The “Arzamas Society of the Unfaithful People”, or simply “Arzamas” ( October 14 ( 26 ), 1815 - 7 ( 19 ) April 1818 ) - is a closed friendly society and a literary circle that united supporters of the new “ Karamzinsky ” trend in literature. “Arzamas” set itself the task of combating archaic literary tastes and traditions, whose advocates consisted of the “ Conversations of Russian Word Lovers ” society, founded by A. S. Shishkov . Members of Arzamas were both writers (among others V.A. Zhukovsky , K.N. Batyushkov , A.S. Pushkin ), and political and public figures ( S.S. Uvarov , D.N. Bludov , D. V. Dashkov and others).
In contrast to the solemn official meeting "Conversations" of the meeting of "Arzamas" had the nature of cheerful friendly meetings. The name "Arzamas" was taken from Bludov's pamphlet , and all members of "Arzamas" were endowed with playful nicknames borrowed from Zhukovsky's ballads . So, Zhukovsky himself became Svetlana , Vyazemsky - Asmodey, Pushkin - Sverchka, etc. Inside the circle there were many different traditions parodying the foundations of "Conversations" and the Russian Academy , the Freemasons and the Orthodox Church. At meetings, the Arzamas read epigrams , humorous minutes and critically analyzed their own writings. The goose of the Arzamas breed , which was served on the table, became the symbol of society.
After joining the society of the future Decembrists and closing the "Conversations", the Arzamasians tried to make the work of the circle more serious and conceived the publication of their own journal. However, the matter did not go beyond the preparation of the plan. In 1818, Arzamas collapsed. The external reason was the departure of many of its members from St. Petersburg. In fact, the Arzamas did not agree on their social and political views.
Causes
Shishkov's language program
In Russia, the XVIII century in use were several varieties of the Russian language, which contrasted sharply with each other. On the one hand, there were types of written language: the language of church books ( Church Slavonic ), legal, etc. On the other hand, there was spoken Russian. The scientist M. V. Lomonosov (1711-1765) attributed each of these types of speech to a specific linguistic style: high (Church Slavonic), low (colloquial) and middle (words belonging to both languages). By mixing styles, Lomonosov proposed composing genres of classic literature, also divided into high (a mixture of high and medium styles) and low (a mixture of medium and low styles). Lomonosov himself worked in a high genre, that is, he wrote in a complex book language. The development of "medium" genres as averaging "high" and "low", their smoothing, took the poet A. P. Sumarokov and other poets of his school. These two directions set the course for the next generation of writers [1] .
Writer Alexander Semenovich Shishkov (1754-1841) headed for the Lomonosov school. He created a puristic language program, speaking for the preservation of Slavic linguistics and against the spread of foreign words in Russian. In particular, in opposition to borrowing, Shishkov invented his own words in the Slavic manner [1] [2] . The historian and writer Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin (1766-1826) took the opposite course. Through borrowing and the introduction of semantic cripples from French, he created a program of spoken Russian, which supposedly could form an educated society. In reality, at that time, the nobility in Russia, being bilingual , spoke mainly in French [1] .
By the beginning of the XIX century, the ideas of Shishkov and Karamzin continued to be relevant. Their followers in modern literary criticism are called "shishkovists" and "Karamzinists" or "archaists" and "innovators", respectively. In 1811 shishkovistov appeared its own literary society " Conversation of lovers of the Russian word " [1] . Among the members were Shishkov, G. R. Derzhavin , I. A. Krylov [2] . "Conversation" regularly held meetings at Derzhavin's house and published a periodical "Readings in the" Conversation of Russian Word Lovers "." In 1813 Shishkov occupied the post of president of the Russian Academy , where the main task was to compile an explanatory dictionary . The dictionary was maintained within the framework of linguistic purism, and an inseparable association was established between the Academy and the “Talk” [1] .
Shakhovsky's comedy
September 23 ( October 5 ), 1815 , the premiere of the play by the playwright and member of “Conversation” by A. A. Shakhovsky “A lesson to coquettes, or Lipetsk waters”, which was a satire on romantic writers and poet V. A. Zhukovsky in particular [2] . In it, positive characters were represented by patriots, while supporters of foreign and fashion trends are shown in a negative way. Also in some characters SS Uvarov and VL Pushkin were guessed [3] . Zhukovsky and his friends, the future Arzamas, were at the premiere [4] .
| One can imagine the position of poor Zhukovsky, on whom several indiscreet looks turned! You can imagine the surprise and anger around him sitting his friends! The glove was thrown; still boiling with youths Fornication and Dashkov hurried to raise her.From the memoirs of F. F. Vigel [4] . |
The comedy provoked a negative reaction from the future Arzamas people and provoked them to open confrontation to the “ghosts”. D. V. Dashkov and P. A. Vyazemsky after the premiere published their articles to Shakhovsky, and the texts and epigrams from the same Dashkova and D. N. Bludov , due to their causticity, are not suitable for printing, to the author of Lipetsk Waters »Reported F. F. Vigel to get revenge on him [4] . The conflict around the play served as the beginning of an open debate among archaists and innovators, as well as an impetus for Karamzinists to create their own society [1] .
Arzamas activities
1815-1816
Once Blud passing to the Orenburg province stopped in the city of Arzamas . In the hotel where he was accommodated, it seemed to him that some "unknown people" gathered around the table were talking about literature. This episode inspired him to compose a pamphlet in the address of Shakhovsky, and also became the reason for the name of the literary circle [comm. 1] [5] .
The Arzamas Society of Unknown People appeared on October 14 ( 26 ), 1815 . On this day, at the first meeting in the house of Uvarov, to whom the idea of creating such a society belonged, was attended by six people: Zhukovsky, Bludov, Uvarov, Dashkov, A. I. Turgenev, and S. P. Zhikharev [1] [4] . They refused to communicate with members of the "Conversation" and the Russian Academy in an unserious manner, having accepted the comic "baptism", after which everyone got nicknames taken from Zhukovsky's ballads [6] . At the following meetings, P. I. Poletika , D. P. Severin, and A. F. Voeikov were accepted into the circle [7] . Already at the third meeting, it was decided to “define the classes of Arzamas, <...> to engage in various pleasures, reading poems to each other, scratching each other with critical barbs and so on” [comm. 2] . At the fourth meeting, on November 18 ( 30 ), 1815 , Fornication offered to critically analyze the novelties of domestic and foreign literature, but "this proposal did not distress the members and did not produce any moral lust in their minds." As a result, they decided to disassemble and criticize their own writings [8] . At subsequent meetings, the Arzamas did just that. However, sometimes in a circle not only literary, but also social and political issues were raised [9] . Members of the society agreed to meet weekly, but with such periodicity meetings were held only during 1815. From the following year, Arzamas gathered about once a month [10] .
Among the Arzamas themselves there were different views on the activities of the circle. According to Uvarov’s memories, there was no clear goal. In his words, “Arzamas” was a society of young people, bound by their love for literature and their native language. Uvarov pointed to the "predominantly critical" orientation: in the circle, as a rule, they were engaged in the analysis of literary works. P. A. Vyazemsky saw in “Arzamas” a “school of mutual literary training, literary partnership”. Zhukovsky found predominantly frivolous, parodic elements in the character of meetings [9] .
In some moments, the literary tastes of the Arzamas were also dissimilar. Neoclassicism , antiquity , romanticism , French or German literary traditions were included, one by one, in the interests of various members of the circle [11] . However, they were all united in their views on Karamzin’s language reform. He was the main opponent of Shishkov and a reference point for "Arzamas" [12] . As a sign of respect, Karamzin was made an honorary member of the circle and held a separate meeting in his honor. In 1816, when Karamzin had to stay in Petersburg for printing the “ History of the Russian State ”, many people from Arzamas visited his house in Tsarskoe Selo . A. S. Pushkin, who was studying at the lyceum at that time, attended these meetings [11] . In the same year, for the first time, he proclaimed himself “Arzamas” - for example, he signs in the letter to Zhukovsky. However, consideration of his candidacy and official acceptance into the circle occurred later [13] .
In Arzamas, it was common to elect members before they agreed to join the society. Thus, on October 14 ( 26 ), 1815 , D. V. Davydov , Vyazemsky, V. L. Pushkin, and K. N. Batyushkov were registered in absentia in a circle, and Vigel was recorded on 22 October. Formally, Vyazemsky was first present at the meeting on February 24 ( March 7 ), 1816 , and V. Pushkin in March of the same year. When exactly Davydov was formally accepted is unknown [14] .
Especially for V. Pushkin, the Arzamas invented a comic ritual of introduction. Uvarov’s houses were dressed in a chiton sheathed with shells, they put on a wide-brimmed hat and gave out a staff. Vassily Lvovich was blindfolded and led into the room where the rest of the Arzamas people allowed crackers to his feet. Then, under Zhukovsky's speech, he was showered with fur coats, after which he was led to another hall and removed the bandage. There Pushkin had to pierce with an arrow a scarecrow, personifying Shishkov. During the ceremony, he also kissed the lyre and owl, took the goose from Dashkoff’s hands and washed the pelvis with water. Each element of the ritual had a symbolic meaning and was accompanied by the speech of one of the Arzamas [15] . November 11 ( 23 ), 1816 D. A. Kavelin joined the circle. At the same meeting, N.I. Turgenev was present for the first time, but so far he has not been accepted at Arzamas [16] .
1817–1818
On February 24 ( March 8 ), 1817 , N. Turgenev [17] was accepted into the circle, and on April 22 ( May 4 ), 1817 , M. F. Orlov [8] . On the day of his election, Orlov expressed the idea of publishing the Arzamas journal [9] . Vyazemsky, who lived in Moscow, even before this, wrote to his capital pals about such a need [18] . Although Zhukovsky insisted on the frivolous nature of the activity [16] (“Arzamas criticism must ride astride”, he said [9] ), Uvarov, Bludov and Dashkov did not agree with him [16] , and with the arrival of future Decembrists — H Turgenev and Orlov, who wanted to use the resources of Arzamas to translate their liberal ideas, it was decided to publish a magazine. The decision was taken unanimously. Only Bludov doubted, but he also supported the idea [19] . On August 27 ( September 8 ), 1817 , Batiushkov first came to the meetings, and A. A. Plescheev was also accepted [13] .
In Pushkin studies there is a problem of the exact dating of the election of A. Pushkin to the “Arzamas”. It is believed that he was elected in absentia in June-July 1817. It is allowed to attend some meetings before his election [13] . On August 13 ( 25 ), 1817 , another future Decembrist, N. M. Muravyov [14] , was received at Arzamas. The meetings at that time began to take a serious character, with which Zhukovsky could not accept. The Arzamas people planned to collect material for the four issues of the future journal until October. It was assumed that the first issue was to be released on January 1 ( 13 ), 1818 , and it was planned to issue 12 issues each year. Uvarov and Fornications were appointed editors. Zhukovsky's slapstick was hit when, in August 1817, they made up the “Charter of the Arzamas Society of Unknown People” with the goals of the society and the duties of the members [19] . During this period, the conversations of “Arzamas” acquired a political, largely seditious character. “The mind has receded from us! We stopped laughing - / Laughter broke into a yawn, the plague of the cursed Conversations! ”Zhukovsky sneered. [20]
By the end of 1817, part of the Arzamas people dispersed from St. Petersburg on business: Vyazemsky - to Warsaw, Dashkov - to Constantinople, Orlov - to Kiev, Poletika - to Washington. Bludov left for London. On this occasion, the last meeting of “Arzamas” was held on April 7 ( 19 ), 1818 [20] . It was attended by Bludov himself, both Turgenevs, Uvarov, Batyushkov, Vigel, as well as A. Pushkin as members of the circle for the first time [13] . The departure of the members of the circle was only an external reason for the completion of its activities. In fact, the Arzamas did not agree on their socio-political views [21] [22] .
| The slapstick was the cause of the birth of "Arzamas", and from that moment the buffoonery determined its character. We teamed up to laugh loudly like madmen; and I, elected secretary of society, made a considerable contribution in order to achieve this main goal, that is, laughter; I filled the protocols with nonsense, to which I suddenly discovered a tremendous attraction. As long as we remained only buffons, our society remained active and full of life; as soon as a decision was made to become serious, it died a sudden death.From Zhukovsky's letter to F. von Muller of May 12 ( 24 ), 1846 (original in French) [8] |
Members of the mug
At the time of the appearance of the charter of “Arzamas” and until the circle’s activities were completed, there were 20 people in society [23] :
| Portrait | Name, activity in the circle | Nickname |
| Sergey Semenovich Uvarov (1786-18555). In 1811, he married, according to calculations, the Maid of Honor, E. A. Razumovsky, the daughter of Count A. K. Razumovsky , who later became the Minister of Public Education . Thanks to the father-in-law, Uvarov received the rank of State Councilor and the place of trustee of the St. Petersburg school district [24] . It was Uvarov who owned the idea of creating a circle [1] . | The nickname “The Old Woman ”, taken from “The Ballad, which describes how one old woman rode a black horse together, and who sat in front” of Zhukovsky [25] . | |
| Dmitry Nikolaevich Bludov (1785–1864). From 1814 he served in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs [26] . Arzamatsy, parodying the tradition in the Russian Academy, read posthumous speeches in honor of the living members of the "Conversation" [1] . At one of the meetings, Bludov made a joking speech to I. S. Zakharov , who soon died. When leaving Zhukovsky Bludov replaced him in the role of secretary [1] . | The case of Zakharov served as an excuse to name Bludov " Cassandra ", as she, according to myth, predicted misfortunes [26] . The nickname also referred to the ballad of Zhukovsky of the same name [25] . | |
| Alexander Ivanovich Turgenev (1784–1846). In 1810 he was appointed director of the department of the General Directorate of Spiritual Affairs of Foreign Confessions. He connected with this position the rank and assistant to the state secretary in the State Council and the senior member of the Council of the law-making commission [27] . Despite the fact that he was one of the founders of the circle, he did not take part in his parody traditions. However, Turgenev was in constant correspondence with the Moscow members of Arzamas. Also thanks to him, Vyazemsky and Batiushkov received advantageous places, and Zhukovsky - retired. | In the Turgenev circle was known as the " Eolian Harp "; the nickname is given in honor of Zhukovsky's ballad of the same name [26] . | |
| Vasily Andreyevich Zhukovsky (1783-1852). By the time the circle was created, it was a famous poet [26] . He was glorified by the “Singer in the camp of Russian warriors,” written by him in 1812. In 1814, Zhukovsky wrote “A Message to Emperor Alexander” and, on the initiative of Empress Maria Fedorovna, moved to St. Petersburg, where he engaged in literary activities, and since 1817, he also taught at the court [28] . He was the permanent secretary of "Arzamas", recorded the minutes of meetings [10] . | In honor of his own ballad, he was nicknamed “ Svetlana ” [25] . | |
| Dmitry Vasilyevich Dashkov (1789–1839). From the mid-1810s he worked at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Even a few years before the existence of the circle, he was a member of the controversy with the archaists . Dashkov behaved markedly seriously, was quick-tempered and impatient. He stuttered, but when, as Vigel recalled, "he touched an important subject, he spoke smoothly, cleanly, without interruption." | Among the Arzamas people, he was nicknamed " Chu ", while Zhukovsky called him Dashenka [6] . “Chu” is an interjection often used in the ballads of Zhukovsky [25] . | |
| Stepan Petrovich Zhikharev (1787–1860). From 1806 he worked as a translator in the College of Foreign Affairs . Zhikharev was well acquainted with Shishkov and Derzhavin, and in the late 1800s participated in their literary meetings, and was also a member of the Moscow Society of Lovers of Russian Literature. Therefore, although he was not a pine cone, he had to read a posthumous speech in honor of himself [6] [29] . | He had the nickname "The Thunderer " in honor of the eponymous ballad of Zhukovsky [25] . | |
| Petr Ivanovich Poletik (1778–1849). From 1798 he was a translator at the College of Foreign Affairs . In 1802-1814 he worked in various Russian embassies in Europe and America. Peter Ivanovich was straightforward, spoke not much, but weighty. He loved to use everyday aphorisms or jokes in speech. He owns the phrase: “In Russia, there is salvation from bad measures taken by the government: bad execution” [7] . | Due to many moves, he got the nickname “ Enchanted Shuttle ” [7] , which also referred to “Adelstan”: " And, standing up, a stately swan Light chain pulled Along Reina back Enchanted Shuttle " [25] . | |
| Dmitry Petrovich Severin (1792–1865). Served as a diplomat. He was engaged in literary activity, but had no success. Wiegel recalled him: “... it was an amazing fusion of audacity with meanness; but one must admit - I have never seen a servility clothed with so dandy and noble forms ” [7] . | The nickname " Slap Cat ", taken from the ballad Zhukovsky "The Hermit": “ A frisky cat is circling before them; A cricket screams in the corner ... ” [25] | |
| Alexander Fedorovich Voeikov (1778—1839). The writer and translator Voeikov in 1814 married A. A. Protasova , to whom Zhukovsky dedicated the ballad “Svetlana”. Thanks to this marriage, he intermarried with the poet. His friendship with Vasily Andreevich helped him get into Arzamas, but the rest of the Arzamas people accepted him reluctantly and only because of respect for Zhukovsky [30] . | In society, he had two nicknames: " Smoky Stove " and " Two Huge Hands ." Both are taken from the works of Zhukovsky. The first is from the Hermit ballad: " And the old man sees hospitable, That his guest is sad And the bright light he smoky The stove laid out . " The second is from Adelstan: “ In the abyss the sounds were reflected; The recall struck along the river; Suddenly ... from the abyss appeared Two huge hands " [25] . | |
| Denis Vasilievich Davydov (1784–1839). With the rank of lieutenant colonel before the battle of Borodino, he first expressed the idea of the need for a partisan war. Successfully conducted guerrilla campaigns on enemy territory, and also distinguished himself in other military activities of the Patriotic War . As a result, he served to lieutenant general. He was also known as a poet - he wrote poems glorifying hussar life [31] . | In “Arzamas” he had the nickname “ Armenian ” taken from Zhukovsky’s ballad Alina and Alsim: " Once upon a time, Alina Sat; suddenly A merchant introduces an Armenian to her. Her spouse " [25] . | |
| Petr Andreevich Vyazemsky (1792-1878). In 1807 he was left an orphan, after which he was in the care of Karamzin, who was married to his older sister . This affected the literary interests of Vyazemsky. In 1808 he published the first poems, from the 1810s he turned to the genre of civil lyrics [32] . During the period of activity the circle lived in Moscow, nevertheless took an active part in the life of society. Thanks to the constant correspondence with A. Turgenev, Vyazemsky was in the know of all the news of the circle and its members [33] . | Arzamas' nickname - " Asmodey " [34] - taken from Zhukovsky's ballad "The Thunderer": " But all troubles find an end I have ways; The Creator is unkind to you - Resort to Asmodeus " [25] . | |
| Vasily Lvovich Pushkin (1766—1830). Poet, uncle of A. Pushkin [35] . He was older than many friends in a mug: at the time of entry he was 46 years old. However, Vasily Lvovich came together easily with young comrades, but without familiarity. The closest of all spoke with A. Turgenev and Vyazemsky [34] . | Got the nickname " Here " - an often repeated word in the ballad "Svetlana" [25] . A week after the opening ceremony, he was late for the meeting and during the dispute was renamed “ Here I am you ” and appointed headman [36] . Later, for bad poems, he was demoted and renamed Votrushka , but was soon restored to his rank and nickname [37] . | |
| Konstantin Nikolaevich Batiushkov (1787–1855). The famous poet. His mother suffered from a mental disorder that was inherited from him, and Batiushkov pursued anxiety about her fate all her life. Participated in the overseas campaign of the Russian army of 1813–14 , reached Paris. After staying abroad, he returned to St. Petersburg, where he fell in love with a young girl, Anna Furman. In desperation, he went to his regiment, who was stationed in Kamenets-Podolsk , and a year later he left military service forever, returned to St. Petersburg, where he joined the Arzamas [38] . | His name was " Achilles ", ironically over the small height of the poet [37] . The nickname also referred to the ballad of Zhukovsky of the same name [25] . | |
| Philipp Philippovich Vigel (1786-1856). By 1816 he was the ruler of the office of the architectural committee of St. Petersburg. He did not take an active part in the life of Arzamas; he was indifferent to the activities of the "Conversation" (to some extent even considered it useful). The Arzamas circle was a part of business interests, trying to keep in touch with influential people. He was known for his caustic utterances. At the moment when he wanted to say poignancy, he took a pinch of tobacco from the snuffbox, which he constantly turned in his hands. At the same time, it seemed to his friends that he was “biting” with his fingers, like a crane with a beak, which caused his nickname [39] . | " Ivikov " was in honor of Zhukovsky's ballad " Ivik Cranes " [26] . | |
| Dmitry Alexandrovich Kavelin (1778-1851). A friend of Zhukovsky, Dashkova and A. Turgenev in a Moscow university boarding school . At the time of entry into the circle was the director of the Main Pedagogical Institute . According to the memories of Vigel, Cavelin "almost always was silent, reluctantly smiled and was completely odd between us" [16] . | Had the nickname "The Hermit" in honor of the eponymous ballad of Zhukovsky [25] . | |
| Nikolai Ivanovich Turgenev (1789–1871). Future Decembrist . From 1813 he worked with the reformer of Germany, Heinrich Stein , which influenced Turgenev’s views on the peasant issue. Returning to Russia in 1816, he served on the drafting commission , in the Ministry of Finance and in the office of the State Council , where he was Assistant Secretary of State [40] . | Had the nickname " Warwick " [17] in honor of the eponymous ballad Zhukovsky [25] . | |
| Mikhail Fedorovich Orlov (1788–1842). He distinguished himself in the battles of the anti-Napoleonic wars, accepted the capitulation of Paris , and was promoted to major general. In 1815, became close with N. Turgnev, discussed with him a peasant question. Orlov was the first in the history of Russia of the XIX century openly in favor of the abolition of serfdom. During the period of his life in St. Petersburg, having joined Arzamas, he insisted on the release of the Arzamas magazine. I wanted to re-form the circle, direct it to social and political goals [41] . | He had the nickname " Rhine " in honor of the river, which appeared in the ballad of Zhukovsky "Adelstan" [25] . | |
| Alexander Alekseevich Pleshcheev (1778–1862). Translator and collegiate assessor . In retirement, he lived in a family estate in the Oryol province , where the neighborhood with the half-sister of Zhukovsky allowed him to meet the poet. Впоследствии они стали друзьями. После смерти жены Плещеев приехал в Петербург, где был принят, по инициативе Жуковского, в «Арзамас» [42] . | За свою внешность получил прозвище « Чёрный Вран », взятое из «Светланы»: « Чёрный вран, свистя крылом, Вьётся над санями… » [25] | |
| Никита Михайлович Муравьёв (1795—1843). Будущий декабрист , капитан гвардейского Генерального штаба, участник заграничных походов 1813—1814 годов. В Париже познакомился с деятелями французской революции, что также определило либеральные взгляды Муравьёва. По возвращении в Россию участвовал в создании первого тайного общества декабристов — « Союза спасения » [19] . | В «Арзамасе» имел прозвище « Адельстан » в честь одноимённой баллады. В записях Жуковского касательно арзамасского журнала упоминается некий « Статный Лебедь ». Предполагается, что это ещё одно прозвище Муравьёва [25] . | |
| Александр Сергеевич Пушкин (1799—1837). Хотел присоединиться к кружку, будучи ещё лицеистом, однако формально был принят в него только после окончания лицея и побывал в качестве полноправного члена лишь на его последнем заседании [13] . | За свои сочинения в арзамасском духе, которые он писал ещё в стенах лицея, получил прозвище « Сверчок », что отсылало к стиху из «Светланы»: « С треском пыхнул огонёк, Крикнул жалобно Сверчок, Вестник полуночи » [16] . |
Некоторых уважаемых ими людей арзамасцы производили в почётные члены общества. Избранные лица редко бывали на собраниях, не имели прозвищ и, как правило, не расписывались в протоколах заседаний. Такими лицами стали:
- Николай Михайлович Карамзин
- Александр Николаевич Салтыков
- Михаил Александрович Салтыков
- Юрий Александрович Нелединский-Мелецкий
- Иван Иванович Дмитриев [11]
- Иоанн Каподистрия [19]
- Григорий Иванович Гагарин [43] .
Формат собраний
Заседания «Арзамаса» проходили в неофициальной форме. Характер общения был дружеским и даже намеренно шутовским. Ирония присутствовала и в полном названии кружка — «Арзамасское общество безвестных людей», поскольку в действительности многие его члены обладали известностью и общественным влиянием. В качестве символа общества был выбран гусь арзамасской породы [2] . Его изобразили на печати «Арзамаса», а также традиционно подавали к столу в конце заседания [6] . В процессе собрания составлялись шуточные протоколы с использованием архаичной формы письма [2] . Их датировка производилась по шуточному летосчислению от начала «Липецкого потопа» — премьеры комедии Шаховского [44] .
«Арзамас» позиционировал себя как противоположность «Беседы» с её официальной серьёзностью, поэтому собрания были игровые и в иных моментах пародийные. Например, пародировалась традиция в Российской Академии, где практиковалось пожизненное членство и новый академик мог попасть на место старого только после смерти последнего, произнеся при этом речь в честь покойного. Новоиспечённые арзамасцы читали посмертные речи в честь живых шишковистов [1] , и только Жихарев (как действительный член шишковского общества) «отпевал» самого себя [6] . Также при вступлении в кружок зачитывалась клятва, пародировавшая клятву масонов [30] . На каждое собрание по жребию избирался президент или председатель [10] . И новоиспечённый член, зачитывая речь, и председатель должны были носить на голове красный колпак. Каким-либо образом провинившимся членам надевали белый колпак [44] .
Встречи проходили с разной периодичностью и в разных местах — как правило, по четвергам, преимущественно в Петербурге в домах Уварова (Малая Морская ул., 21), Блудова ( Невский проспект, 80 ), Тургенева (набережная р. Фонтанки, 20) и Плещеева (Галерная ул., 12) [45] . Часть арзамасцев жила главным образом в Москве. В. Пушкин, Давыдов, Вяземский, а также периодически приезжающий Батюшков составляли неофициальное московское крыло общества, которое иногда проводило собрания [29] . Было условлено нарекать «Арзамасом» любое место сборища нескольких членов кружка, даже если это место — «чертог, хижина, колесница, салазки» [6] . И действительно, 10 ( 22 ) августа 1816 года местом заседания стала карета, направлявшаяся в Царское Село. Арзамасцы спешили к В. Пушкину восстановить его в звании старосты [37] .
С приходом в кружок будущих декабристов — Н. Тургенева, Орлова и Муравьёва — галиматьи и буффонады на заседаниях стало меньше. Им на смену пришли политические беседы и планы по изданию журнала [19] .
Анализ деятельности
Из-за принадлежности большинства участников «Арзамаса» к литературной среде многие исследователи, в особенности специалисты советской эпохи, обращали внимание преимущественно на литературную составляющую деятельности клуба. Акцент делался на полемику между «новаторами», которые выступали за обогащение русского языка иностранными заимствованиями, и «архаистами», чья позиция была в сохранении основ русской речи и созданием слов, основанных на славянской лингвистической системе, на замену иноязычным. Данный спор, в частности, выделял советский литературовед Ю. Н. Тынянов [2] . До него говорилось о противостоянии классицизма и романтизма [1] . В современных исследованиях этот спор выходит за рамки языковедения и представляется как противостояние консерваторов и либералов [2] .
Выделяется и общественно-политическая цель «Арзамаса». Не дождавшись реформ в России после Отечественной войны 1812 года, либерально настроенные арзамасцы планировали к выпуску журнал, который, как предполагалось, должен был донести до читателей их основные идеи. Они видели Россию европейским государством, участником преобразования Европы после наполеоновских войн . Согласно их взглядам, государству нужны были реформы внутренней политики по образцу проводившихся во Франции после Реставрации Бурбонов [1] .
Филолог О. А. Проскурин в статье «Новый Арзамас — Новый Иерусалим» объяснял значение названия общества как воплощение идеи Translatio imperii , но в культурном или литературном ключе. Translatio imperii — это концепция о переносе политического и духовного центра Европы в новую столицу. Такие предполагаемые новые центры могли называть «Новый Рим» или «Новый Иерусалим». После наполеоновских войн данная идея вновь обрела популярность. «Общество безвестных людей» называло себя «Новым Арзамасом», намекая на то, что оно некий новый идейный центр, новый культурный «Иерусалим». Проскурин, сопоставляя все библейские отсылки в письмах и протоколах арзамасцев, приходит также к выводу, что во всей «галиматье» была структура — а именно пародия на православную церковь [46] .
| “ | Мы были уже арзамасцами между собою, когда Арзамаса ещё не было. Арзамасское Общество служило только оболочкой нашего нравственного братства. | " |
— Вяземский в письме к П. И. Бартеневу [47] . | ||
Историком литературы М. И. Гиллельсоном был введён термин «арзамасское братство». Здесь имеются в виду отношения арзамасцев с начала 1810-х годов, когда общность идей начала сплачивать будущих участников кружка, до восстания декабристов , когда их взгляды на политическое устройство резко разошлись. Таким образом, само существование «Арзамаса» в данной концепции является пиком деятельности братства, но не единственным её проявлением [48] .
Распад арзамасского братства
Вскоре после роспуска кружка у Батюшкова начали проявляться признаки душевной болезни. Врачи советовали ему перебраться в тёплый климат, и при помощи А. Тургенева он получил место в русском посольстве в Неаполе [49] [50] . 19 ноября ( 1 декабря ) 1818 года состоялись его проводы в Царском селе, где среди прочих были Муравьёв, А. Пушкин и Жуковский. Тогда друзья видели его в здравом рассудке в последний раз [49] .
Серьёзным катализатором распада арзамасского братства стало восстание декабристов 14 ( 26 ) декабря 1825 года, после которого Муравьёв был отправлен на каторгу в Сибирь, Орлов сослан в своё имение, а Н. Тургеневу был вынесен смертный приговор. Тургенев в тот момент находился за границей и отказался возвращаться в Россию [51] . Блудов был делопроизводителем Верховного суда над декабристами и согласился редактировать «Донесение следственной комиссии». Это решение привело к разрыву его отношений с Александром и Николаем Тургеневыми [1] [52] . Однажды при встрече А. Тургенев сказал Блудову в ответ на протянутую им руку: «Я никогда не подам руки тому, кто подписал смертный приговор моему брату», доведя того до слёз [51] .
Не только восстание на Сенатской площади , но и последовавший дух николаевского времени разобщил арзамасцев. Они окончательно расслоились: одни примкнули к либеральному крылу дворянства, другие к консервативному. В числе последних были Блудов, Дашков и Уваров, которые заняли министерские посты [51] . Уваров в 1833 году стал министром народного просвещения, ввёл теорию официальной народности , ужесточил цензуру, вступил в конфликт с А. Пушкиным, цензурировав его произведения [1] [52] . Полетика, Северин, Вигель, Жихарев вели умеренную службу, ничем не отличались [51] . Однако Северин отказался принять у себя А. Пушкина, когда тот находился в южной ссылке [7] . С годами братский круг арзамасцев сужался, и до конца верными арзамасской дружбе остались только А. Пушкин, Жуковский, Вяземский и А. Тургенев [53] .
See also
- Вольное общество любителей словесности, наук и художеств
- Дружеское литературное общество
- Зелёная лампа (1819—1820)
Comments
- ↑ По мемуарам литератора М. А. Дмитриева , кружок был назван в подражание Арзамасской школе живописи , основанной живописцом А. В. Ступиным , которую члены кружка в шутку называли Арзамасской Академией. Также в некоторых источниках утверждается, что название «Арзамас» взято из пародии Батюшкова
- ↑ Здесь и далее, если не указано иное, приводятся цитаты из протоколов собраний, записанных Жуковским.
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Пильщиков, Игорь ; Майофис, Мария. Что такое «Арзамас» . Arzamas . Дата обращения 20 ноября 2016. Архивировано 20 ноября 2016 года.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Казначеев, Сергей. Арзамасские гуси (рус.) // Литературная газета : журнал. — М. , 2015. — 23 сентября ( № 37(6525) ).
- ↑ Рогов, К. Ю. Шаховской А. А. // Русские писатели / под ред. П. А. Николаева. — М. : Просвещение , 1990. — Т. 2.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Гиллельсон, 1974 , с. 41—43.
- ↑ «Арзамасские протоколы», 1933 , с. 26
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Гиллельсон, 1974 , с. 55—59.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Гиллельсон, 1974 , с. 61—63.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Гиллельсон, 1974 , с. 67—69.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Гиллельсон, 1974 , с. 70—73.
- ↑ 1 2 3 «Арзамасские протоколы», 1933 , с. 28
- ↑ 1 2 3 Гиллельсон, 1974 , с. 102—106.
- ↑ Гиллельсон, 1974 , с. 100.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Проскурин, О. А. Когда же Пушкин вступил в Арзамасское общество? Academic Electronic Journal in Slavic Studies . Торонтский университет . Дата обращения 20 ноября 2016. Архивировано 20 ноября 2016 года.
- ↑ 1 2 Вацуро, В. Э. Утраченные стихи Пушкина («Арзамасская речь») (рус.) // Русская речь : журнал. — 1999. — № 3 . — С. 10—18 .
- ↑ Гиллельсон, 1974 , с. 81—84.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Гиллельсон, 1974 , с. 115, 117—120.
- ↑ 1 2 Гиллельсон, 1974 , с. 122, 124.
- ↑ Гиллельсон, 1974 , с. 127.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Гиллельсон, 1974 , с. 129—135.
- ↑ 1 2 Гиллельсон, 1974 , с. 138—140.
- ↑ «Арзамасские протоколы», 1933 , с. 19, 20.
- ↑ «Арзамасские протоколы», 1933 , с. 72.
- ↑ Гиллельсон, 1974 , с. 136.
- ↑ Гиллельсон, 1974 , с. 45.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 «Арзамасские протоколы», 1933 , с. 38—47.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Гиллельсон, 1974 , с. 48—53.
- ↑ Тургенев, Александр Иванович // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона . — Петербург : Брокгауз—Ефрон , 1901. — Т. XXXIV. - 482 s.
- ↑ Жуковский, Василий Андреевич // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона . — Петербург : Брокгауз—Ефрон , 1894. — Т. XII. - 480 s.
- ↑ 1 2 «Арзамасские протоколы», 1933 , с. 56.
- ↑ 1 2 Гиллельсон, 1974 , с. 64, 65.
- ↑ Давыдов, Денис Васильевич // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона . — Петербург : Брокгауз—Ефрон , 1893. — Т. X. — 480 с.
- ↑ Вяземский, Пётр Андреевич . Краткая литературная энциклопедия . Фундаментальная электронная библиотека . Дата обращения 20 ноября 2016. Архивировано 20 ноября 2016 года.
- ↑ «Арзамасские протоколы», 1933 , с. 58.
- ↑ 1 2 Гиллельсон, 1974 , с. 78—80.
- ↑ Пушкин, Василий Львович // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона . — Петербург : Брокгауз—Ефрон , 1898. — Т. XXVa. — 479 с.
- ↑ Гиллельсон, 1974 , с. 85—87.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Гиллельсон, 1974 , с. 89—92.
- ↑ Батюшков, Константин Николаевич // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона . — Петербург : Брокгауз—Ефрон , 1891. — Т. III. - 480 s.
- ↑ Гиллельсон, 1974 , с. 38, 39.
- ↑ Тургенев, Николай Иванович // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона . — Петербург : Брокгауз—Ефрон , 1901. — Т. XXXIV. - 482 s.
- ↑ Орлов, Михаил Федорович // Русский биографический словарь . - SPb. : Русское историческое общество , 1902. — Т. 12. — С. 356—360. - 480 s.
- ↑ Плещеев, Александр Алексеевич // Русский биографический словарь . - SPb. : Русское историческое общество , 1905. — Т. 14. — С. 94—95. - 802 seconds
- ↑ Гагарин, Григорий Иванович // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона . — Петербург : Брокгауз—Ефрон , 1892. — Т. VIIa. — 471 с.
- ↑ 1 2 «Арзамасские протоколы», 1933 , с. 10, 11.
- ↑ Чердаков, Д. Н. "Арзамас", лит. кружок . Энциклопедия Санкт-Петербурга . Дата обращения 20 ноября 2016. Архивировано 20 ноября 2016 года.
- ↑ Проскурин, О. А. Новый Арзамас — Новый Иерусалим (рус.) // Новое литературное обозрение : журнал. — 1996. — № 9 . — С. 73—129 .
- ↑ «Арзамасские протоколы», 1933 , с. 36.
- ↑ Гиллельсон, 1974 , с. 141—143.
- ↑ 1 2 Гиллельсон, 1974 , с. 165—168.
- ↑ Гиллельсон, 1974 , с. 50.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Гиллельсон, М. И. От арзамасского братства к пушкинскому кругу писателей / под. ed. Измайлова Н. В. . — Л. : Наука , 1977. — С. 6—7. — 199 с. — (Из истории мировой культуры).
- ↑ 1 2 Трунин, М. История России, созданная «Арзамасом» и «Беседой» . Arzamas . Дата обращения 20 ноября 2016. Архивировано 20 ноября 2016 года.
- ↑ Гиллельсон, 1974 , с. 220—221.
Literature
- Арзамас и арзамасские протоколы / вводная статья, ред. протоколов и прим. Боровковой-Майковой, М. С., предисловие Благого, Д. / под ред. А. Горелова . — Л. : Издательство писаталей в Ленинграде, 1933. — 305 с. — 3 500 экз.
- Гиллельсон, М. И. Молодой Пушкин и арзамасское братство . — Л. : Наука , 1974. — 229 с. — (Из истории мировой культуры). - 25 000 copies
Links
- «200 лет „Арзамасу“» — спецпроект образовательного портала «Arzamas». Спецпроект включает в себя группу статей, посвященных деятельности кружка.
- «Арзамасские гуси» — статья на сайте « Литературной газеты » об «Обществе безвестных людей».