Parissien. The Life Of The Automobile . - Macmillan, 2014. - P. 1—4. - 448 s. - ISBN 9781466836235 .
- ↑ 1 2 Zolotov Anton Vladimirovich. Cars. - Rosman , 2009. - p. 6. - 96 p. - ISBN 5353037111 . - ISBN 9785353037118 .
- ↑ Benz Patentmotorwagen (German) . German Museum . The date of circulation is March 30, 2017. Archived March 30, 2017.
- ↑ Benz Victoria and Vis-à-Vis, 1893-1900 (German) . Public electronic archive of Mercedes-Benz. The date of circulation is March 30, 2017. Archived March 30, 2017.
- 18 The 1886 Benz motor vehicle license: the world's first car (English) . Mercedes-Benz . The appeal date is November 17, 2015.
- ↑ Orlov Denis. Patent Disputes // Autoreview . - 2011. - № 8 . - pp . 70-76 . - ISSN 1560-2580 .
- ↑ 1 2 Dan Neil. Before the Rumble Seat (English) . Los Angeles Times (June 21, 2006). The date of circulation is March 30, 2017. Archived March 30, 2017.
- ↑ Fedyukin Veniamin, Zaitsev Gennady, Atroshenko Svetlana. History of technology and technology . - M .: Liters, 2016. - p. 183. - 412 p. - ISBN 9785040039296 .
- ↑ Fabian Müller. Daimler-Benz. - Ullstein, 2000. - 160 p. - (Ullstein-Bücher, Allgemeine Reihe). - ISBN 9783548359465 .
- ↑ William P. Crosher. A Gear Chronology: Significant Events and Dates Affecting Gear Development. - Xlibris Corporation, 2014. - P. 119. - 260 p. - ISBN 1499071191 . - ISBN 9781499071191 .
- ↑ Tom Merritt. Chronology of Tech History. - 2012. - p. 29. - ISBN 9781300253075 .
- ↑ Hans Reichardt, Thomas Brandenburg, Hartwig Huckfeldt. Das Auto. — TESSLOFF Verlag, 1974. — Т. 53. — С. 9. — 48 с. — (Was ist was). — ISBN 9783788602932 .
- ↑ 1 2 Benz patent motor car (Model 3; 3 hp) (англ.) . Публичный электронный архив Mercedes-Benz. Дата обращения 30 марта 2017. Архивировано 30 марта 2017 года.
- ↑ 1 2 Benz patent motor car (Model 3; 2.5 hp) (англ.) . Публичный электронный архив Mercedes-Benz. Дата обращения 30 марта 2017. Архивировано 30 марта 2017 года.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Benz patent motor car (Model 1) (англ.) . Публичный электронный архив Mercedes-Benz. Дата обращения 30 марта 2017. Архивировано 30 марта 2017 года.
- ↑ 1 2 Winfried A. Seidel. Lebensfahrt eines Erfinders. - 1st ed. — Вайнхайм : Diesbach Medien, 2005. — С. 38, 43. — 118 с. — ISBN 978-3936468298 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 Bertha Benz Memorial Route eV: Deutschlands neueste Ferienstraße ehrt eine Legende . Pressemitteilung vom 14. Mai 2009
- ↑ 1 2 3 ERIH: Bertha Benz Memorial Route (англ.) . ERIH. The appeal date is November 17, 2015.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Karl Volk, Carl Benz. Die ersten Fahrten: Im Fabrikhofe & Auf der Straße // Lebensfahrt eines deutschen Erfinders.: Meine Erinnerungen. Переиздание 2001 года . — Koehler + Amelang GmbH, 1925. — 137 с. — ISBN 3-7338-0302-7 .
- ↑ Mercedes-Benz > Corporate history (англ.) . Веб-сайт Mercedes-Benz. Дата обращения 16 ноября 2015.
- ↑ 1 2 Karl Volk, Carl Benz. Wir fahren in die Welt! Die erste Fernfahrt // Lebensfahrt eines deutschen Erfinders.: Meine Erinnerungen. Переиздание 2001 года . — Koehler + Amelang GmbH, 1925. — 137 с. — ISBN 3-7338-0302-7 .
- ↑ John H. Lienhard. No. 2402: BERTHA BENZ's RIDE (англ.) . www.uh.edu . The Engines of Our Ingenuity. The appeal date is November 17, 2015.
- ↑ The world's first filling station (англ.) . Вебсайт Мемориальной трассы имени Берты Бенц . Дата обращения 16 ноября 2015.
- ↑ Ищенко Е.П. Смертельно опасная триада, или Всё о дорожной безопасности . — Проспект, 2016. — С. 23. — 483 с. — ISBN 9785392237661 . — ISBN 5392237665 .
- ↑ Jean François Bouzanquet. Fast Ladies: Female Racing Drivers 1888 to 1970 . — Veloce Publishing Ltd, 2009. — С. 11. — 176 с. — ISBN 1845842251 . — ISBN 9781845842253 .
- ↑ Konrad Reif. Fundamentals of Automotive and Engine Technology: Standard Drives, Hybrid Drives, Brakes, Safety Systems. — Springer, 2014. — С. 2. — 277 с. — (Bosch Professional Automotive Information). — ISBN 3658039728 . — ISBN 9783658039721 .
Literature
- Райнер В. Шлегельмильх, Хартмут Лебринк, Йохен фон Остеррот. Mercedes. — Konemann, 2007. — С. 12—14, 100—105, 584. — 600 с. — ISBN 3-8331-1282-4 .
- Кочнев Евгений. Легендарные автомобили 1870—1918. - 2nd ed. - M .: Yauza, Eksmo, Collection, 2010. - P. 16-17. - 160 s. - 2000 copies - ISBN 978-5-699-43800-6 .
- Giancarlo Genta, Lorenzo Morello, Francesco Cavallino, Luigi Filtri. The Motor Car: Past, Present and Future. - Springer Science & Business Media, 2014. - p. 30. - 662 p. - (Mechanical Engineering Series). - ISBN 9400785526 . - ISBN 9789400785526 .