Camaldula , Camaldolians ( Latin Camaldulani , Camaldolitae , Camalduenses ) - a Catholic monastic congregation of an autonomous type. The name comes from Ital. Camaldoli - terrain in the mountains near Arezzo , where in 1012 Romuald laid the first community of kumaldul.
| Kamaldula | |
|---|---|
| Full title | Kamaldul Congregation of the Order of St. Benedict, Congregation of Camaldulian Eremites of Monte Corona |
| Latin name | Congregatio Camaldulensis Ordinis Sancti Benedicti, Congregatio Eremitarum Camaldulensium Montis Coronae |
| Abbreviation | OSBcam, ECMC |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Founder | St. Romuald |
| Established | XI century |
| Site | camaldolese.org |
Content
Organization
At the beginning of the XXI century, two Kamal-Dul Congregations function:
- Kamaldul Congregation of the Order of St. Benedict ( Latin Congregatio Camaldulensis Ordinis Sancti Benedicti, OSBCam ) - is headed by the general prior of the monastery of Camaldoli ( Italian: Eremo di Camaldoli , Italy). In 2002 , the congregation numbered 121 monks (65 priests) and 8 monasteries.
- The Congregatio Eremitarum Camaldulensium Montis Coronae (ECMC ) Kamaldulian Eremite Congregation is headed by the head priest of the Sacro Monastery, Eremo Tuscolati. In 2014 , the congregation consisted of 57 monks (29 priests) and 9 monasteries ( Italy , Poland , Spain , the USA and Colombia ) [1] .
In addition, in 2002 , there were 13 female kamaldul monasteries (151 nuns). All convents are subordinate to local bishops and are not structurally united.
History
The main merit in creating a new type of monasteries belongs to the Italian monk - St. Romuald, who was previously a monk of the Benedictine monastery in Ravenna (in Sant Apollinar in Class ). In 1012, St. Romuald founded a monastery near the village of Camaldoli (the first church was consecrated in 1027) and introduced the rules of the Benedictine statute, reinforced by new decrees. The reforms undertaken by him were aimed at revising the Benedictine charter in the direction of greater severity, increased austerities and the individual aspect of monastic life. The main features of the Kamaldolian charter were very strict fasting , vows of silence, the practice of reading the Liturgy of the hours at night, and the extreme mortification of the flesh, including the wearing of hair shirts .
In the 11th – 13th centuries, Camaldolian monasteries spread throughout Italy (for example, Badia Pozztseveri , near Lucca ). At the kamaldul monasteries, hospitals began to be established where they provided free medical care.
In the XIII- XIV centuries , disagreements began within the Camaldolians related to a different vision of monastic life, supporters of the Eremite trend stood for the solitary life of the monks, in the Eremite monasteries the brothers came together only for joint services; while supporters of kinovii advocated sociable communism close to Benedictine.
Despite the fact that the Eremite direction finally prevailed, the Kamalduls did not succeed in creating an order with a single structure, and throughout their history, the Kamaldul monasteries were united into independent congregations.
In 1935 , Pope Pius XI united all the Kamaldul Congregations, with the exception of the Monte Corona Congregation, into one Kamaldul Congregation of the Order of St. Benedict. This congregation also includes the birthplace of Kamaldul - the monastery of Camaldoli. The Monte Corona Congregation continues to be independent.
Notes
Literature
- Cenni storici del sacro eremo di Camaldoli preceduti da alcune brevi notizie intorno Vallombrosa e la Verna per comodo dei forestieri. Firenze, 1864.
- Camaldula // Catholic Encyclopedia . T.2. M .: Franciscan Publishing House, 2005.
Links
- Monte Corona Camaldulian Eremite Congregation (ECMC)
- Kamalduly // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- Foresta e monaci di Camaldoli: un rapporto millenario tra gestione e conservazione, a cura di Carlo Urbinati e Raoul Romano. sl, 2008-2009 . ISBN 978-88-8145-326-9 (contains the base chronograph of the Kamaldul order)