Lucian of Samosate ( other Greek Λουκιανὸς Σ Σαμοσατεύς , lat. Lucianus Samosatensis ), also Lucian of Samosata (about 120 - after 180 CE) - an ancient Greek writer. In satirical works, Lucian ridicules social, religious and philosophical prejudices, as well as other vices of modern society. In addition, his essay , describing, in particular, the journey to the Moon and Venus, influenced the development of science fiction .
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| Greek Λουκιανὸς ὁ Σαμοσατεύς | |
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Biography
Lucian’s biography is restored primarily on the basis of his own works (first of all, “The Dream or Life of Lucian” and “Twice Accused, or Trial”), although some Christian authors have information about it in the Byzantine encyclopedia “The Court ” [4 ] [5] . The autobiography of at least “Dreams” is usually recognized [6] . According to the most common version, Lucian was born around 120 [7] or 125 A.D. e. [4] [6] , although the “ Court ” attributes its birth to the rule of Emperor Trajan (98–117) [4] [8] . His birthplace was the city of Samosata in the Roman province of Syria , which was previously the capital of Commagena . Lucian himself called himself a Syrian (Assyrian [9] ), but nothing definite can be said about his Semitic roots [6] . The native language of the writer was probably Aramaic [10] .
Lucian of Samosatus is nicknamed the blasphemer and slander for the fact that his dialogues contain mockery of the divine. He lived under the emperor Trajan and his successors. At first, Lucian was a lawyer in the Syrian city of Antioch, but, having not achieved success in this field, he turned to the craft of a logographer. Written by him without a number. They say that he died, torn to pieces by dogs, for he fought against the truth. And in fact, in the “Biography of Peregrine,” he attacks Christianity and abuses, unholy, Christ himself. For these frantic attacks, he was destined to receive a worthy punishment in this world, and in the future, along with Satan, he will receive eternal flame as his inheritance [11] .
His father was probably a poor craftsman who could not provide his son with a traditional school education, and gave the boy as an apprentice to his sculptor uncle. However, after Lucian accidentally broke a stone slab, his training in the craft stopped. In the essay “Twice Accused,” Lucian indicates that he learned the ancient Greek language and the mastery of rhetoric, wandering around Ionia [4] . Soon he became a wandering rhetorician, and until forty years traveled to Greece, Macedonia, Italy, Gaul and Syria [12] . Shortly before this (or, possibly, later) he was a lawyer in Antioch for some time [13] . By his own admission, at the age of forty, he suddenly felt an aversion to rhetoric and turned to philosophy [12] . Soon Lucian received a post in the provincial administration of Egypt, which is characterized by various researchers as insignificant [14] and as large [15] . Since Lucian’s latest works are again strictly rhetorical, it is sometimes supposed to return to the profession of rhetorician at the end of his life (an alternative explanation is to entertain the imperial official [12] ). It is known that the writer had many friends among philosophers; the most famous of them is Celsus [16] . Lucian died after 180: he deceased this year, Marcus Aurelius in the work "Alexander, or False Prophet" he calls divine [4] [14] . According to the Courts, Lucian died, torn to pieces by dogs, "for barking against the truth" (that is, Christianity). The reason for the legend, apparently, was given by Lucian himself, once joking that the cynics almost tear him to pieces, like the dogs of Acteon (“On the death of Peregrine”).
Creativity
Lucian’s work is vast: it includes philosophical dialogues, satires, biographies and adventure and travel novels (often frankly parody) related to the history of science fiction . Altogether, 82 [17] , 84 [18] or 85 [19] works of various genres are attributed to Lucian. Some of them are sometimes considered false: these are, in particular, epigrams and poetic parodies of Greek tragedies [18] . However, Tragodagra and some elegy are sometimes considered genuine [15] . E. M. Harmon, Lucian’s translator in the Loeb Classical Library series, names among the non-Lucian works the works of Galzion, Nero, Friend of the Fatherland, and Astrology, as well as highlighting a number of works in which the authorship of Lucian is in doubt [17] . S.K. Apt believes that, in addition to poetic works, the dialogue “Two Loves”, the treatise “On Astrology”, the dialogue “Haridem or On Beauty”, the dialogue “Cynic”, “Praise to Demosthenes”, the dialogue “Galzion” do not belong to Lucian , or On Transformation ”, the treatise“ Long-lived ”, the dialogue“ On Parasite, or that parasitism is an art ”, the treatise“ On the Syrian Goddess ”and the dialogue“ Patriot, or listening to teachings ” [20] . A. I. Zaitsev considers the compositions “Two Loves”, “Haridem”, “Galzion”, “Long-Lasting”, “Nero”, “Friend of the Fatherland”, “The Quick-Foot” to be unambiguously false and recognizes the existence of a number of works whose authorship is difficult to establish [19 ] .
In his first works, Lucian pays tribute to rhetoric (“Tyrannifer”, “Praise to the fly”, “Dream” and others). But soon he becomes disillusioned with rhetoric and grammar and sharpen his satire against them (“Lexifan”, “Liar”, “Teacher of rhetoric” and others). Subsequently, he turns to the study of philosophy, but at first he does not become a supporter of any philosophical school and equally ridicules philosophers of various directions in his works. At one time he was fond of cynical philosophy, later he preferred the philosophy of Epicurus . In his sharp satire, Lucian ridicules both obsolete paganism and established Christianity. The most striking works of Lucian, in which he laughs at the gods of Olympus , are his "Talks of the Gods", "Sea Talks" and "Talks in the Kingdom of the Dead." Everywhere Lucian laughs at mythological images.
Lucian is often called the "first science fiction writer" in history, referring to his "fantastic" novels - "Ikaromenipp" ( dr. Greek Ἰκαρομένιππος ) (c. 161; Rus. 1935 - "Ikaromenipp, or Transcendental Flight"), which gave the name to the literary term “menippea” and “True history” ( dr. Greek Ἀληθών Διηγημάτων [21] ) (c. 170; Rus. 1935). In the first book, the hero makes a space flight to the moon with the help of wings (and for the sole purpose of looking at earthly affairs “from above”), after which he visits Olympus; in the second, claiming the title of “the first science fiction novel in history”, sailor travelers are also carried to the moon (by a stormy whirlwind), there are many exotic forms of extraterrestrial life, they actively invade local “politics” and even participate in “star wars "for the planet Venus .
The most important feature of Lucian's style is his desire to write in an outdated Attic dialect , which was considered classical for Greek literature [10] .
Long attributed to Lucian, the work “Lucius, or the Donkey”, on the basis of which Apuleius later created his Golden Donkey, is now considered to be written by another author, possibly in imitation of Lucian himself, but with an uncharacteristic style for him [22] .
Impact
Lucian did not have much influence on his contemporaries. The letters of Alkifron (possibly a junior contemporary of the writer) are influenced by the Heter Conversations. The late antique writer Aristenet was well acquainted with the work of Lucian, but until the beginning of the X century he is rarely mentioned. However, beginning with Leo the Philosopher, great interest in him was awakened in Byzantium; approximately in the XI century, probably, the treatise “Patriot, or the Listener of teachings” (“ dr. Greek Φιλόπατρις Δ Διδασκόμενος ”) was created - a skillful imitation of Lucian [23] . Lucian was read by Patriarch Photius , and Aref of Caesarea composed comments on his writings [24] .
The satirical works of Lucian with their sharp attacks on religious orthodoxy and power had a great influence on later authors, among which stand out Ulrich von Gutten , Thomas More (translator of many works of Lucian into English), Erasmus of Rotterdam , Francois Rabelais , Jonathan Swift . In the satirical dialogues of Ulrich von Gutten, especially in the dialogue “Wadisk, or the Roman Trinity,” undoubtedly one can feel the echo of the satirical dialogues of Lucian, as well as in the satire of Erasmus of Rotterdam “ Praise of stupidity ”. Mora's “ Utopia ” combines two typically Lucian motifs - a satirical dialogue and a fascinating journey. In the fiction of Rabelais novels, one can even find direct parallels to Lucian's “True Stories”. They became the prototype of Swift's Gulliver's Travels.
Thanks to the translations of Lucian into the more well-known Latin language in Europe, and later into new languages (in particular, into English, German and French), Lucian’s work was universally known [23] . For the first time , MV Lomonosov translated fragments of Lucian into Russian: it was a dialogue between Alexander the Great and Hannibal in "Conversations in the Kingdom of the Dead" [24] . The writings of Lucian were often criticized in Byzantium, and in the XVI century in Europe were in the Index of banned books [23] .
Memory
In 1973, the International Astronomical Union named Lucian crater on the visible side of the moon .
Compositions
Editions
Ed. Sommerbrodt, Berlin (Wiedmann). Full trans. in French ID: Eugène Talbot, I — II, P.-Hachette, 1882.
- In the Loeb Classical Library , essays are published in 8 volumes (No. 14, 54, 130, 162, 302, 430, 431, 432).
- Edition started in Collection Budé (4 volumes published, essays No. 1-29)
Russian translations
- Ikaromenipp or Sky-high. / Per. M. Lisitsyna // Philological notes . Voronezh, 1874.23 p.
- Conversations of Lucian of Samosata . / Per. I. Sidorovsky and M. Pakhomov. St. Petersburg, 1775-1784. Part 1. 1775. 282 pages. Part 2. 1776. 309 pages. Part 3. 1784. S. 395-645.
- Cathedral of the Gods. Selling lives at auction. Fisherman, or Risen. / Per. M. Lisitsyna // Philological notes . Voronezh, 1876.30 p.
- Works of Lucian of Samosata . Talk of the gods and talk of the dead. / Per. E. Schnitkind. Kiev, 1886. 143 pp.
- Lucian . Compositions. Vol. 1-3. / Per. V. Alekseeva. SPb., 1889-1891.
- The true incident. / Per. E. Fechner. Revel, 1896.54 p.
- Misanthrope. / Per. P. Rutsky. Riga, 1901.33 p.
- Selected Works. / Per. and note. A.I. Mann. St. Petersburg, 1906. 134 p.
- How to write a story? / Per. A. Martova. Nizhyn, 1907. 25 pp.
- Selected Works. / Per. N. D. Chechulina. St. Petersburg, 1909. 166 pp.
- About the death of Peregrine. / Per. under the editorship of A.P. Kastorsky. Kazan, 1916.22 p.
- Dialogs getter. / Per. A. Shika. M., 1918. 72 pp.
- Lucian . Compositions. / Per. tsp Studench. about-va classic philology. Ed. F. Zelinsky and B. Bogaevsky. T. 1-2. M .: Sabashnikovs. 1915-1920.
- T. 1. Biography. Religion. 1915. LXIV, 320 pp.
- T. 2. Philosophy. 1920.331 p.
- Lucian . Collected works. In 2 t. / Ed. B. L. Bogaevsky. (Series "Ancient Literature"). M.-L .: Academia. 1935. 5300 copies. T. 1. XXXVII, 738 pp. T. 2. 789 pp.
- Selected atheistic works. / Ed. and Art. A.P. Kazhdan. (Series "Scientific and Atheistic Library"). M .: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences. 1955.333 p. 10,000 copies.
- Favorites. / Per. I. Nakhova, Yu. Schulz. M .: GIHL. 1962. 515 pp. 30,000 copies. (first includes translation of Lucian epigrams)
- Lucian . Favorites. / Comp. and before I. Nakhova, comm. I. Nakhova and Yu. Schulz. (Series "Library of Ancient Literature. Greece"). M .: Khudozh. lit. 1987.624 p. 100,000 copies.
- Lucian -. Selected Prose: Per. with ancient Greek. / Comp., Entry. Art., comment. I. Nakhova. - Moscow: Pravda, 1991. - 720 p. - 20,000 copies. - ISBN 5-253-00167-0 .
- Lucian. Compositions. In two volumes / under total. ed. A.I. Zaitseva . - [Based on the 1935 edition]. - SPb. : Aletheia, 2001. - (“Antique Library.” Section “Antique Literature”). - 2000 copies. - ISBN 5-89329-315-0 . T. 1. VIII + 472 p. T. 2. 544 p. ( Complete works )
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana Enciclopedia Treccani - 1929.
- ↑ German National Library , Berlin State Library , Bavarian State Library , etc. Record # 118575228 // General regulatory control (GND) - 2012—2016.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Record # 119135930 // general catalog of the National Library of France
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Apt S.K. Lucian // History of Greek literature. - T. 3. - M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1960. - S. 220.
- ↑ Perhaps the doctor Galen mentions Lucian, but this evidence is considered controversial; see: Lucian. Selected Dialogs / Translation, Introduction, Notes by D. Costa. - Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 .-- P. VII.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Lucian in eight volumes. Loeb Classical Library . - Volume I. - London: W. Heinemann; Cambridge (Massachusetts): Harvard University Press, 1961 .-- P. IX.
- ↑ Lucian. Selected Dialogs / Translation, Introduction, Notes by D. Costa. - Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 .-- P. VII.
- ↑ However, it could be about the emperor Hadrian , whose full name is Publius Elius Traian Adrian.
- ↑ Frye, Richard N. Assyria and Syria: Synonyms . PhD., Harvard University . Journal of Near Eastern Studies 51 (1992): 281–85. (1992). “Lucian of Samosata ... says (par. 1):“ I who write (this) am Assyrian. ””
- ↑ 1 2 Lucian. Selected Dialogs / Translation, Introduction, Notes by D. Costa. - Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 .-- P. VIII.
- ↑ Nakhov V. Introductory article. Lucian of Samosata / Lucian of Samosata. Selected Prose. - M .: True, 1991 .-- S. 10.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Apt S.K. Lucian // History of Greek literature. - T. 3. - M .: Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1960. - S. 221.
- ↑ Nakhov V. Introductory article. Lucian of Samosata / Lucian of Samosata. Selected Prose. - M .: True, 1991 .-- S. 11.
- ↑ 1 2 Lucian. Selected Dialogs / Translation, Introduction, Notes by D. Costa. - Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 .-- P. IX.
- ↑ 1 2 Nakhov V. Introductory article. Lucian of Samosata / Lucian of Samosata. Selected Prose. - M .: True, 1991 .-- S. 13.
- ↑ Nakhov V. Introductory article. Lucian of Samosata / Lucian of Samosata. Selected Prose. - M .: True, 1991 .-- S. 18.
- ↑ 1 2 Lucian in eight volumes. Loeb Classical Library . - Volume I. - London: W. Heinemann; Cambridge (Massachusetts): Harvard University Press, 1961. - P. XI.
- ↑ 1 2 Apt S.K. Lucian // History of Greek literature. - T. 3. - M .: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1960. - S. 222.
- ↑ 1 2 Zaitsev A.I. Lukian from Samosata - Ancient Greek intellectual of the era of decline // Lucian. Works: introductory article. - SPb. : Aletheia, 2001 .-- T. 1 . - S. 1-16 . - ISBN 5-89329-315-0 . Archived February 26, 2010.
- ↑ Apt S.K. Lucian // History of Greek Literature. - T. 3. - M .: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1960. - S. 239-240.
- ↑ In some manuscripts - " dr. Greek. Ἀληθινῶν Διηγημάτων ", occasionally -" other Greek Ἀληθοῦς Ἱστορίας . "
- ↑ SJ Harrison (2004) [2000]. Apuleius: A Latin Sophist (revised paperback ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 9-10. ISBN 0-19-927138-0
- ↑ 1 2 3 Lucian. Selected Dialogs / Translation, Introduction, Notes by D. Costa. - Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 .-- P. XIII.
- ↑ 1 2 Apt S.K. Lucian // History of Greek literature. - T. 3. - M .: Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1960. - S. 240.
Literature
- Antique Culture: Dictionary. - M., 1995 .-- S. 172-173.
- Apt, S.K. Lucian // History of Greek Literature. In 3 volumes T. T. 3. - M., 1960. - S. 219-241.
- Bogaevsky B. Lucian, his life and works // Lucian. Compositions. T. 1. - M., 1915. - S. 8-14.
- Bogaevsky, B. Lucian from Samosata // Lucian. Compositions. In 2 volumes T. T. 1. - L .; M., 1935 .-- S. 9-37.
- Zabudskaya Y. L. Lucian // Big Russian Encyclopedia. T.18. M., 2011.
- Zaitsev, A.I. Lucian of Samosata - Ancient Greek intellectual of the era of decline // Lucian of Samosata. Compositions. In 2 volumes T. T. 1. - SPb., 2001. - S. 1-16.
- Levinskaya, O. L. “Donkey” metamorphoses in ancient fiction: Lucian, Apuleius and Lucius from Patras // Bulletin of Ancient History. - 2002. - 1. - S. 25-32.
- Dr Anatoly Livry, “The Agonal Breath of Rome and France: Laughter through the Tears of Lucian of Samosata and Voltaire,” 18th Century: Laughter and Tears in Literature and Art of the Enlightenment , Ed. Prof. Natalia Pakhsaryan, Aleteya, St. Petersburg, 2018, p. 68 - 77: https://www.geopolitica.ru/article/agonalnoe-dyhanie-rima-i-francii-smeh-skvoz-slezy-lukiana-samosatskogo-i-voltera
- Nakhov, I.M. Lucian from Samosata // Lucian from Samosata. Selected Prose. - M., 1991 .-- S. 5-24.
- Nakhov, I. M. The worldview of Lucian of Samosata: Abstract ... candidate of philological sciences. - M., 1951.
- Popova T.V. Literary criticism in the writings of Lucian // Ancient Greek literary criticism. M .: Science. 1975.S. 382-414.
- Preobrazhensky, P.F. Voltaire of Antiquity // Lucian. Compositions. In 2 volumes T. T. 1. - L .; M., 1935 .-- S. 1-15.
- Radzig, S. I. The History of Ancient Greek Literature. - M., 1982. - S. 431-438.
- Saprykin, S. Yu. Bosporan plots in the dialogue of Lucian “Toksarid” // Aristei: Classical philology and ancient history. - 2012. - 1. - S. 185—209.
- Dictionary of antiquity. - M., 1989 .-- S. 323.
- Solopova, M. A. Lucian // Antique Philosophy: Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M., 2008 .-- S. 454-456.
- Takho-Godi A. A. Some questions of the aesthetics of Lucian // From the history of the aesthetic thought of antiquity and the Middle Ages. M., 1961.S. 183-213.
- Tikhonov, V.A. Bosporus of Cimmeria in the 5th century BC e. in Lucian’s dialogue “Toxaride, or On Friendship” (chap. 44-55) // http://www.liveinternet.ru/users/4656192/post390307241 .
- Tronsky, I. M. The History of Ancient Literature. - M., 1988 .-- S. 242-248.
- Cicolini L. S. The Dialogues of Lucian and the Utopia of Mora in the publication Dzhunti (1519) // Middle Ages. M., 1987. Issue 50. S. 237-252.
- Anderson G. Lucian: Tradition versus reality // Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. II, 34, 2, 1994, S. 1422-1447.
- Avenarius G. Lukians Schrift zur Geschichtsschreibung. - Meisenheim am Glan, 1956 (bibl. Pp. 179-83).
- Bompaire J. Lucien écrivain. Imitation et création. - P., 2000.
- Caster M. Lucien et la pensée religieuse de son temps. - P., 1937.
- Clay D. Lucian of Samosata: Four Philosophical Lives (Nigrinus, Demonax, Peregrinus, Alexander Pseudomantis) // Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. II, 36.5, 1992, p. 3406-3450.
- Croiset. Essai sur la vie et les œuvres de Lucien. - P., 1882.
- Goulet-Cazé M.-O. Le cynisme a l'époque impériale // Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. II, 36.4, 1990, p. 2720-2833;
- Helm R. Lucian und die Philosophenschulen // NJKAlt 5, 1902, S. 188-213, 263-278, 351-369.
- Jones C. P. Culture and Society in Lucian. - Camb. (Mass), 1986.
- Lanaud, M. Le monde des morts selon Lucien de Samosate: Une recreation originale du theme de l'Hades au IIe siecle // http://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-00482547 (Submitted on 8 Jun 2010).
- Lucien de Samosate: Actes du colloque international de Lyon organisé au Center d'études romaines et gallo-romaines les 30 sept.-l oct. 1993: Textes rassemblés avec la coll. d'A. Buisson. - Lyon; P., 1994.
- Nesselrath H.-G. Kaiserlicher Skeptizismus in platonischem Gewand: Lukians "Hermotimos" // Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. II, 36.5, 1992, S. 3451-3482.
- Robinson C. Lucian and his influence in Europe. - L., 1979.
Links
- Lucian at Annales Library
- Lucian Samosatsky in the library of Maxim Moshkov
- Lucian of Samosata at the Fantasy Lab website
- Lucian Cynic . Digital Library of Philosophy