Koran

There are several opinions about the origin of the name. According to the generally accepted version, it is derived from the verb qaraʾa ( قرأ ), “kara'a” (“read, read”) ^[2] . It is also possible origin from the "Kerian" ("reading the sacred text", "edification") ^[8] .

In the Qur'an itself, various names of the last revelation are used, of which the most common are:

• Furkan (Distinguishing between good and evil, truth and falsehood, permissible and forbidden) ^{(Quran, 25: 1)}
• Kitab (Book) ^{(Quran 18: 1)}
• Dhikr (Reminder) ^{(Quran 15: 1)}
• Tanzil (Sending) ^{(Quran 26: 192)}
• Nur (Light) ^{(Quran, 24)}

The word " Mushaf " refers to individual copies of the Koran.

The Qur'an, according to Islamic dogma , is:

• divine guidance for humanity, the last Holy Scripture revealed by Allah ^[2] ;
• the pre-eternal and uncreated ^[9] Word of God, the testimony of prophecy and the last heavenly revelation, which confirmed the truth of all previous scriptures, repealed the laws proclaimed by them and approved the latest and most perfect heavenly legislation ^{[1] [2]} (however, in Islamic history there were serious theological discussions on the creation / uncreation of the Koran ^[10] );
• a miracle, one of the proofs of the prophetic mission of Muhammad, the culmination of a series of divine messages. The divine messages began with Adam , including the Scrolls of Abraham , Taurat ( Torah ), Zabur ( Psalter ) and Injil (Gospel) ^[2] .

The Qur'an contains the basic principles and ideas of dogma, which, according to the Muslim tradition, were transmitted to the Prophet Muhammad by Allah himself through the angel Jibril . This book contains many intersections with Judaism and Christianity. Islamic theologians explain this by the fact that Allah had previously passed his covenants to Musa and Ise , but over time, these covenants began to become obsolete or distorted and only Muhammad conveyed the true faith to believers ^[11] .

The Quran includes 114 chapters. The first surahs of the Qur'an represent entire tracts, and the latter take only a few lines. The content of the suras is extremely diverse - there are also expositions of the foundations of Islamic law and descriptions of real historical events during the period of the confrontation of Mecca and Medina.

Researchers surah are divided into two groups - Meccan and Medina . The first group refers to the period when Muhammad was just beginning his journey as a prophet. The second group dates back to the time when the prophet was widely recognized and worshiped. Later Medina suras pay less attention to vague thoughts about the final judgment and the like, and are more focused on formulating rules of conduct, evaluating historical events and the like ^{[2] [11]} .

The text of the Koran is abrupt, but not controversial. In his book, the Almighty invites unbelievers to find contradictions in their Scriptures, if they are so sure of His imperfection and untruth. Later, in addition to the Qur'an, oral traditions, hadiths , telling about the life of the prophet, appeared. Soon after the death of Muhammad, hadiths began to be collected by his followers and in the ninth century six collections were compiled, which formed the so-called Sunnah ^[11] .

About a quarter of the text of the Koran describes the life of various prophets , the descriptions of most of which coincide with the biblical. The prophets included the Old Testament patriarchs Adam , Noah , kings David and Solomon, and others. The Qur'an also mentions kings and the righteous, whose names are not mentioned in the Bible ( Luckman , Zul-Karnayn , etc.). The last in the list of prophets is the prophet Muhammad himself and claims that after him there will be no other prophets ^[11] .

The structure of the Qur'an

In the Qur'an there are 114 suras (chapters) of different lengths (from 3 to 286 verses , from 15 to 6144 words) ^[1] . All suras are divided into verses (verses). According to various estimates, there are from 6204 to 6236 ayahs ^{[1] [12]} and more than 320 thousand letters in the Qur'an. The Quran is also divided into seven equal parts ( manzilia ) for the convenience of reading the Quran during the week. Dividing the Quran into 30 parts ( jus ) allows you to read the Quran evenly for one month.

According to the Muslim tradition , the Suras are divided into Meccan - which were sent to Muhammad before the Hijra (resettlement to Medina) or on the way to this city - and Medina - which were sent down to Medina or during some trip made by Muhammad after the Hijra.

Muslims believe that the content of the Koran cannot be changed, since the Almighty promised to protect it until the Day of Judgment ^{(Quran, 15: 9)} :

All suras of the Koran, except the ninth, begin with the words: " In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful ." In the first sura of the Quran, these words are included in the text as the first ayah. ^[one]

Suras, with some exceptions, are located in the Qur'an not chronologically, but depending on their size: first there are long suras, then suras with a gradually decreasing number of verses ^{[1] [13]} .

The most important verses and verses of the Quran

• Sura 1. The most famous surah, “ Al-Fatiha ” (“Opening the Book”), also called the “Mother of the Quran”, is repeatedly read by Muslims in each of the 5 obligatory daily prayers ^[14] .
• Sura 36. " Ya-Sin ." In the teachings of Islam, this sura is the "heart of the Quran" ^[15] .
• Sura 112. The very short Surah “ Al-Ihlas ” is a kind of “creed” of Islam. Its name means "Sincerity" ^[16] .
• Sura 2, ayat 255, called ayat “Al-Kursiy” ( Ayat of the Throne ). One of the most striking statements about the universal dominion of Allah over everything that He created. It is this ayah, according to Muhammad, that comes first in the Qur'an ^{[17] [18]} .
• Sura 24, ayat 35, “ Ayat for the Light ” is a verse describing the glory of God ^[19] .

According to Islamic tradition, it is believed that the Qur'an descended to the world from Allah in full form on the night of Qadr , but the angel Jabrail passed it to the prophet in parts for 23 years ^{(Qur'an, 17: 106)} .

During his public activities, Muhammad made many sayings and delivered many sermons. At the same time, when he spoke on behalf of Allah, he used rhymed prose , in ancient times the former traditional form of speech of oracles. These sayings, in which the prophet spoke on behalf of Allah, became the Qur'an. The rest of the sayings went into tradition. Since Muhammad himself could neither read nor write, he ordered his secretary to write down the sayings on pieces of paper, bones. However, part of his sayings was preserved not thanks to the records, but from memory. As a result of the revelation, 114 suras or 30 juzas were formed . Due to the random order of revelations, it is difficult for critics to identify their chronological order. However, there are several ways to sort them by time. So, for example, one reliable legend divides the suras into Meccan and Medina. However, this method does not always work, since part of the suras is composed of revelations of different periods ^[5] .

During the life of the prophet, there was no need for the Quran - Muhammad himself could explain any unclear questions. However, after his death, rapidly spreading Islam required a clearly defined written law, backed up by the name of the prophet. In this regard, Abu Bakr and Omar instructed the former secretary of the prophet Zeid ibn Sabit to compile an initial summary of existing records of the words of the prophet. Fast enough, Zeid completed his work and introduced the initial version of the Qur'an. In parallel with him, other people were doing the same work. Thanks to this, four more collections of the commandments of Allah appeared. Zeid was instructed to bring all five editions together and upon completion of this work, the original drafts were destroyed. The result of Zeid's work was recognized as the canonical version of the Koran. The legend says that the caliph Osman himself liked to read this version, and it was he who read it at that moment when he was killed by the crowd. There are even ancient manuscripts of the Qur'an that are allegedly stained with the blood of a caliph. ^[eleven]

Already in the first decades after the death of Muhammad, disagreements emerged between the followers of Islam. These followers began to be divided into first directions and sects - Sunnis , Kharijits and Shiites . Among them, the attitude towards the canonical Quran was different. Sunnis unconditionally recognized Zeid's text. The Kharijites, who possessed Puritan views, began to object to the 12 surahs, which narrate about Joseph, who was sold as a slave by his brothers to Egypt . From the point of view of the Kharijites, the sura described the attempts of the wife of the Egyptian nobleman to seduce Joseph unnecessarily. The Shiites believed that by the order of Osman from the Koran, all the places telling about Ali and the attitude of the prophet to him were removed. Nevertheless, all the dissatisfied were forced to use exactly the version of Zeid. ^[eleven]

As its name implies, the Qur'an was intended to be read aloud. Over time, it turned into a whole art - the Quran should be read as a Torah in the synagogue, recitative and chant. Also, everyone had to remember a significant part of the text by heart. As in the past, and now there are people who remember the whole Quran by heart. Thanks to this, the Qur'an plays an important role in public education, and in some places it is the only educational material. Since language teaching is based on it, Arabic is spreading along with Islam. And all literature related to Islam, regardless of its language, is full of references to the Qur'an. ^[5]

Muslim theologians claim that the Qur'an is certainly not a scientific work, but the facts mentioned in it, related to various fields of knowledge, indicate that the scientific potential of the Qur'an was many times higher than the level of knowledge that mankind had reached by the time the Qur'an appeared ^[20] .

This concordism seeks to harmonize the Quranic legend of peacemaking with the data of modern science. Through some often poetic and vague verses, proponents of this concept “predict” plate tectonics , the speed of light , etc. However, it should be emphasized that most of these verses can also describe observable facts known from the time of the creation of the Koran or widespread theories (for example , Galen theory).

The most popular supporter of Quranic concordism is Turkish publicist Adnan Oktar, better known under the pseudonym Harun Yahya . In his books, he unequivocally rejects the theory of evolution , thereby remaining in the position of creationism ^[21] , although his views are criticized by secular and Muslim scholars .

In the modern Islamic world, the belief that the Quran predicted many scientific theories and discoveries is widespread ^[22] . The Muslim preacher Idris Galyautdin in one of his books listed the names of modern scholars who converted to Islam after making another discovery, they saw that it was reflected in the Quran 14 centuries ago ^[23] . One of them was a French doctor - gastroenterologist and writer Maurice Bukay . However, such lists should be considered carefully: contrary to what is often indicated, M. Buquay apparently was not a member of the French Medical Academy. Other lists also include Jacques-Yves Cousteau , although a refutation of his appeal was published by his foundation back in 1991. ^[24]

Sources of Quranic Tales

According to Islam, only the Most High is the source of the Koran’s stories. This is indicated by many surahs of the holy book: “We sent down the Qur'an on the night of Power” ^{(Qur'an, 97: 1)} , “If people and genies gathered to do something like this Qur'an, they would not have created such, even if only one of them were other helpers ” ^{(Quran 17:88)} .

Muslims believe that the Qur'an was given to the Prophet Muhammad by the Almighty to correct the distortions that people introduced in the early divine scriptures - the Torah and the Gospel, and that the final version of the Divine Law exists in the Qur'an ^{(Qur'an, 2: 135)} .

Literary structure

There is consensus among Arab scholars to use the Qur'an as the standard by which other Arabic literature is judged. Muslims argue that the Qur'an has no analogues in content and style.

Tafsir

The increased demands of the gigantic caliphate created an urgent need for constant commentary on the contents of the Qur'an. This process is called “tafsir” - “interpretation”, “exegetics”. The beginning of this process was laid by Muhammad himself, for the interpretation of texts that may seem contradictory. Subsequently, it grew into the institute of naskha . Naskh (cancellation) was used when it was precisely known that the two places of the Koran contradict each other. In order to avoid the ambiguity of reading the text, it was established within the naskh which text should be considered true and which is obsolete. The first received the name " Nasih ", the second received the name " Mansukh ". According to some reports, the Quran includes 225 such contradictions, and in more than 40 suras there are canceled verses. ^[eleven]

In addition to the institute of naskha, tafsir also includes commenting on texts. First of all, such comments are necessary for those places that are too foggy or, like the 12th surah about Joseph, are too frivolous. Interpretations of such places were given depending on the circumstances. As often happens with ancient religious texts, a significant role in such interpretations was given to references to allegories. Заявлялось, что подобный текст не следует толковать буквально и он лишь призван продемонстрировать ту или иную идею. Кроме того, при трактовке Корана часто использовались материалы хадисов Сунны. ^[eleven]

Учение о толковании Корана начало складываться как самостоятельная область науки в X в., когда усилиями знаменитого богослова Мухаммада ат-Табари и комментаторов его поколения, таких как Ибн Абу Хатим, был подведен итог раннему периоду толкования Корана.

Вслед за ними фундаментальные труды в этой области составили Ибн Абу Хатим, Ибн Маджа, аль-Хаким и другие комментаторы.

Кираат

Арабское слово « кираат » означает «чтения Корана». Наиболее известными являются 10 способов чтения Корана. Десять курра, имамов кираата:

1. Нафи аль-Мадани (умер 169 по хиджре)
2. Абдуллах ибн Касир аль-Макки (умер 125 по хиджре).
3. Абу Амр ибн Аля аль-Басри (умер 154 по хиджре)
4. Абдуллах ибн Амр аш-Шами (умер 118 по хиджре)
5. Асим ибн Абу ан-Наджуд аль-Куфи (умер 127 по хиджре)
6. Хамза ибн Хубейб аль-Куфи (умер 156 по хиджре)
7. Али ибн Хамза аль-Кисаи аль-Куфи (умер 187 по хиджре)
8. Абу Джафар Язид ибн Аль-Кака аль-Мадани (умер 130 по хиджре)
9. Якуб ибн Исхак аль-Хадрами аль-Басри (умер 205 по хиджре)
10. Халяф ибн Хишам аль-Басри (умер 229 по хиджре)

В книге «Манаруль худа» говорится: «Истиной являются то, что когда к Мухаммеду приходили люди из различных племён, он объяснял Коран на их диалекте, то есть тянул на один, два или три алифа, произносил твёрдо или мягко». Семь кыраатов и есть семь видов арабского диалекта (люгат).

В книге «Ан-нешр» 1/46 имам Ибн аль-Джазари приводя от имама Абуль Аббас Ахмад б. Аль-Махдани говорит: «В основном жители больших городов читали согласно имамам: Нафи', Ибни Касир, Абу Амр, Асым, Ибни Амир, Хамза и Кисаи. В последующем, люди начали довольствоваться одним кыраатом, доходило даже до того, что читающих на ином кыраате считали виновным, а иногда и делали такфир (обвиняли в неверии). Но Ибни Муджахид придерживался мнения семи курра и сумел довести до остальных состоятельность остальных кыраатов. Нам не известен ни один труд где упоминался хотя бы один кыраат кроме известных нам семи, и именно поэтому мы говорим — семь кыраатов».

У каждого из десяти курра относительно своего вида чтения есть достоверные доказательства того, что их кыраат доходит до самого Посланника Аллаха. Вот все семь достоверных (сахих) кыраата:

1. Хафс : Абу Умар б. Сулейман б. Аль-Мугире аль-Асади аль-Багдади аль-Гадири аль-Баззар аль-Куфи. Родился в 90, а умер в 180 году по хиджре. Золотая цепочка кыраата Хафс: Абу Умар взял от Асыма б. Аби ан-Наджуда, он от Абдуррахмана б. Хубайба ас-Сулеми, он от Зыра б. Хубейш аль-Асада, он от Усман б. Аффана, он от Али б. Абу Талиба, он от Абдуллаха б. Мас'уда, он от Убейа б. Ка'ба, он от Зайда б. Сабита, он от Посланника Аллаха (саллялЛаху алейхи ва саллям), Он от Джабраиля (алейхис салям), он из Лявхи Махфуза.
2. Асим : Абу Бакр б. Бехделе б. Абин-Неджуд аль-Хыннат аль-Куфи. Умер 127 году по хиджре. Он один из известных семи курра. В совершенстве владел чтением Корана, обладал прекрасным голосом, а также славился как очень надёжный человек.
3. Калюн аль-Асам : (Абу Муса) Иса б. Мина аль-Мадани. Родился в 120, а умер в 220 году по хиджре. В Медине был преподавателем кыраата. Был учеником имама Нафи'а. Имам Нафи' очень любил своего ученика и за отличную учёбу прозвал его Калюн (на греческом значит совершенный), а так как в конце своей жизни имам Калюн стал очень плохо слышать, получил прозвище Асам (плохо слышащий).
4. Варш : (Абу Саид) Усман б. Саид аль-Кыпти аль-Мысри. Родился в 110, а умер 197 году по хиджре. Он был низкого роста, был белокож и с голубыми глазами. У него был очень красивый голос и его чтение Корана не могло приесться слушающим его. Его учитель Нафи' называл его Варшан (дикий голубь) из-за короткой одежды. Но впоследствии слово варшан сократилось и нам он известен как Варш.
5. Нафи : Абу Абдуррахман (также известен как Абу Рувейм) б. Абдуррахман Аби Наим аль-Мадани. Родился в 70, а умер 169 году по хиджре. Один из лучших курра. Он знал все имеющиеся книги по кыраату на тот период. Известен как очень щедрый и богобоязненный человек. Брал уроки от семидесяти табиинов, сред них Абу Джа'фар аль-Мадани и Язид б. Аль-Ка'ка который в свою очередь был учеником Абдуллаха б. Аббаса, он же взял знания от Убей б. Ка'ба, а он от Посланника Аллаха (саллялЛаху алейхи ва саллям). Нафи' был чернокожим, у него был прекрасный нрав и он очень любил пошутить.
6. Дури : (Абу Умар) Хафс б. Умар б. Абдульазиз Сахбан аль-Эзди аль-Багдади. Дур- это местность в Багдаде. Был большим знатоком арабской грамматики (нахву) и кыраата. Умер в 246 году по хиджре. Он первый, кто собрал все кырааты, являлся учеником Абу Амра б. Аль-Аля, он же в свою очередь был учеником Ибни Касира и Муджахида б. Джебра, который был учеником Ибн Аббаса, он же учился у Убейя б. Ка'ба, а он взял уроки от самого Посланника Аллаха (саллялЛаху алейхи ва саллям).
7. Абу Амр ибн Аль-Аля : Яхья б. Аль-Аля б. Аммар ат-Тамими аль-Мазини аль-Басри. Родился в 68, умер 154 году по хиджре. Известно, что он был смуглокожим и высокого роста. Также он известен под такими именами как: Уръян, Зибан, Уйейна. ^[25]

Таджвид

Для более чем миллиарда ^[26] мусульман Коран — священная книга, требующая к себе особого отношения. Мусульмане относятся к Корану с благоговением. Многие мусульмане запоминают, по крайней мере, часть Корана наизусть. Как правило это стихи, необходимые для исполнения молитв . Те, кто выучил весь Коран, носят звание хафиза .

По шариату , мусульманин несёт следующие обязанности перед Кораном:

• Верить в то, что Благородный Коран является Словом Всевышнего Аллаха, и учиться читать его в соответствии с правилами произношения .
• Брать Коран в руки лишь в состоянии омовения.
• Коран необходимо читать в чистых местах.
• Держать Коран на высоких местах. Нельзя класть Коран на пол.
• Строго следовать всем предписаниям, указанным в Коране. Всю свою жизнь строить в соответствии с нравственными принципами Священного Корана.

При чтении Писания мусульмане проявляют смирение и покорность, размышляя над его словами и задумываясь над их смыслом. В этом заключается цель чтения Корана: «Неужели они не размышляют над Кораном? Или же на их сердцах замки?» ^{(Коран, 47:24)} .

Текст Корана легко доступен в интернете на арабском языке, а также в виде переводов смыслов Корана на другие языки.

В ряде стран ( Исламская Республика Иран , Кувейт , Ливия , Малайзия , ОАЭ , Россия , Саудовская Аравия , Таджикистан ) проводятся международные конкурсы по чтению Корана наизусть среди хафизов . Среди номинаций — «чтение Священного Корана наизусть», «самое красивое и правильное чтение по правилам таджвида » и «чтение Корана с листа ( тилява )». В конкурсе наряду с мужчинами принимают участие и женщины. ^{[27] [28] [29] [30]}

Богословы считают, что перевод смыслов Корана должен опираться на достоверные хадисы пророка Мухаммеда, соответствовать принципам арабского языка и общепринятым положениям мусульманского шариата. Некоторые считали, что при издании перевода обязательно указывать на то, что он является простым разъяснением смыслов Корана. Перевод не может служить заменой Корану во время намазов ^[31] .

Специалисты разделяют переводы Корана на две большие группы: буквальные и смысловые. В связи со сложностью перевода с арабского языка на другие (в частности, на русский язык) и неоднозначностью толкования многих слов и фраз, наиболее предпочтительными считаются именно смысловые переводы. Однако нужно понимать, что толкователь может допускать ошибки, также как и автор перевода.

Коран в России

Первый перевод Корана был издан по указу Петра I в 1716 году ^[2] . Этот перевод долгое время приписывался П. В. Постникову , но архивные исследования показали, что действительно сделанный Постниковым перевод остался в двух рукописях, одна из которых помечена его именем, а перевод, напечатанный в 1716 г., не имеющий ничего общего с принадлежащим Постникову и намного худший по качеству, приходится считать анонимным ^{[32] [33]} . В современной России наиболее популярны переводы четырёх авторов, это переводы И. Ю. Крачковского , В. М. Пороховой, М.-Н. О. Османова и Э. Р. Кулиева . За три последних века в России было сделано более десятка переводов Корана и тафсиров .

General assessment of translations

It is worth noting that when translating or transmitting meanings into Russian, as in the case with any attempt to translate the Holy Scripture , inaccuracies and errors, including gross ones, were not avoided ^{[ what? ]} , since much depends on the taste and worldviews of the translator, his upbringing, cultural environment, as well as on insufficient acquaintance with the whole set of preserved sources and approaches of various scientific and theological schools. In addition, there is a different attitude of the Muslim community towards the possibility of translating the Koran from sharply negative ^{[35] [36]} , caused both by fears of a misunderstanding of the text by the translator due to insufficient educational level, and by emphasis on the exceptional truthfulness of the Arabic script, to the generally friendly, relevant with an understanding of the linguistic differences of the peoples of the world and a desire to emphasize that Islam is not exclusively the ethnic religion of the Arabs ^{[36] [37]} . That is why there is still not a single translation that could be unambiguously defined as exemplary and classical ^{[35] [37] [38]} . Although some Muslim theologians even compose memos where they explain all the requirements that an interpreter and interpreter must meet ^[39] . A number of authors devoted their works to the presentation and understanding of errors in translations of the Koran into Russian. For example, Elmir Kuliev devoted one of the chapters of his book “On the Way to the Quran” to a serious analysis of errors and inaccuracies in translations from distortions of the meaning of certain concepts to philosophical questions when transmitting text by one or another translator ^[36] .

Recognition of translation as extremist

On September 17, 2013, by the decision of the Oktyabrsky District Court of Novorossiysk, the book “Meaningful Translation of the Holy Quran into Russian” was declared extremist . We are talking about the text of Elmira Kuliev - the most widespread and popular translation of the Koran in Russia. According to the research report of the Expert Forensic Center of the Central Internal Affairs Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation for the Krasnodar Territory , this book contains statements that negatively assess a person or group of persons based on their relationship to a particular religion; contains statements in which it refers to the advantage of one person or group of people over other people on the basis of their attitude to religion, in particular Muslims over non-Muslims ^{[40] [41]} . On December 17, 2013, the Krasnodar Regional Court quashed the decision of the Oktyabrsky District Court and issued a new decision, which denied the prosecutor's recognition of the “Semantic Translation of the Holy Quran into Russian” as extremist ^[42] .

The idea of ​​burning the Koran, the 58-year-old conservative pastor of the small non-nominated community, the Peace Pigeon Help Center Terry Jones expressed in July 2010 ^[43] , and the burning itself was scheduled for September 11 from 6 to 9 pm. According to the son of the pastor, 200 copies of the Koran were collected.

The Vatican , UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon , Islamic countries , Indonesia , Iran , India , US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton , US Attorney General ^[44] , NATO Secretary General, leaders of some religious denominations of the USA, commander of coalition forces spoke out against plans to burn the Koran in Afghanistan, General Petraeus and others. On September 9, US President Barack Obama addressed the pastor ^[45] .

After that, Jones refused to burn the Koran ^[46] . However, the other two pastors nevertheless burned the two Koran on September 11 ^{[47] [48]} .

On March 20, 2011, Jones nevertheless burned the Qur'an in one of the Florida churches, which provoked radical Islamists to riots in Afghanistan , including the killing of people ^[49] . Only the Russian diplomat managed to escape, who in local dialect managed to convince the killers that he was a Muslim.

After that, Britain denied Jones entry into the country. ^[50] Pakistani Interior Minister Rahman Malik said his country has filed a complaint against Pastor Jones at Interpol . As it turned out, they expected from Interpol that he immediately contact the Pope and demand that the “mad priest” stop the terrorist activities.

Afghan Muslims in response staged a burning effigy of Terry Jones ^[51] .

In April 2012, the pastor repeated the burning of the Koran, for which he was fined $ 271 for violating fire safety rules ^[52] .

In April 2013, the pastor announced plans to mark the next anniversary of the terrorist attack in 2013 by burning 2,998 copies of the Koran ^{[53] [54]} . In the evening of September 11, 2013, the pastor was detained by police in the state of Florida : 2998 copies of the Koran were found in his truck (according to the number of victims of the September 11 tragedy), which were drenched with kerosene and prepared for burning ^{[55] [56]} .

In 2013, after terrorist attacks in Volgograd (explosions of a trolleybus , railway station and bus ), videos of the burning of the Koran were distributed by unknown persons on the Internet, which caused outrage among Turkish Muslims. ^[57]

• Saj

• Bibikova O. Koran // Encyclopedia " Round the World ".
• Helmer Ringgren, Nicolai Sinai. Quran - article from Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Date of treatment June 9, 2018.