Alkhanay (national park)

The environmental and economic rationale for the creation was carried out in 1996 by the scientific and public organization “Transbaikal Center for the Conservation of Biodiversity” after conducting a scientific expedition on a comprehensive environmental, natural, historical, cultural and recreational assessment of the territory of Alkhanai and its spurs. Based on these materials, the Russian State Design and Research Institute for the Design of Forestry Enterprises and Environmental Objects and the ChIPR (since 2003 IPREC) SB RAS conducted design and survey work on a significantly larger area, including a catchment basin of the upper and middle reaches of the river. Ilya. It turned out that on the river. Dybyksa (tributary of the Ilya river) was planned to mine gold by heap leaching, which would undoubtedly adversely affect the state of unique natural and religious complexes dependent on them.

The boundaries of the park are formed according to the basin principle and pass along the Daursky and Mogoytuysky ranges, including the territory of the upper and middle reaches of the river. Ilya (upper reaches of the Amur River basin ). Explication of land (thousand hectares): 109.6 - forests, 10.3 - rural forests, 8.9 - pastures, 6.8 - arable land, 2.5 - Golets Alkhanay ave - the core of the park, a natural monument. A buffer zone of 0.5 km wide and a total area of ​​10.4 thousand ha was formed around the park.

The natural complexes of Alkhanai are of particular ecological, historical and aesthetic value. Unlike nature reserves, significant parts of the national park are open to regulated visits. Among the objectives of this protected area are the development and implementation of scientific methods for the conservation of natural complexes in conditions of recreational use, environmental education and public awareness, the development of ecological, educational and pilgrimage tourism. To successfully solve the problems in the park, the following main zones have been identified: the reserve, places of mass recreation with specially designed tourist routes, as well as the zone of objects or sites where scientific research is being conducted.

The territory of the national park is also unique in geological terms - it is a site of geological natural monuments of local status (according to the scientific classification of geological heritage sites). In the park, the Alkhanai paleovolcanary is distinguished, represented by lavas of predominantly medium, less often the main composition; supply channels (nekki) of melts; the caldera of the collapse in the upper Ubzhogoe Paddy; morphological remnants of the weathering of lavas and tuffs, which are objects of cult and religious rites; upland terraces; Onon-Turin deep fault. Ignimbrites are developed on a large territory of the park - tuffs of “scorching clouds” arising from the explosion of the peak of the volcano at the final stages of its operation. In addition, in the middle part of the Ubzhogoe valley, in the outlying areas, deposits of volcanic lakes confined to the caldera were found. These are ash tuffites with imprints of temporary inhabitants of volcanic lakes - the conchostrak Palaeolynceus , insects and plants. The Onon-Turin Fault is associated with increased fracturing, sulfide mineralization, silicification, the appearance of veins with tourmaline, etc. The age of the products of volcanic activity is the Middle – Late Jurassic (petrographic, tectonic, geomorphological types of geological sites). Boulder-pebble conglomerates are developed along the periphery of the volcanic - sediments of a mountain river of the Early Jurassic stage, preceding the outpouring of lavas of the Alkhanay volcano. Mud volcanism is known in the region of the Ili lakes: pressurized inter-permafrost waters thin the Kangil clays of the Pliocene - Pleistocene age, and they pour, form mini-cones up to 60 cm high with a distinct outflow channel.

The relief of the national park is mid-mountain with absolute heights of up to 1,000–1,200 m. The territory is located at the junction of two geomorphological regions - Daursky and Onon-Argunsky. Depending on the tectonic nature of exogenous processes, two main genetic categories have been formed - developed and accumulative reliefs. The developed relief makes up 80% of the park ^[4] .

On the territory of the national park more than 120 species of vertebrate animals are registered, representatives of 4 classes - amphibians (2); reptiles (4); birds (95); mammals (30).

About 160 species of insects are described in the fauna of the park, 2 - amphibians, 4 - reptiles, 95 - birds, 23 - mammals, 17 - fish. Brown bear, elk , wapiti , musk deer , Siberian roe deer, sable , ermine , lynx, lynx, wolf, fox, hare, black stork , goosebird , whooper swan, golden eagle, belladonna, taimen, lenok , grayling are common here .

In the adjacent water area of ​​the national park (the Ubzhogoe, Duldurga, Ilya, Lake Balzino, Alkhanaysky) 18 species of fish belonging to 9 families were recorded ^[5] .

Alkhanai is characterized by a large landscape diversity, due to altitudinal zonation, manifested in the change of soil, vegetation and climate. Steppes, meadows, forests, rocky mountains, Kurums , rivers with waterfalls are combined here (see incl., Photo 231). The location of the park on the border of the belt of the boreal forests of Eurasia and the great steppes of Dauria has a special biospheric significance and, as a result of the interpenetration of different faunas and flora, leads to significant species diversity. On ter. "A." is known for more than 600 species of plants, including 130 species of mosses.

About 180 species of plants are used in official and folk, including Tibet. medicine. The most valuable ones are Rhodiola rosea , Astragalus membranous, Scutellaria baicalensis, compact rhubarb, Chinese lofant , Siberian bloat and many others.

More than 340 species of plants are found on the territory of the national park, of which 2 are plaunoid ; fern - shaped - 1; gymnosperms - 6; angiosperms - 332. About 20 species in need of protection are registered in the flora of the territory.

Alkhanai differs from other national parks in Russia by the presence of a natural and cult complex of shrines of northern Buddhism . Buddhization of the area dates back to the beginning of the XIX century. and is associated with the activities of the Namnanai Lama (Gelong Shagdar, teacher Aghvan Dorzhiev ). In the summer of 1991, these places were visited by the head of the Buddhist clergy of the Dalai Lama XIV Danzan Jamso . In honor of his stay, a Buddhist monument - a stupa - was erected. The complex includes more than 20 cult objects, among which the most famous and revered are Maanin Shuluun (a stone stele with a carved Tibetan text of the mantra ), Dimchig Sume (Temple of God Dimchig - the master of the mountain), Nara Hazhad (Heavenly Musician), Uuden Sume (Temple Gate ( see Alkhanai Gate)), Dorje Pagmyn Sume (Temple of the Queen of Diamond - the wife of the mountain owner), “Slit of Sinners”, Ehyn Umai (Mother’s Womb), Main Wallpaper , Summit on the Top, Zurhen Shulun (Stone Heart), Khoreo Shulun (Stone Fence), etc. One of the most important natural and religious objects is the peak of Alkhanai is a flat rounded area with a diameter of approx. 40 m of rubble and small rock fragments. A visit to the holy places makes it possible to spiritually join the ancient philosophy of Buddhism, which is distinguished by a particularly reverent attitude to nature. Every year on Alkhanai, the rite of the city is performed - going around the holy places in a clockwise direction. There is a small and a big city. Small town runs inside the complex of shrines along the route of the stream. Sukhoi Ubogoe - Dimchig Sume - Uuden Sume - Ehyn Umai - c. Dry Miserable. The big city - a circular route around the city of Alkhanay - takes 4 days. In addition, Buddhist prayers with a wide participation of the population are held annually in the summer on the Main Obo and Uuden Sume.

Alkhanai Gate

Alkhanai Gate is a massive outlier rock, a natural monument of regional significance (Decision of the Chit. Oblast Executive Committee No. 28 of 01/14/1980). Located on the spurs of the Mogoytuysky ridge, on the left side of the Ubzhogoe paddy in the territory of the Alkhanay National Park, 25 km north-north-west of the village. Duldurga. The total area of ​​the natural monument is 2 hectares. The remnant is represented by 2 rocky ledges, between which a through arch of 7 × 7 m in size has formed, a cornice from 5 to 10 m high hangs over the arch. The southern ledge, 20 m wide and 30 m high, extends down the slope to the stream. Miserable among the Kurumniks to a distance of 30 m. A “stone path” stretches along the slopes. The northern ledge rises up a steep slope from the arch, its length is up to 13 m, width 10 m, height 5 to 15 m.The remains are composed of trachyandesites and andesite-dacites, consisting of white plagioclase phenocrysts in dark volcanic glass. In the western and northwestern parts of the cliff, birch, meadowsweet, raspberry and elderberry grow. Lumps of kurum are covered with lichens, mosses, fern, thyroid, celandine. Of mammals, pikas are common. In the fauna of birds, species such as jay, pine nut, big tit, and brown-headed gadget prevail. Natural monument, according to the functional zoning nat. Park, located in a specially protected area where travel on designated routes, educational excursions organized by the tourism department of the park are allowed. Alkhanay Gate is a cult Buddhist object. On the inner side of the arch are petroglyphs - rock paintings of ancient people. In the center of the arch are Buddhist monuments: a stupa and a chapel. The purpose of the monument is spiritual, educational, aesthetic, tourist.

Natural monuments and places of worship: Mount Alkhanay , the temple of the Great Good, the rock of Sandham, the rock of the Temple of the Gate, Dorji-Pagman (Diamond Princess).

On the territory of the Alkhanay National Park in the Ubzhogie gorge, on a rocky ridge with a natural stone arch, known as the Temple Gate, there are 3 groups of drawings made by red and yellow ocher, depicting stylized animals, little men, sticks, slanting crosses. One of the groups is covered by a Buddhist ritual inscription. Petroglyphs are attributed to the 1st millennium BC. e. First noted in 1977 by A.P. Okladnikov.

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  Sandam Rock

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  Rock Temple Gate

Interest in the park is growing from both pilgrims and tourists. The waters of arshans (sources) are considered holy, used by the population for medicinal purposes. The recreation area is located in the valley of a mountain stream. Dry Miserable. In July - August, the maximum number of visitors to Alkhanai per day reaches 2 thousand people. On average, more than 30 thousand visitors visit the park during the summer period (June - mid-September). The construction of a recreation center is underway. The national park is managed by the Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources.

The park has developed and operates more than 10 scientific and educational tourist routes: walking, car and combined ^[1] .

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• Alkhanay (Russian) . ez.chita.ru . The project " Encyclopedia of Transbaikalia ." Date of treatment January 19, 2019. Archived September 24, 2018.
• Protected areas of Russia .
• Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation (Neopr.) (Inaccessible link) . Archived on June 13, 2009. .