Well, we, the choir, the horo mine [1] [2] are residential wooden buildings, a spacious house [2] , usually consisting of separate buildings, united by senies and passages [3] in Russia . Stone buildings were called chambers .
In colloquial speech, the mansions denote a rich, spacious house, vast premises [3] .
Etymology
The word "mansions" comes from the east-east-glory. * хоръ [4] - house, protection; dr.rus. khorom - house, canopy; st.slav. temple - house, temple, church [3] ; borrowing. Latvian. kārms - “building”, akin to another ind. harmyám - “fortress” [4] . D. N. Ushakov points to borrowing from the Polish chalupa [5] .
An unlikely connection * horm with Greek. χηραμός ("hole", "refuge"), with Arabic. ḥaram (the “sacred part of the house”, from where the “ harem ”), with the Turkic kurum, korum (“shed, canopy”, “defense, camp”, “installation”) or with the Hitt. karimmi ("temple") [4] .
The derogatory version of the word is “horishka” [1] . Derived words: mansion forest - drill; mansion, mansion, mansion carpenter - builder, foreman [2] .
Device
The prototype of the choir in the X century was a crate , which, depending on its purpose, received various names. If the crate was placed on the basement (the lower tier of the crate), then it was called a chambermaid . The basements or bribes were storerooms, human, etc. Sometimes several stands were connected by senies and were called twins, triples, etc.
In the richer mansions, the upper room was connected by a canopy to the wanderer , which was always set apart from the residential choir and connected to them by a canopy - a covered passage. Served a fool for receptions. In addition to the upper room and the tomfold, the old choir also included luminaries and senniks (cold chambers, where, by the way, a wedding bed was arranged).
The main dwelling (cage) was still distributed, depending on the need, with cuts, spouts, aliens, squats, backsides, etc.
The choir also included courtyard buildings: cellars with cellars, saunas , cribs , barns and more. In the forest-rich Northern Russia, early mansions in two tiers are noticed. The front side of many ancient chorus consisted of three independent parts: in the middle were the canopies, on one side of which there were deceased upper rooms, and on the other, reception rooms.
A tower was built over the canopies even in poor mansions (approximately from the end of the 13th century ), and among the rich there was certainly a tower , otherwise called the “ attic ” (with bright squinting windows on all four sides).
Architecture and Interior
Rich mansions were mostly set up in the middle of the courtyard; the front porch extended into the middle of the front courtyard, taking the place between the entrance to the mansions and the gates of the courtyard.
During the construction of the choir, no plan or symmetry was observed; Apparently, in the originality of the parts, in their variety and independence, beauty, in the terms of ancient Russian architects , consisted in beauty. For external decoration the chorus with special care erected roofs , gable in simple cages and huts , but the rich usually have four slopes connected at the top to the sharp top of the pyramid; the latter, depending on its appearance, was called a cap, tent, sird and dianche . Especially high roofs were placed on the towers (called the tent and barrel), on the canopy and on the porch. Roofs were usually covered with a dog-dog (according to an old ploughshare ) and a police. The carved windows also served as an object of the choir's decoration.
Inside the chorus, the walls were mostly sheathed with a hedge trimmed carefully; wall and ceiling bars were scraped in the parallel mansions. It was a "dress" simple, carpentry; in later times and among the richer, there was still a “marquee outfit”, consisting of cleaning the rooms with cloth and other fabrics, and from the end of the 18th century - with “ tapestries ” - foreign woven wallpapers . This “outfit” also included carpentry (ceiling - ceiling, platbands) and wall and ceiling writing. Grand princely courtyards and palaces were built and decorated in the same way, not only wooden, but also stone (from the 17th century ), and distinguished from the rest by their choir only in their vastness and adaptability.
Proverbs
The concept is reflected in oral art [2] [6] :
- Whose yard, that and the mansions.
- The babies' mansions are short-lived.
- Crooked mansions, bast canopy, barefoot servants, greyhound dogs.
- The crow flew into the boyar (high) mansions . - Out of place, not worthy of honor.
- The crow flew into the royal mansions: there are a lot of honor, but there is no flight.
- Although the mansions are cheerful, they are not painfully healthy.
- Covered Horomina is not a caplet.
- A thief doesn’t break into an empty mansion.
- Do not listen to the heat, choromin (drown).
- They know about Yeryom in a large mansion.
- Great chorus, but empty.
- Mansions are good, but no defense.
See also
- Russian national dwelling
- Kolomna Palace
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Etymology . - Science, 1968 .-- S. 182. - 420 p.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Dal V.I. Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language .
- ↑ 1 2 3 Lydia Glinkin. Mansions. - Illustrated explanatory dictionary of forgotten and difficult words of the Russian language. - M .: World of Encyclopedias Avanta +, 2008 .-- S. 337. - 432 p.
- ↑ 1 2 3 M.R.Fasmer. Mansions. - Etymological dictionary of the Russian language . - M .: Progress, 1964-1973.
- ↑ Ushakov dictionary
- ↑ V. M. Mokienko. A large dictionary of Russian proverbs. - M .: OLMA Media Group, 2010 .-- S. 152, 965 .-- 1026 p. - ISBN 9785373032506 .
Literature
- I. E. Zabelin, “Identity Features in Russian Architecture” (“ Ancient and New Russia ”, 1878, vol. I);
- I. E. Zabelin, “Home Life of Russian Tsars”;
- N. I. Kostomarov , "Home life of the Great Russian people.
- Mansions // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.