Gothic

The word comes from Ital. gotico - unusual, barbaric ( Goten - barbarians; this style has nothing to do with historical Goths ^[2] ) - and was first used as swearing. For the first time, the concept in the modern sense was applied by Giorgio Vasari in order to separate the Renaissance from the Middle Ages . Gothic completed the development of European medieval art, arising on the basis of the achievements of Romanesque culture, and in the Renaissance (Renaissance), the art of the Middle Ages was considered "barbaric." Gothic art was religious in purpose and religious in theme. It appealed to the higher divine powers, eternity, the Christian worldview. Stand out early, mature and late Gothic.

Gothic style, mainly manifested in the architecture of temples, cathedrals, churches, monasteries. It developed on the basis of Romanesque , more precisely - Burgundian architecture. Unlike the Romanesque style, with its round arches, massive walls and small windows, the Gothic style is characterized by arches with a pointed top, narrow and high towers and columns, an ornate facade with carved details ( vimperga , tympanum , archivolt ) and multi - colored stained - glass pointed windows . All style elements emphasize the vertical.

The church of the monastery of Saint-Denis , designed by the abbot Suger , is considered the first Gothic architectural structure. During its construction many pillars and internal walls were removed, and the church acquired a more graceful appearance in comparison with the Romanesque "fortresses of God." In most cases, the Chapel of Saint-Chapelle in Paris was taken as a sample.

From Ильle-de-France (France), the Gothic architectural style spread to Western, Middle and Southern Europe - to Germany , England , etc. In Italy, he did not dominate for long and, as a "barbarian style", quickly gave way to the Renaissance ; and since he came here from Germany, it is still called "stile tedesco" - the German style.

In Gothic architecture, there are 3 stages of development: early, mature (high Gothic) and late ( flaming Gothic , the versions of which were also the styles of Manuelino (in Portugal ) and Isabelino (in Castile ).

With the advent of the Renaissance at the beginning of the 16th century north and west of the Alps , the Gothic style lost its significance.

Almost the entire architecture of Gothic cathedrals is due to one major invention of the time - a new frame construction, which makes these cathedrals easily recognizable.

Gothic Temple Symbols

In the XII century, Abbot Suger , who served in the first Gothic cathedral of Saint-Denis in Ile-de-France , wrote a treatise "On the Consecration of the Church of Saint-Denis", which described the symbolism of all elements of the architecture of the Gothic cathedral. According to Sugerii, a temple is a ship symbolizing the universe. The elongated interior of the temple is a nave (nef, from French navis - ship). This Universe is divided by a belt of stained-glass windows in the upper part of the temple, and an array of walls in the lower, into the mountain (heavenly) and dolny (earthly) world, respectively.

The walls of the temple, as the abode of God, are dematerialized in relief and sculptural lace. Such a structural element as an arch symbolizes the breaking of the cycle of time, because in general the image of the Gothic temple also carries a semantic load about the transience and finiteness of time (at that time the people of the Middle Ages were on the threshold of the imminent end of the world).

The Gothic rose symbolizes the wheel of Fortune and expresses the cyclical nature of time. In the unique Gothic stained glass windows in the rose window you can see scenes that refer to the cycle of time. The light that penetrates through bright stained-glass windows denotes Divine light, Divine providence (see Tabor Light ). Contemplating the stained-glass windows, a person is detached from the material, physical, human world and “falls” into the immanent, spiritual, Divine world ^[3] .

Arcbutane and buttress system

Romanesque cathedrals and churches usually used a cylindrical arch , which rested on massive thick walls, which inevitably led to a decrease in the volume of the building and created additional difficulties in construction, not to mention the fact that this predetermined a small number of windows and their modest size. With the advent of the cross vault, a system of columns, arcbutans and buttresses , the cathedrals took on the form of enormous openwork fantastic structures.

The basic principle of the construction is as follows: the arch no longer rests on the walls (as in Roman buildings), now the pressure of the cross vault is transferred by arches and ribs to the columns (pillars), and the lateral strut is perceived by the arkbutans and buttresses. This innovation made it possible to greatly lighten the structure due to the redistribution of loads, and the walls turned into a simple light “shell”, their thickness no longer affected the overall load-bearing capacity of the building, which made it possible to make many windows, and wall painting, for lack of walls, gave way to stained glass art and sculpture.

In addition, Gothic consistently used a lancet form in the arches, which also reduced their lateral spacing, allowing a significant part of the arch pressure to be directed to the support. Lancet arches , which with the development of Gothic architecture become more elongated, sharpened, expressed the main idea of ​​Gothic architecture - the idea of ​​the aspiration of the temple up.

Often, at the buttress of the arcbutan, a pinacle was placed on the buttress. Pinnacles are turrets completed with pointed spiers, which are often of constructive importance. They could be simply decorative elements and already in the period of mature Gothic architecture actively participate in creating the image of the cathedral.

Almost always built two tiers of arkbutanov. The first, upper tier was intended to support roofs that became steeper over time, and therefore heavier. The second tier of the Arkbutans also counteracted the pressure on the roof.

A possible arch span determined the width of the central nave and, accordingly, the capacity of the cathedral, which was important for the time when the cathedral was one of the main centers of city life, along with the town halls .

The most famous architectural monuments

•  

  Notre Dame Cathedral

•  

  Reims Cathedral , France

•  

  Chartres Cathedral , France

•  

  Gothic gallery of the monastery of Mont Saint-Michel , France

•  

  Milan Cathedral

•  

  Ca d'Oro , Venice

France

• Cathedral in Chartres , XII - XIV centuries.
• Cathedral in Reims , 1211 - 1330 , where the French kings were crowned.
• Amiens Cathedral , 1218 - 1268
• Notre Dame Cathedral , 1163 - XIV century
• Cathedral in Bourges , 1192 - 1390

Germany

• Cologne Cathedral , 1248 - XIX century
• Muenster Cathedral in Ulm , 1377 - 1543

England

• Canterbury Cathedral XII - XIV centuries., The main temple of the English kingdom
• Cathedral of Westminster Abbey XII - XIV centuries. in london
• Salisbury Cathedral 1220 - 1266
• Cathedral in Exeter 1050
• 11th century Lincoln Cathedral
• Cathedral in Gloucester XI - XIV centuries.
• Royal College Chapel , Cambridge 1446-1515
• The (Old) St. Paul's Cathedral in London 1001–1314

Czech Republic

• Gothic architecture of Prague
• St. Vitus Cathedral (1344-1929)

Spain

• Santa Maria del Mar

Italy

Gothic came to Italy much later, only by the 15th century. and did not receive the same strong development as in France and Germany .

• The Doge's Palace , (Palazzo Ducale). Venice It was laid back in the IX century. as a defensive structure, but was subjected to fires several times, as a result of which, it was rebuilt many times. The original square plan of the building with a large courtyard remained almost unchanged, and the current facades acquired their decor, reminiscent of the ornaments of Muslim buildings, by the beginning of the XV century. The first through floor is formed by a light arcade , on the second floor it is picked up by openwork columns with doubled step, on which a huge block of the third floor rests. For centuries, only this building in Venice was called the palazzo, all other palaces were modestly called Ca '(an abridged version of Casa, that is, just a house). It housed not only the Doge’s residence, but also the Council of the Republic, the court and even the prison.
• Milan Cathedral , 1386 - XIX century. It was originally conceived of such a huge size (40 thousand people fit in it) that with great difficulties it was partially completed only by the end of the 16th century. Construction began in 1386 , and in 1390 it was announced that fundraising and feasible assistance among the Milanese to accelerate the construction of the cathedral. The original plan involved brickwork, which can still be seen in the northern sacristy of the cathedral, but in 1387 the Duke of Visconti, who wanted to see the cathedral as a great symbol of his power, invited Lombard, German and French architects and insisted on using marble. In 1418 , the cathedral was consecrated by Pope Martin V , but remained unfinished until the 19th century, until the facade was completed under Napoleon . For more than five centuries, this cathedral was built and, as a result, combined many features of architectural styles, from Baroque to Gothic .
• Ca d'Oro ( Italian: Ca 'd'Oro - Golden House ) in Venice . Located on the Grand Canal, this palace has undergone many changes, and very little remains of the 15th century Gothic palace in the interior.

Interiors

•  

  Frankfurt am Main . Leonardkirche
•  

  Winchester Cathedral Interior

See also

• Brick gothic
• Spanish gothic
• Portuguese gothic
• Brabant Gothic

Sculpture

Sculpture played a huge role in creating the image of the Gothic cathedral. In France, she designed mainly its exterior walls. Tens of thousands of sculptures, from the cap to the pinnacles, inhabit the cathedral of mature Gothic.

The relationship between sculpture and architecture in Gothic is different than in Romanesque art. Formally, Gothic sculpture is much more independent. It is not subordinated to such an extent to the plane of the wall and even more so to the frame, as it was in the Roman period. Round monumental plastic is actively developing in Gothic style. But at the same time, Gothic sculpture is an integral part of the ensemble of the cathedral, it is part of the architectural form, since together with architectural elements it expresses the movement of the building upward, its tectonic meaning. And, creating an impulsive black-and-white game, it, in turn, enlivens, spiritualizes the architectural masses and promotes their interaction with the air.

Late Gothic sculpture was greatly influenced by Italian art. Around 1400, Klaus Sluther created a number of significant sculptural works for Philip of Burgundy , such as the Madonna of the facade of the Church of the Burial of Philip and the figure of the Well of the Prophets ( 1395 - 1404 ) in Shammol near Dijon . In Germany, the works of Tilman Riemenschneider ( German Tilman Riemenschneider ), Vit Stvoos ( German Veit Stoß ) and Adam Kraft ( German Adam Kraft ) are well known.

Painting

The Gothic trend in painting developed several decades after the appearance of style elements in architecture and sculpture. In England and France, the transition from the Romanesque to the Gothic style took place around 1200 , in Germany in the 1220s , and in Italy most recently around 1300 .

One of the main directions of Gothic painting was stained glass , which gradually replaced fresco painting. The stained-glass window technique remained the same as in the previous era, but the color palette has become much richer and more colorful, and the plots are more complicated - along with images of religious plots stained-glass windows on household themes appeared. In addition, not only color, but also colorless glass began to be used in stained-glass windows.

The Gothic period saw the heyday of book miniatures . With the advent of secular literature ( chivalric novels , etc.), the circle of illustrated manuscripts expanded, and richly illustrated hour books and psalms were also created for home use. Artists began to strive for a more reliable and detailed reproduction of nature. Bright representatives of the Gothic book miniature are the brothers of the Limburgs , the court miniatures of the Duke de Berry , who created the famous "Magnificent Theologian of the Duke of Berry" (c. 1411 - 1416 ). A prominent representative of the book miniature of the late XV - early XVI century was Robin Testar , who worked at the court of the Counts of Agulemi.

The portrait genre is developing - instead of a conditionally abstract image of the model, the artist creates an image endowed with individual traits inherent in a particular person ^[4] . An example is the work of Master Countess Warwick and his “Portrait of Edward Windsor, 3rd Baron Windsor, his wife, Catherine de Ver, and their family,” showing the everyday life of the English provincial aristocracy.

The almost thousand-year domination of the Byzantine canons in the visual arts ends. Giotto in the cycle of frescoes of the Scrovegni Chapel portrays people in profile, places figures in the foreground with their backs to the viewer, breaking the taboo of Byzantine painting from any angle except the front.He makes his heroes gesticulate, creates a space in which a person moves. Giotto's innovation is also manifested in his appeal to human emotions.

Since the last quarter of the 14th century, European art has been dominated by a style later called international Gothic . This period was a transition to the painting of the Proto-Renaissance .

The era of the late Middle Ages is characterized by the flourishing of urban culture, the development of trade, crafts. From the middle of the 13th century, the construction of secular buildings began - city halls , markets, shop houses, as well as luxury noble castles. All elements of the exterior and interior of the buildings obeyed the Gothic architectural form. One of the largest European castles of the era is the Avignon Papal Palace (1334–1364). Like other interiors of the Middle Ages, the decoration of the Papal Palace was only partially preserved. “Tapestry” wall paintings depicting hunting and fishing scenes made under the direction of Matteo Giovanetti are noteworthy .

The artistic weaving that came through the Muslim East was first developed in Scandinavia and Germany. Here, trellis not only adorned the interior, but also performed the functions of protection against drafts and warming the room. Since the end of the XIV century, the production of trellis in Europe has become an important branch of art craft. Large manufactories appear in Paris, later in Arras ^[5] . One of the outstanding works of the late Middle Ages, comparable to the best examples of fresco painting, is a series of trellises on the plots of the Apocalypse , the so-called Angers Apocalypse (1370–1375), commissioned by Louis I of Anjou . Preparatory drawings were done by miniaturist Enneken from Bruges . An example was the miniatures of the 10th century from the Commentary on the Apocalypse by Beatus of Liebana . The work was done by Parisian masters under the direction of weaver Charles V Nicolae Bataille. The trellis retains a planar image, emphasized by the two-dimensionality of the Comment space of the thumbnails. The theme of the confrontation between man and the forces of evil, in comparison with the original source, is solved in a more major way, with a pronounced folklore foundation.

In the 13th century, Gothic traditions are reflected in the art of a book miniature of the Paris school, the most famous example of which is the illuminated Psalter of St. Louis .

Dressuar - a cupboard , a product of late Gothic furniture. Often covered with paintings.

The furniture of the Gothic era is simple and heavy in the literal sense of the word. For example, for the first time, clothes and household items begin to be stored in cabinets (in antiquity, only a chest was used for these purposes). Thus, by the end of the Middle Ages, prototypes of the main modern pieces of furniture appeared: a closet, a bed , an armchair .

One of the most common techniques for manufacturing furniture was frame-panel knitting. The material used in the north and west of Europe was mainly local species of wood - oak, walnut, and in the south (Tyrol) and in the east - spruce and pine, as well as larch, European cedar, and juniper ^[6] .

The era of the Crusades made a revolution in the arms business. Europeans met in the East with light and forged steel.

Heavy chain mail is superseded by a new type of armor: pieces of metal joined by hinges can cover the surface of a complex shape and leave sufficient freedom of movement. The design of the new armor entailed the emergence of new forms of European clothing. Almost all currently known cutting methods were created at this time. Gothic fashion, in contrast to the previous free "shirt-shaped" Romanesque, manifested itself in a complex and tight-fitting clothing. The peak of its development in the Gothic costume reaches the end of the XIV-XV centuries, when the fashion created at the Burgundy Court spread throughout Europe. The men's dress was shortened in the fourteenth century: now only elderly people, doctors, and judges wear long clothes. A tight-fitting jacket (from the end of the XIV century upeland), tight high-necked shirts, a short cloak - clothes embody the aesthetic ideal of the era - the image of a slender young man, a gallant gentleman. In women's clothing, the skirt is separated from the bodice. The width of the skirt is increased by additional fabric inserts. The upper part of the costume is a narrow bodice with narrow long sleeves, a triangular neckline on the chest and back. The woman's body is leaned back, forming an S-shaped silhouette, called the "Gothic curve." Similar to the architecture of that period, Gothic clothing received a vertical orientation: the sheer ends of the upper sleeves, sharp cuffs, groins, sophisticated frame hats, elongated upwards ( atura ) and pointed boots emphasized this trend. The most popular and expensive color was yellow, which was considered masculine.

Gothic has become one of the sources of inspiration for the founders of the Renaissance in Italy - Brunelleschi and Donatello . In Central Europe, Gothic constructions were built up to the 17th century, and then Gothic architectural principles were woven into the existing version of Baroque architecture ^[7] .

Attitude to any of the artistic styles of the past was not as changeable as to Gothic. Starting from the Renaissance , Gothic was perceived as a symbol of everything dark and backward. Gothic art seemed artificial, divorced from nature. So, Giorgio Vasari wrote:

In these buildings, which are so numerous that the world is plagued by them, the doors are decorated with columns thin and twisted like a screw, which can not bear the load, no matter how light it may be. In the same way, on all the facades and other decorations, they hoisted the devil knows what tabernacles one on top of with so many pyramids, spiers and leaves that they can not only resist, but it seems incredible that they can carry anything, and such they look like they are made of paper, not stone or marble. And in these works they arranged so many ledges, gaps, consoles and curls that deprived their things of any proportionality, and often, piling one on top of the other, they reached such a height that the top of the door touched their roof. This manner was invented by the Goths, because after the ancient buildings were destroyed and the wars destroyed the architects, the survivors began to build in this manner, displaying arches on lancet arches and filling the whole of Italy, the devil knows what structures, and since there are more If they don’t build, then their manner is completely out of use. God forbid any country from the mere thought of works of this kind, so formless in comparison with the beauty of our buildings, that they do not deserve to talk more about them than is said.

But already in the 17th century, in contrast to Moliere ’s judgment of Gothic cathedrals as “monsters”, “traces of ignorant years,” Vincent Sablon expresses a completely different point of view in his poem about the Chartres Cathedral , singing in it the work of Gothic architects ^[8] .

A sharp change in relation to Gothic occurred in the XVIII and especially in the XIX centuries. It was associated with the struggle of the classic and rational theories of the XVIII century with the nascent romanticism . During this period, interest in the Middle Ages and its artistic culture increased in Europe. Gothic aesthetics arose in the middle of the 18th century in England as a reaction to the rationalism and empiricism of the Enlightenment (see the article Gothic Direction in the Art of the New Age ). Gothic was perceived in the halo of romantic fantasy and mystery. A poetic and philosophical comprehension of medieval art culture took place ^[9] .

Neo-Gothic ( Eng. Gothic Revival - "revival of Gothic") - the art style of the XVIII and XIX centuries., Borrowing the forms and traditions of Gothic. Neo-Gothic originated in Great Britain , but gained distribution also in continental Europe, and even in America.

Sometimes neo-Gothic elements were most intricately intertwined with the latest technologies for that time, for example, the foundations of the Brooklyn Bridge in New York had arches in the form of Gothic windows. The most outstanding example of neo-Gothic architecture is the British Parliament building in London . In the United States, the neo-Gothic St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York should be noted.

A unique example of Gothic buildings on the territory of Russia is the Faceted Chamber of 1433 ^{[10] [11]} and, probably, the belfry of St. Sophia Cathedral (1439) in Veliky Novgorod , connected in the Middle Ages with Western Europe. The belfry was repeatedly rebuilt in the 16th – 20th centuries.

In the Middle Ages in Russia, which was in the sphere of influence of the Byzantine civilization, Gothic was practically unknown. Some similarities with European Gothic can be seen in the architecture of the walls and towers of the Moscow Kremlin , designed by Italian architects.

Gothic architecture penetrated into Russia only in the Neo-Gothic era, that is, at the end of the 18th century . The appearance of neo-Gothic in Russia is associated with the name of the architect Yuri Matveevich Felten . In St. Petersburg (Moscow region), according to his design, the neo-Gothic Chesmensky Palace (1774-1777) and the Chesmenskaya Church (1777-1780) were built.

The neo-Gothic style was clearly manifested in the imperial residence in Tsaritsyno (1776–1796) in Moscow , the most outstanding monument of “Russian Gothic” and the largest pseudo-Gothic complex in Europe ^[12] . An ensemble of several buildings and structures was built according to the project of the architect Vasily Bazhenov ; after his removal - according to the project of Matvey Kazakov ( Grand Palace ). According to the plans of the architects, next to the elements typical of European Gothic, there are also elements typical of Russian Baroque architecture and classicism leading at that time. The residence consists of the Grand Palace (built in 1786 - 1796 ), the Opera House , the Bread House and other buildings. Empress Catherine II , commissioned by the residence, found the Bazhenov version of the residence too gloomy (“This is not a palace, but a prison!”); perestroika lasted for many years and stopped after the death of the empress. Currently, this palace complex has been restored and reconstructed.

One of the typical examples of neo-Gothic architecture in Moscow can be considered the Roman Catholic Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary , built in 1901 - 1911 . The own house of architect Fedor Shekhtel in Ermolaevsky Lane (1896) is a vivid example of neo-Gothic architecture. The house is decorated with pointed peaks and stained glass windows (preserved).

A number of religious buildings built in the Neo-Gothic style are available in the Volga region and in the eastern part of Russia. In particular, the Catholic Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus in Samara ( 1906 ), the Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Irkutsk ( 1881 - 1884 ), and others are built in this style.

Samples of medieval Gothic in Russia can be seen in the Kaliningrad region (formerly East Prussia ). About twenty castles (see Castles of the Kaliningrad Region ) and a large number of churches (see Kirchs of the Kaliningrad Region ) have been preserved here, but most of them are in ruined condition. In Kaliningrad itself, the medieval Cathedral and a large number of neo-Gothic monuments (15 city gates, churches) were virtually restored from scratch.

A small number of buildings have been preserved in the Leningrad Region . Most of them can be found in Vyborg : the House of the Merchant Guild of the Holy Spirit , the Manor of the burgher , the Guild House , the city dweller's house , the bank building on the Market Square , the market building , the Hyacinth Church (16th century) in the Old Town , but the most important is the only one in Russia (except for the Kaliningrad region) the medieval Vyborg castle , founded by the Swedes in 1293 . The neo-Gothic cathedral has not survived to this day. It was partially destroyed in 1944 and finally demolished in the 1950s. The idea of ​​rebuilding the cathedral, according to old drawings, did not receive support. In the city of Primorsk , the building of the Lutheran Church of Mary Magdalene (the beginning of the 20th century) has been preserved.

The water tower in the city of Inte of the Komi Republic was built in the Gothic style (1955). The architect was the Swedish political prisoner Arthur Tamvelius.

Gothic style spread in Poland during the XIV-XV centuries. In the south, in the Krakow region, French-style Gothic dominated. German Gothic spread to the West and North of Poland. Significant distribution of Gothic art was in the cities of German colonists. The Teutonic Knights , whose great masters were often professional builders, adopted that particular style of Gothic architecture in the wealthy cities of the Hansa. Some of these structures, the Church of the Mother of God in Danzig (1345–1503) and the most significant brick structure - the palace of the Grand Masters in Marienburg (1276–1335), had a great influence on the construction in Northeast Poland. Czech Gothic art, represented by the students of Peter Parleř, also influenced it. Late Gothic style flourishes in Poland only in the 15th century.

The oldest sculptural sights of Poland are the decoration of Romanesque churches, in particular the bronze gates of the cathedral in Gniezno (1129–1137) and the doors of the cathedral in Plock . Gothic sculptural sights date back to the XIV — XV centuries. The most famous of them are statues of the princes of the Piastiv dynasty, which are preserved in Wroclaw , Opole, Kresoborz, Lubusz and Krakow .

From the middle of the XIV century, a carver acquired significant development in Poland. Several good examples of carved wooden altars have survived to our times (the altar of Vita Stvoš in Krakow). In the Mariacki Church (Marienkirche), the altar is the largest Gothic carved altar in the world (height - 13 m, width - 11 m, height of figures up to 2.80 m).

The best examples of painting include miniatures and ornaments in a manuscript that contains the life of St. Jadwigs created by Nikolai Pruss (in 1353). Bohemian miniature art, which was a combination of French and Italian traditions with original Czech elements, reached Poland only in the 15th century.

One of the most interesting periods in the history of architecture of Ukraine is the end of the XIV - the first half of the XV century. In the western lands, which suffered less than others from the Mongol-Tatar invasion, then cities grow, crafts and trade develop. Many settlers arrive in Ukrainian cities, mainly Germans, who brought to the art, and in particular to architecture, new style forms. Among religious buildings, Catholic churches prevailed. The decisive role in the formation of the new style was played by the Lviv Cathedral Church . The construction of the Latin Church was started by the Lviv architect P. Staher in 1360, continued the work of I. Grom and A. Rabish, and G. Stekher completed the construction in 1479.

Gothic verticality of the building is reinforced by a high gable roof. The tower on the main facade has a Baroque completion and is located asymmetrically, since the second bell tower remained unfinished. In the interior, high beam columns support lancet arches and a vault with Gothic ribs; the walls and arch are covered with frescoes. The interior and exterior decoration of the building preserved many works of memorial sculpture.

В центре города Чортков Тернопольской области расположен островерхий костёл святого Станислава, построенный в 1731 году как главный храм монастыря кармелитов. Монастырь в настоящее время не действует, а костел перестроили в начале XX столетия в неоготическом стиле.

Также в Харькове находится Собор Успения Пресвятой Девы Марии .

Расцвет кафедральной готики в Украине приходится на времена правления короля Владислава II Ягайло (1386—1434).

• Неоготика
• Готический шрифт
• Готика (жанр в литературе и кино)
• Готический доспех
• Кибер-готы (субкультура)
• Готы (субкультура)
• Готическая архитектура Праги

In Russian:

• Готическое зодчество // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• Искусство Средних веков. Искусство готики — электронный альбом на CD , электронное издательство «Директмедиа», М., 2008
• Всеобщая история искусств, Т.2, М., «Искусство», 1960
• Дзуффи С. Большой атлас живописи. Изобразительное искусство 1000 лет. — М.: ОЛМА-Пресс, 2002, ISBN 5-224-03922-3
• Каптерева Т. П., Искусство Испании, М., «Изобразительное искусство», 1989
• Мерцалова М. Костюм разных времён и народов. Т.1 — М.: Академия моды, 1993, С. С. 179—222, ISBN 5-900136-02-7
• Муратова К. М., Мастера французской готики 12-13 вв, М,."Искусство", 1988
• Ювалова Е. П. Готика // БСЭ . — 3-e изд. — Т. 7. — М.: Советская энциклопедия , 1972.

На немецком:

• Suckale, R. / Weniger, M.: Malerei der Gotik. Taschens Epochen und Stile. Taschen, 1999.
• Jantzen, H.: Die Gotik des Abendlandes. Idee und Wandel. DuMont, 1997.
• Kurt Gerstenberg: Deutsche Sondergotik, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt, 1969
• Dieter Kimpel, Robert Suckale: Die gotische Architektur in Frankreich : 1130 − 1270, München 1985.
• Werner Müller: Grundlagen gotischer Bautechnik, München 1990.
• Jantzen, H.: Kunst der Gotik. Klassische Kathedralen Frankreichs — Chartres, Reims, Amiens. Reimer, 1987.
• Erlande-Brandenburg, A.: Triumph der Gotik: 1260—1380. (Universum der Kunst, Bd. 34). Beck, 1988.
• Duby, G.: Die Zeit der Kathedralen. Kunst und Gesellschaft 980—1420. Suhrkamp, 1992.
• Uwe A. Oster: Die großen Kathedralen. Gotische Baukunst in Europa, Darmstadt 2003.

In English:

• Ulrike Laule, Architecture of the Middle Ages. 2004. Feierabend, ISBN 3-89985-053-X

• Gothic Churches of Lviv. Abstract of MA Thesis // Annual of Medieval Studies at Central European University 1996-97 / ed. M. Sebok. — Budapest, 1998. — Vol. 4. — S. 97-98.
• Козубская О. Б. Сакральная готика средневекового Львова: исторический контекст. — Диссертация на соискание учёной степени кандидата исторических наук по специальности 07.00.01. — История Украины. — Институт украиноведения им. И. Крипякевича НАН Украины. — Львов, 2003. Автореферат (на укр.)

• Одежда периода Бургундских мод (поздняя готика) : статья. — 2009. — 14 августа.
• Architecture (unspecified) . Ukranian Gothic Portal (декабрь 2008). — «Готическая Архитектура» — статьи, иллюстрации, глоссарий и другие тематические материалы.
• Alexander Speltz. Стили орнамента: Готический стиль (unspecified) . — 82 страницы о Готике с иллюстрациями и пояснениями из книги Александра Спельца «Орнаменты стиля».