Gonets is a Russian multifunctional system of personal satellite communications (MSPSS), built on the basis of low-orbit spacecraft. The purpose of the system is to provide communication services on a global scale. The system is being developed by order of the Federal Space Agency of Russia. The lead developer is JSC " Information Satellite Systems named after Academician M. F. Reshetnev ", the operator and operating organization is JSC "Satellite System" Messenger "."
Content
History
The development of the “Gonets” low-orbit communication system in the conversion order based on the Strela-3 special communication system was launched in 1989 on the initiative of Alexander Kiselyov , the director general of Soyuzmedinform NPO, supported by Mikhail Reshetnev , general director of NPO PM [1] . On July 13, 1992, by launching two spacecraft of the Gonets-D demonstration project and deploying a network of subscriber ground stations, a prototype communication system on low-flying spacecraft was created.
In 1994, by the decision of Rosaviakosmos, work on the project of the system was approved and recommended for inclusion in the Federal Space Program of Russia until 2000, after which work on the “Messenger” project was carried out under the state contract between Rosaviakosmos and three head contractors. To implement the project, the existing 12 SC 17F13 Strela-3 [1] [2] were modified. In 1996, the Communications Management Center was put into trial operation, in 1997 - the Central Regional Station (TsRS-1) in Moscow and the regional station (RS-1) in Zheleznogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Territory.
The launch of working satellites began on February 19, 1996 with the launch of the Gonets-D1 spacecraft No. 1, 2 and 3. The group was replenished with six more satellites in 1997 (No. 4, 5, 6) and 2001 (No. 10, 11, 12) . Satellites numbered 7, 8, 9 were lost due to the accident of the Cyclone-3 launch vehicle on December 27, 2000.
Since 2005, the pilot operation of the upgraded version of the Gonets-D1M satellite began with the launch of the Gonets-M spacecraft by the Cosmos-3M launch vehicle . During the second half of the 2010s and to the present time, the group is constantly replenished with Gonets-M satellites.
The last three satellites with numbers 21, 22 and 23 were launched on March 31, 2015. [3]
On February 21, 2013, investigative actions began on suspicion of embezzlement and misuse of funds allocated for the “Messenger” project, which caused damage to the state in the amount of 350 million rubles [4] [5] .
For 2016–2019, it is planned to manufacture another 7 Gonets-M devices [6] . At the same time, by the middle of 2016, 3 Gonets-M spacecraft — numbers 24, 25, and 26 — had already been manufactured and stored for safekeeping until they were sent to the launch site for launch. [7]
System Composition
Initially, it was assumed that the orbital grouping should consist of 24 spacecraft “Gonets-M”, but subsequently it was decided to deploy the system in 2 stages. On the first, the constellation should consist of 12 Gonets-M satellites, and on the second of the 12 Gonets-M1 satellites.
With twelve satellites in orbit, the Gonets system is capable of real-time data transmission in northern latitudes. At the same time, in mid-latitudes, communication will be almost uninterrupted, and at the equator, interruptions in signal transmission will be about 15 minutes. With twenty-four satellites, communications will be available “online” anywhere in the world [8] .
At present, the Gonets-D1M system is in trial operation. The space segment is a grouping of 13 low-orbit spacecraft (1 spacecraft of the 1st generation “Gonets-D1” and 12 vehicles of the 2nd generation “Gonets-M”). Ground-based infrastructure consists of a system control center and four regional stations in various regions of Russia (the European part, Southern Siberia, the Far North and the Far East). In 2011-2017, it is planned to deploy the Gonets-D1M system, which includes up to 16 spacecraft and 7 regional stations. An increase in the number of spacecraft in the system will significantly improve its tactical and technical characteristics, such as the waiting time for a communication session and the time for information delivery.
Purpose of the system and services based on it
The main purpose of the “Gonets” system is to provide communication of zones outside the coverage of GSM terrestrial networks, to provide a communication environment for the Russian system of coordinate-time support for GLONASS, and to communicate with stationary and mobile subscribers located in hard-to-reach regions.
The subscriber of the Gonets-D1M system has the ability to send and receive text messages of unlimited volume using the Gonets subscriber terminal.
E-mail addresses, subscribers of mobile communication networks or subscribers of the “Gonets” satellite network can act as recipients.
The equipment and software of spacecraft and subscriber terminals (AT) is designed in such a way that the system does not require continuous presence of subscribers in the radio visibility zone of the spacecraft (SC). In the absence of a joint radio visibility zone of the AT and the spacecraft, the message is buffered and transmitted when one of the system's spacecraft flies over the subscriber.
At present, the following services are implemented on the basis of the “Messenger” system:
- messaging between subscribers of the “Messenger” system on a global scale;
- transmission of data on the location of objects obtained using the GLONASS system or other navigation systems;
- messaging between subscribers of the “Gonets” system and subscribers of standard e-mail in both personal and group modes, using the standard X.400 and SMTP / IMAP mail protocols, with the ability to send attached files of small sizes.
- messaging between subscribers of the Gonets system and subscribers of mobile communication networks on a global scale (as of December 1, 2017, the list of paid services announced the transmission of SMS messages only to / from Russian mobile communication networks). The “Messenger” terminal automatically selects a satellite or terrestrial mobile network depending on the current availability;
- circular messaging to a group of users;
- transmission of telemetric (sensor) information of controlled objects to monitoring centers;
- building departmental communication subsystems.
A low orbit, in contrast to the geostationary one (1.4 versus 40 thousand km), requires a less powerful transmitter, which makes it possible to produce compact and inexpensive terminals, even in comparison with VSAT .
Subscriber terminals of the system are available in stationary, wearable and mobile versions. The dimensions of the terminals and antennas are compact and suitable for use on various types of objects, as well as for personal use. For example, the dimensions of the Mobile Serviced terminal are 12x7.5 × 2.5 cm.
Data is transmitted in the system both without the involvement of the ground segment (point-to-point: subscriber-KA-subscriber), and with the involvement of regional stations (subscriber-KA-regional station). Regional stations provide routing of messages, as well as information exchange of subscribers with the Internet.
When the transmitting and receiving terminals are in the radio visibility zone of one spacecraft, the message delivery time is 1-2 minutes. The waiting time for a communication session by a subscriber in Russia for a system with 12 spacecraft ranges from 0 (at the northern border) to 15 minutes (at the southern border of Russia).
With the advent of a new generation of spacecraft systems will also be possible to support voice communications [9] .
Applications and Consumers
The use of the “Gonets” satellite system is typical for mobile satellite communications systems:
- GLONASS time-coordinate transmission
- communication in remote regions;
- vehicle monitoring;
- monitoring of environmental and industrial facilities;
- disaster communications;
- communication in the interests of various departments and ministries.
Typical areas of application of MSETS “Gonets-D1M” are the collection and transmission of GLONASS coordinate-time information from vehicles, the collection and transmission of sensor information from stationary or moving objects in hard-to-reach areas (for example, monitoring of derricks, meteorological stations, pipelines, etc. .), personal communication with subscribers in hard-to-reach regions, transfer of confidential information between remote subscribers. System-based services are provided globally.
The Gonets satellites will be used to transmit the ERA-GLONASS signal in areas not covered by terrestrial communication networks.
The main consumers of the Gonets system are currently the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation , Rosatom , Roshydromet , the Government of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) , the Russian Fisheries , Federal Grid Company , Federal State Budgetary Institution Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, Khatangsky Aviation Squad, Apatek ", Kamov (OJSC) , Sakhalin Environmental Company LLC, etc.
According to the order [10] of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation on the mandatory transfer of the coordinates of a vessel located in a fishery to the centers of the Rosrybolovstvo industry monitoring system, mandatory use of the Gonets ship earth stations (or an analogue of the Inmarsat station) is prescribed, for which an AT subscriber terminal has been created -MN-2.1. "
Specifications
Spacecraft specifications
| Gonets-D1 | Gonets-M | |
|---|---|---|
| Weight, kg | 240 | 280 |
| The number of channels on the device, Earth - board / board - Earth | eleven | 14/2 |
| The volume of on-board memory, MB | 1,5 | 8 |
| Power supply system, W | 120 | 200 |
| The term of active existence, years | 1,5 | 5-7 |
| Orbit correction | no | there is |
The composition of the orbital group
| Launch date | Name | Flight number | SCN | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 02/19 . 1996 | "Messenger D1" No. 1 | 1996-009A | 23787 | In operation [11] |
| 02/19 . 1996 | “Messenger D1” No. 2 | 1996-009B | 23788 | Logged Out |
| 02/19 . 1996 | “Messenger D1” No. 3 | 1996-009C | 23789 | Logged Out |
| 02/14 . 1997 | “Messenger D1” No. 4 | 1997-006A | 24725 | Logged out in 2000 |
| 02/14 . 1997 | “Messenger D1” No. 5 | 1997-006B | 24726 | Logged Out |
| 02/14 . 1997 | “Messenger D1” No. 6 | 1997-006C | 24727 | Logged out in 2000 |
| 12/27 . 2000 | “Messenger D1” No. 7 | - | - | Lost due to the accident of the Cyclone-3 launch vehicle |
| 12/27 . 2000 | “Messenger D1” No. 8 | - | - | Lost due to the accident of the Cyclone-3 launch vehicle |
| 12/27 . 2000 | “Messenger D1” No. 9 | - | - | Lost due to the accident of the Cyclone-3 launch vehicle |
| 12/28 . 2001 | “Messenger D1” No. 10 | 2001-058D | 27058 | Logged out in January 2004 |
| 12/28 . 2001 | “Messenger D1” No. 11 | 2001-058E | 27059 | Logged out in December 2008 |
| 12/28 . 2001 | “Messenger D1” No. 12 | 2001-058F | 27060 | Logged out in May 2006 |
| 12/21 . 2005 | Gonets-M No. 11L [12] | 2005-048A | 28908 | Not commissioned due to repeater failure |
| 09.09 . 2010 | Gonets-M No. 12 | 2010-043C | 37154 | In operation |
| 07/28 . 2012 | Gonets-M No. 13 | 2012-041B | 38734 | In operation (from 11.20.2012) |
| 07/28 . 2012 | Gonets-M No. 15 | 2012-041D | 38736 | In operation (from 11.20.2012) |
| 09/12 . 2013 | Gonets-M No. 14 | 2013-048A | 39249 | In operation (from 12.09.2013) |
| 09/12 . 2013 | Gonets-M No. 16 | 2013-048B | 39250 | In operation (from 12.09.2013) |
| 09/12 . 2013 | Gonets-M No. 17 | 2013-048C | 39251 | In operation (from 12.09.2013) |
| 07/03 . 2014 | Gonets-M No. 18 | 2014-036A | 40061 | In operation (from August-October 2014) |
| 07/03 . 2014 | Gonets-M No. 19 | 2014-036B | 40062 | In operation (from August-October 2014) |
| 07/03 . 2014 | Gonets-M No. 20 | 2014-036C | 40063 | In operation (from August-October 2014) |
| 03/31 . 2015 | Gonets-M No. 21 | 2015-020A | 40552 | In operation (from 10.07.2015) |
| 03/31 . 2015 | Gonets-M No. 22 | 2015-020B | 40553 | In operation (from 10.07.2015) |
| 03/31 . 2015 | Gonets-M No. 23 | 2015-020C | 40554 | In operation (from 10.07.2015) |
| May 2019 | Gonets-M No. 24, 25, 26 | SCs are ready [13] , “Rokot” / “Breeze-KM” - “Plesetsk” 133/3 | ||
| October 2019 [14] | Gonets-M No. 27, 28, 29 | The spacecraft are ready [15] [16] , Soyuz-2.1b / Frigate-M - Plesetsk | ||
| end of 2020 [14] | Gonets-M No. 30, 31, 32 | The spacecraft are ready [6] [16] , Soyuz-2.1b / Fregat-M - Plesetsk | ||
| IV quarter of 2021 [14] | Gonets-M No. 33, 34, 35 | The production of the spacecraft (2017) [17] , Angara-1.2 / AM - Plesetsk 35/1 was started | ||
| 2022 [14] | Gonets-M No. 36, 37, 38 | Plan [block No. 19] - “Angara-1.2” / AM - “Plesetsk” 35/1 | ||
| 2023 [14] | Gonets-M No. 39, 40 Gonets-M1 No. 11 | Plan [block No. 20] - “Angara-1.2” / AM - “Plesetsk” 35/1 | ||
| 2024 [14] | Gonets-M No. 41, 42, 43 | Plan [block No. 21] - “Angara-1.2” / AM - “Plesetsk” 35/1 | ||
| 2025 [14] | Gonets-M No. 44, 45, 46 | Plan [block No. 22] - “Angara-1.2” / AM - “Plesetsk” 35/1 |
Orbits
| Orbit height, km | 1400 |
|---|---|
| Inclination , ° | 82.5 |
| Circulation period, min | 114 |
| The diameter of the coverage area of one satellite, km | 5000 |
Systems
Currently, the constellation consists of 13 satellites [18] . The fully developed “Gonets-D1M” system should consist of 12 satellites. Each of the 4 orbital planes should have 3 satellites [19] .
| System | Gonets-D1 | Gonets-D1M |
|---|---|---|
| The number of satellites is total, pcs. (planes × satellites on the plane) | 6 (2 × 3) | 12 (3 × 4) |
| Maximum / average communication session timeout, h | 2.5 / 1.5 | 1.3 / 0.8 |
| Information transfer rate, kbit / s | 2,4 | up to 9.6 "up"; up to 64 "down" |
| Frequency Range, MHz | 259.5-265.2 | 300-400 |
| Error probability per character | 10 −4 | 10 −5 |
| Coding | Blocky | Convolutional (k = 7, r = 1/2) |
| Access protocol | TDMA | Aloha |
| System throughput, Mbps | 10² | 10³ |
| GPS / GLONASS / autonomous location accuracy, m | one hundred/-/- | 10/10/800 |
See also
- Orbiting satellite constellation of Russia
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 I. Lisov “Gonets-M” and “Cosmos-2416” were launched // Cosmonautics News, No. 02 (277), 2006
- ↑ company history
- ↑ Three communication satellites "Messenger" will be launched into orbit on March 3 . TASS ( February 24, 2015 ). Date of treatment February 24, 2015.
- ↑ The ex-head of the “Messenger” satellite system was detained in the case of “dead souls” // Izvestia, February 22, 2013
- ↑ A. Sukhotin. “Messenger” with a golden parachute . New newspaper (No. 80 dated July 20, 2012). “At the initiative of the Roskosoms leadership, large-scale anti-corruption checks are being conducted at departmental enterprises.” Date of treatment January 24, 2014.
- ↑ 1 2 Requirements for the supply of seven Gonets-M spacecraft . The official website of the Russian Federation for posting information on placing orders for the supply of goods, performance of work, and the provision of services (2014). Date of treatment July 22, 2014.
- ↑ The next three satellites of the “Messenger” are planned to launch in the fall . Date of treatment June 30, 2016.
- ↑ The regular operation of the orbital constellation of the system will begin in 2015 (inaccessible link) . Interfax-Agency of Military News (2013). Date of treatment July 22, 2014. Archived July 28, 2014.
- ↑ The “Messenger” and the Ministry of Defense can exchange frequencies . Izvestia (July 3, 2014). Date of treatment July 22, 2014.
- ↑ Order of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation of July 13, 2016 No. 294 “On approval of the Procedure for equipping ships with technical control equipment and their types”
- ↑ Orbital "Messenger" . Roscosmos (08.24.2013). Date of treatment January 24, 2014.
- ↑ History of the development of the company
- ↑ Tentative launch dates for three Messenger communications satellites . RIA Novosti (11/15/2017).
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Error in footnotes ? : Invalid
<ref>; for footnotes:1no text - ↑ Roscosmos ordered the delivery of Soyuz-2-1b to launch the three Gonets satellites . RIA Novosti (09/12/2017).
- ↑ 1 2 Production of three communications satellites “Messenger” Completed . RIA Novosti (06/04/2018).
- ↑ New trio of "messengers"
- ↑ “Gonets-D1M” system Archived July 28, 2014 on Wayback Machine
- ↑ Satellite communication system Gonets-D1M of JSC "Information Satellite Systems" named after academician M. F. Reshetnev
Links
- Personal messenger satellite system “Messenger” . State Corporation Roscosmos .
- MSPSS “Gonets-D1M” . "Satellite system" Messenger "".
- Personal communication . ISS them. Reshetnyova .
- Spacecraft of the “Messenger” type . plesetzk.ru .
- Anatoly Zak. Gonets RussianSpaceWeb.com .
- Gunter Dirk Krebs. Gonets Gunter's Space Page .
- Gunter Dirk Krebs. Gonets-M (English) . Gunter's Space Page .
- Gunter Dirk Krebs. Gonets-M1 Gunter's Space Page .
- Gonets satellites . N2YO.com . - Tracking satellites.
Video
- The “messenger” will live in the “Ark” . Roscosmos television studio .
- Orbital "Messenger" . Roscosmos television studio .