Central Russian Upland - an elevation located within the East European Plain from the latitudinal section of the Oka River Valley in the north to the Donetsk Ridge in the south. In the north-west, the Smolensk-Moscow Upland adjoins the Central Russian Upland [1] . In the west it is bounded by Polesskaya , in the southwest - by the Dnieper lowland , and in the east - by the Oka-Don plain ( Tambov plain ). Length - about 1000 km, width - up to 500 km, height 200–253 m (the largest - 305 m [2] ); the southeastern part is called the Kalach Upland .
| Central Russian Upland | |
|---|---|
 Sturgeon Valley | |
| Specifications | |
| Square | |
| Highest point | |
| Highest point | 303 m |
| Location | |
| Country |
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Content
Relief, geology
The Precambrian crystalline basement is most elevated in the middle part of the hill and emerges to the surface in the Don River Valley, between the cities of Pavlovsk and Boguchar . In the north it is composed of Devonian and Carboniferous limestones , overlain by sandy-clay deposits of the Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous , in the south - by chalk and marl of the Upper Cretaceous with a cover of paleogene sands, clays, sandstones. Loesslike loams and loesses are ubiquitous on the surface.
Minerals: iron ores of the Kursk magnetic anomaly (the most significant Mikhailovsky deposit ), colossal reserves of limestone and chalk , brown coal near the Moscow coal basin , industrial reserves of uranium ores . Exits of granites, deposits of cement raw materials and other building materials.
The erosion relief is ravine-girder-valley, with a density of dissection up to 1.3-1.7 m per 1 km² and a depth of 50 m to 100-150 m, karst is developed in places.
Hydrography
The Central Russian Upland is a watershed between the Caspian , Black and Azov Seas. Large rivers flow down from the hill - the Oka (with tributaries of Zusha , Vytebet , Upa , Zhizdra and others), Desna , Seim , Psel , Vorskla , Don (with a tributary of Seversky Donets ).
Vegetation and fauna
The Central Russian Upland is located in the subzone of deciduous forests of the forest zone, in the forest-steppe and steppe ; the prevailing soils are thick and leached chernozems , in the north - gray forest soils , and in the west, except for gray forest - massifs of podzolic soils . The territory is heavily plowed. Oak , linden and ash forests grow on slopes with ravine-beam sections .
The following reserves are located on the Central Russian Upland:
- Belogorye
- Bryansk forest
- Voronezh
- "Galicia Mountain"
- Kaluga notches
- Central Black Earth
and national parks:
- Desnyansk-Starogutsky
- Oryol Polesie
- Ugra
History
The Central Russian Upland in its northern parts and partially along the western and eastern slopes was covered with glacier (see the Dnieper Glaciation ). In these areas, deposits of glacial origin are found in the form of a washed moraine , the thickness of which varies up to 15 m. Typical moraine deposits are noted on the right bank of the Oka River between Aleksin and Serpukhov. More often on the Central Russian Upland you can find strips of fluvioglacial sands stretched along river valleys [3] .
The considerable extent of the territory from north to south and the differences in its landscape structure make it possible to distinguish Sumy and Kharkov elevated regions in it.
Only the far south-western spurs of the Central Russian Upland enter the territory of Ukraine . In tectonic terms, they are confined to the slope of the Voronezh massif . Here, the immersion depth of the crystalline basement is 300–500 meters. Spurs form a hilly rugged relief with outcrops of Cretaceous rocks.
The Central Russian Upland has characteristic climatic conditions, which are distinguished by the greatest continentality in comparison with neighboring regions of Ukraine.
Population
The population of the hill exceeds 7 million.
The share of rural residents is more than 35% of the population of the territory.
Largest cities: Kharkov , Voronezh , Lipetsk , Tula , Kursk , Bryansk , Belgorod , Kaluga , Orel , Sumy , Stary Oskol , Novomoskovsk , Yelets , Zheleznogorsk .
Attractions
Notes
- ↑ Zhmakin E. Ya., Zhmakina N.V. The Baryatinsko-Sukhinichi plain is the Central Russian or Smolensk-Moscow Upland? / / Nature and history of the mountains. Issue 4. Kaluga: Information Center “Postscript” - 2006 ° C. 36-40. (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment November 29, 2013. Archived December 3, 2013.
- ↑ The highest point of the Central Russian Upland is geographically located in the village of Raevo in the Teplo-Ogaryovsky District of the Tula Region (according to the articles: Teplo-Ogarevsky District (Inaccessible link) . Information and analytical portal of the Tula Region "71 regions". Date of treatment January 7, 2010 Archived on August 22, 2011. And On the top of the Russian land there is no living soul , National News Agency (10/19/06). Date of treatment January 7, 2010. )
- ↑ Karandeeva M.V. Geomorphology of the European part of the USSR - M .: Moscow Publishing House. University, 1957-313 p.
Literature
- Kashkin A. V. , Uzyanov A. A. On the problem of studying the Central Russian Upland in antiquity and the Middle Ages (according to archeology and paleogeography) // Materials of the regional scientific conference "Archeology of the southeast of Russia." - Elets: EGPI, 1998 .-- 81 p. - 60 copies.
- Kashkin A.V., Uzyanov A.A. Development of the Central Russian Upland in the Stone, Bronze and Iron Ages // Archeology of the Central Black Earth Region and adjacent territories: Abstracts of a scientific conference / Otv. ed. A. N. Bessudnov ; Lipetsk state. ped Institute , (and others). - Lipetsk: B. and., 1999 .-- 250 p.
- Kashkin A.V. Mastering the Central Russian Upland in Antiquity and the Middle Ages // Transactions of the Institute of Practical Oriental Studies / Ed. Coll .: V.V. Boytsov , G. M. Bongard-Levin , L. G. Gubareva, D. V. Deopik (pres.), B. A. Zakharyin , A. M. Karapetyants , E. V. Maevsky , A.V. Meliksetov , D.V. Mikulsky , L.V. Posuvalyuk, A.L. Fedorin ; Repl. ed. volumes: D.V. Mikulsky, V.V. Orlov; Institute of Practical Oriental Studies . - M .: Oriental literature , 2005. - T. I: Collection of articles on the 10th anniversary of IPV. - S. 56-64. - 296 p. - 400 copies. - ISBN 5-02-018470-5 . (in per.)
Links
- Central Russian Upland
- Central Russian Upland at photoukraine.com