Haplogroup E (Y-DNA)

Haplogroup E comes from a mutation of haplogroup DE that occurred in a man who lived 65.2 thousand years ago. The lifespan of the common ancestor of all living carriers of the Y-chromosome haplogroup E is 53.1 thousand years ago (dates were determined by snaps by YFull ^[4] ).

According to the early hypothesis of Semino et al. (Semino et al. 2004), haplogroup E arose in East Africa, as evidenced by the density of concentration of its subclades in Africa today ^[5] . On the other hand, Chandrasekar et al. (Chandrasekar et al. 2007) believe that the fact that all the large Y-haplogroups originating from CT-M168 did not originate from Africa (including the sister haplogroup E haplogroup D , found only in Asia), suggests that E originally originated in Asia and was later transferred to Africa by a wave of reverse migration from the Levant . At least in part, his conclusions are based on the publication of Hammer et al. (Hammer et al. 1997) ^[3] . On the other hand, the data of Hammer, Karafet et al. (2008) forced a significant revision of the chronology of the emergence of Y-haplogroups, which "forces us to reinterpret the geographical origin of ancient subclasses" ^[1] . In particular, they believe that haplogroup E arose in Africa about 50 thousand years ago (that is, more ancient than previously thought), despite the fact that part of its parent haplogroup DE (which became the ancestor of group D) left Africa for about 65 thousand years ago, which coincides with the migration of people of the modern type from Africa ^[6] . According to another estimate, the lifetime of the common ancestor of all living carriers of the Y-chromosome haplogroup E (TMRCA) is not 54.2 thousand, but approx. 43.8 thousand years (Chuan-Chao Wang and Li Hui. 2014), and the haplogroup DE and superhaplogroup CT appeared outside Africa ^[7] .

In 2016, Poznik and Underhill showed that the Y chromosome haplogroup E originated outside Africa, and the common ancestor of all non-African lines (TMRCA), including the haplogroups DE and CF , lived ~ 76 thousand liters. n After the arrival of carriers of haplogroup E to Africa, its differentiation on the Black Continent began 58 thousand years ago ^[8] , according to other estimates - 65.5 ± 8.5 thousand years ago ^[9] .

An explosive increase in the number of carriers of two independent lines of the E1b1a1a1-M180 / P88 subclade (CTS1847, V43) occurred about 5 thousand years ago in sub-Saharan Africa. In time, this event coincides with the sharp distribution of Bantugian-speaking tribes recorded by archaeologists, in which haplogroup E predominates ^{[8] [10]} . The expansion of carriers of haplogroup E has erased a significant part of the traces of Paleolithic and early Neolithic events at the level of genetic diversity of Y-chromosome lines (haplogroup A and B ) and at the level of anthropological characteristics of the population ^[11] .

The subclade E1b1b1a1 (M-78) was found in mechtoids from Moroccan Taforalt (including the subclade E1b1b1a1b1 in sample TAF009 aged 14.8–13.9 thousand years ago) ^[12] .

The subclade E1b1 was found in representatives of the epipaleolithic Natufi culture , a culture of pre-ceramic Neolithic B ^[13] .

E1b1b1b2 was identified in the Eneolithic (4500–3900 / 3800 BC) sample I1171 from the Israeli cave Pekin (Peqi'in Cave) ^[14] .

Haplogroup E was found in two representatives of the culture of cardial ceramics : from the Avellaner cave in Catalonia (Spain) - the subclade E-V13 (E1b1b1a1b1a) 5000 years BC ^{[15] [16]} and from the Croatian cave Zemunika (Zemunica Cave), - the subclade E1b1b1a1b1 5500 years BC. ^[17] .

The haplogroup E1b1a2 ^[17] was discovered in the inhabitant of the Ethiopian cave Mota, who lived 4,500 years ago ^[18] .

In Pharaoh Ramses III, with a high degree of certainty, the Y chromosome haplogroup was evaluated using the predictor program as E1b1a (M2) ^[19] .

The subclade E1b1b1 was found (M35 / 78 ^[20] ) in the mummy from the Egyptian Abusir ^[21] .

The subclade E1b1b1-M35 was found in two Neolithic inhabitants of Morocco (5300–4800 BC) ^[22] .

The subclade E1b1b1b2-PF1961 / Z830 was found in an African who lived 400 years ago from Kenya ^[23] .

E1a and E2 are found almost exclusively in Africa, and only E1b1b1- M35.1 / PF1944.1 is found with high frequency in Europe and western Asia, along with Africa. Most sub-Saharan Africans (south of the Sahara Desert ) belong to different subclasses of the haplogroup E1 than E1b1b1, while most non-African carriers of E1 belong to the subclass E1b1b1 ^[24] .

An unclassified haplogroup E * was found in one South African ^[1] and one male from West India. ^[3]

E1a

Although still no examples of E1 * have been found, its subclass E1a (M33) is most often found in West Africa, and now has the greatest distribution in the Mali region. According to one study, haplogroup E1a-M33 is present in 34% (15 people from a sample of 44 people) of the male population of Mali. Haplogroup E1a was also found among samples collected from Moroccan Berbers , Sahrawi , residents of Burkina Faso , northern Cameroon , Senegal , Sudan , Egypt and Calabria (both Italians and Albanians ). ^{[5] [25]}

The small presence (<4%) of haplogroup E1a in North Africa and Europe is usually associated with the trade in African slaves. ^[five]

E1b

To date, not a single case of E1b * has been detected. This class is dominated by the subclass E1b1 (E-P2 or E-PN2), whose frequency is much higher than the frequency of other subclasses. Another subclass, E1b2 (P75), a subclass of E1b, is much less common.

E1b1

E1b1, also known as E-P2 or E-PN2, makes up the majority of the currently existing descendants of haplogroup E.

It split into two haplogroups: E1b1b (M215) about 24-27 thousand years ago (Cruciani et al. 2004), and later E1b1a (L222.1) about 10 thousand years later. The main subclasses are listed below.

E1b1a

E1b1a is found almost exclusively among residents of western, central and southern Africa. This is the only Y-haplogroup that is common to all of Sub-Saharan Africa, as well as to descendants of African slaves in America and the Caribbean. In other places, it is found with a vanishingly small frequency, and usually its presence is explained by the slave trade, which the Arabs led in the Middle Ages.

Rosa et al. (2007) suggest that the haplogroup E1b1a originated in West Africa ^[26] , where its greatest genetic diversity is observed. The share of the haplogroup E1b1a in West Africa’s populations now reaches 80%, where it is represented by the subclade E1b1a1 (M2) .

Haplogroup E1b1a2 (M329) is one of two descending subclades of haplogroup E1b1a and is found among 1-3% of the inhabitants of Ethiopia and Qatar .

E1b1b

E1b1b - the most common haplogroup of the Y chromosome among the inhabitants of Ethiopia , Somalia , Eritrea and North African Berbers and Arabs , is also the third most common haplogroup in Western Europe. ^[27] It is also often found in the Middle East , from where it spread to the Balkans and further throughout Europe . Unusually high for Europe (41%), the concentration of E1b1b1 has a subethnic herding ( Cantabria ).

Haplogroup E1b1b1-M35 is the main subclade of haplogroup E1b1b .

E1b2

E1b2 (P75) is probably very small. The discovery of the haplogroup E1b2 (P75) was announced by Hammer and co-authors in 2003 ^[28] and confirmed by Karafet and co-authors in 2007. ^[29]

E2 (M75) is found in sub-Saharan Africa, both in the east and in the west. The highest concentration of haplogroup E2 was found among the Bantu peoples living in Kenya and South Africa. With an average frequency, this haplogroup was observed among the population of Burkina Faso , Hutu and Tutsi in Rwanda , malagas in Madagascar , the people of von from Benin , the Iraqi people from Tanzania , ^[30] less often in individual Khoisan populations, in Sudan , in the north of Cameroon and in Senegal , as well as with a small frequency - in Qatar , Oman and among the Oromo people in Ethiopia ). ^{[5] [25] [31]}

With a small frequency, the haplogroup E2 is found in Oman and Qatar (<5%), as well as among the Oromo (<2%), which can be explained by the slave trade conducted by the Arabs, as well as by the expansion of the Bantu . ^{[25] [32]}

• Napoleon, Bonaparte ^[33]
• Nelson Mandela - E1b1a
• Ramses III - with a high degree of uncertainty, the Y-chromosome haplogroup was evaluated using the predictor program as E1b1a (M2) ^[19] .

• B. Arredi et al. : A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa. American Journal Of Human Genetics, 2004, p. 338-345
• F. Cruciani et al. : A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes. American Journal Of Human Genetics, 2002, p. 1197-1214
• F. Cruciani et al. : Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa. American Journal Of Human Genetics, 2004, p. 1014-1022
• F. Cruciani et al. : Molecular Dissection of the Y Chromosome Haplogroup M-78 (link not available)
• JR Luis et al. : The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations. ( Errata ) American Journal of Human Genetics, 2004, p. 523-544
• JJ Sanchez et al. : High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males. European Journal of Human Genetics, 2005, p. 856-86
• A. Salas et al. : The Making of the African mtDNA Landscape. American Journal Of Human Genetics, 2002, p. 1082-1111
• O. Semino et al. : Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area. American Journal of Human Genetics, 2004, p. 1023-1034
• ET Wood et al. : Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes. European Journal of Human Genetics, 2005, p. 867-876
• F. Cruciani et al. : Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern / Eastern Africa and Western Eurasia: New Clues from Y-chromosomal Haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12, 2007.
• Hammer et al. (2003), " Human population structure and its effects on sampling Y chromosome sequence variation ", Genetics T. 164 (4): 1495–1509 , < https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ PMC1462677 / >  

Phylogenetic tree and distribution maps of haplogroup E (Y-DNA)

• ISOGG 2016 Y-DNA Haplogroup E
• Y-DNA Haplogroup E and Its Subclades from ISOGG 2008
• Map of E1b1b1 distribution in Europe
• Distribution of E1b1a / E3a in Africa
• Frequency Distributions of Y-DNA Haplogroup E and its subclades - with Video Tutorial

Projects

• E1b1b (E3b) Y-DNA Project at FTDNA
• Haplozone :: The E-M35 Phylogeny Project (former E3b Project)
• Jewish E1b1b (E3b) Project at FTDNA
• The Ytree project of the Molecular Genealogy discussion forum. Haplogroup E.