Carmelites - Catholic women's monastic orders and congregations , connected by a common spiritual tradition with the Carmelites and living by the rules based on the Carmelite statutes . [one]
Content
History
XIII and XIV centuries
Already in the XIII - XIV centuries , with the advent of the Carmelite monks in Europe, girls and women who wanted piety accepted their spiritual guidance and followed private rules based on the Carmelite statutes. [2] Some became recluses who lived in perfect closure and unceasing prayer. [2] Others united in small communities without making monastic vows. [2]
The first known woman who received rules based on the Carmelite statutes in the second half of the 13th century was Jeanne Carmelita . [3] The rules were drawn up for her by the general prior of the order, Simon Stoke . [4] She led a reclusive life at the Carmelite convent in Toulouse , in southern France. [3]
In the XIV century, women's communities at the Carmelite monasteries, who lived under the spiritual guidance of monks, appeared in Italy (Bologna, Florence, Venice), the Netherlands (Haarlem), Belgium (Liege), France (Valenciennes), Spain (Barcelona) and Germany (Geldern, Dinan)); in Italy they were called mantelates , in Germany and the Netherlands they were beggars . [5] Girls and widows who joined such communities signed an act by which all their property was transferred to the monastery, which was then spent on their maintenance. [five]
In 1450, the community in Geldern , in Germany, was the first to appeal to the General Prior of the Order, Jean Soretu, with a request to allow them to take eternal monastic vows and to adopt monastic vestments, and on May 10, 1452, received his blessing. [6] In August of the same year, the community in Florence received the same blessing by the Priory-General of the Order. [7] At the same time in Florence, the leadership of the Carmelites decided to apply to the Pope with a request to approve the female branch of the order. [7]
Bulla Cum nulla
On October 7, 1452, Pope Nicholas V approved the founding of the female branch of the Carmelite Order by Bulla Cum nulla . [eight]
“ Nikolai is a bishop, a servant of God's servants, in the eternal memory of this.
So, as it is impossible to establish religious groups for believers without the permission of the Supreme Pontiff, and for the monastic communities of virgins, widows, runaways, mantellats and others like them, living under the name and cover of the Order of the Most Holy Virgin Mary from Mount Carmel, or in the future wishing (to live like this), not to live without the approval of the Apostolic See, with this message we announce the approval for them of the way of life, organization and patronage of the aforementioned order and the superior general, as well as the provincial superiors and we leave to them the same privileges allowed by us before the Orders of Preachers and Hermits of St. Augustine, provided that the aforementioned virgins, widows, beggars, mantellas will live in abstinence, obedience, worship, and work in accordance with their own rules and statutes of virgins, berels and mantellas of those orders that follow temperance and piety.
Therefore, no one dares to violate or contradict our establishment. But if anyone dares to break him, let him know that the wrath of Almighty God and his holy apostles Peter and Paul will fall on him.
Given in Rome, in the Cathedral of St. Peter, in 1452 from the birth of our Lord, on the seventh day of October, in the sixth year of our pontificate . ” [9]
Thus, the bulla Cum nulla not only allowed to establish women’s contemplative monasteries in the order, but also granted the right to found women’s communities of tertiary (secular) character. [7] On November 28, 1476, Pope Sixtus IV, by the bull of Dum attenta, finally approved the organizations of lay Carmelites, men and women. Subsequently, the tertiary branch of the order marked the beginning of numerous secular and regular Carmelite institutions. [ten]
XV and XVI centuries
Soon after its approval, the female branch of the order spread throughout Europe . The first Carmelite convent was founded in 1454 in Florence . [eleven]
The Carmelites, or the Carmelite Order nuns ( Latin Moniales Ordinis Carmelitarum , O.Carm.) Lived according to the rules of St. Albert , which provided for a combination of hermit and kinovial monasticism, strict observance of fasting and the practice of silence. [12]
In November of the same year, the General Prior of the Order, Jean Soret supplemented the Carmelite statutes for the female branch of the Order with special rules, Expositio paraenetica . [13]
In 1468, Francoise d'Amboise , the widowed duchess of Brittany , had previously joined the monastery. Before that she had founded the Carmelite monasteries of Notre-Dame de Bondon near Bath and in Nantes . [14] Together with Jean Soret, she had a great influence on the formation of the Carmelite rules. On her initiative, in addition to the vows of obedience, chastity and non-binding , the nuns began to bring in the vow of the clause (bolt), which in 1569 Pope Pius V approved for the entire female branch of the order. [15]
On February 15, 1432, the Romani Pontificis bull Pope Eugene IV softened the original charter of the Carmelites. [6] Some monasteries refused to accept innovations and formed autonomous congregations within the framework of the Order, which were named after the cities in which they appeared, Mantuan in Italy and Albi in France. [sixteen]
The Mantuan Congregation was approved by Pope Eugene IV in 1442 and lasted until 1783 . [17] At the monasteries of this congregation there were also women's communities, which, after the approval of the women's branch of the order, were transformed into monasteries. Among the abbess of these monasteries in the XV century were particularly famous Arcangela Dzhirlani and Giovanna Skopelli . [18] [19]
The Carmelite monasteries in the Netherlands, Germany and France were more dependent on the Carmelite monasteries, while the Carmelite monasteries in Italy and Spain enjoyed greater autonomy. [13] It was in Spain in the second half of the XVI century that the movement began, which marked the beginning of the reform of the women's branch of the Carmelite Order, and then embraced the male branch. [17]
Reform
The initiator of the reform in the order was Teresa Jesus (in the world of Teresa de Aumada-i-Cepeda). [20] On February 7, 1562, she received a blessing from Rome to create the first reformed Carmelite monastery in Spain, and on August 24 of that year she headed the monastery of St. Joseph in Avila . [6] The reform was carried out by it under the supervision of the Priory-General of the Order, Nikola Ode and the local Bishop Alvarez de Mendoza. [6] Theresa of Jesus set the goal of returning the Carmelites to the original ascetic ideals of the order. The nuns of the reformed monastery walked exclusively barefoot, for which they were nicknamed barefoot Carmelites . [17]
On July 17, 1563, Pope Pius IV approved the rules of the barefoot Carmelites, also approved by the general prior of the order, Giovanni Battista Rossi . [6] On October 21, 1564, at the monastery of St. Joseph in Avila, Teresa de Aumada-i-Cepeda brought monastic vows, taking the name of Teresa of Jesus, and on July 13, 1571 she officially abandoned the former charter with relief measures and adopted a reformed rule, becoming, thus, the first barefoot Carmelite. [6]
From 1567 to 1582 Theresa of Jesus founded 17 reformed monasteries in Spain. [6] On November 1, 1571, in the university town of Alcala de Henares, she opened the famous St. Cyril College, which became an important center of study for the male branch of the reformed Carmelites, [6] founded by her with John of the Cross (in the world Juan de Yepes -Alvares). [21]
The reform that was begun was not accepted unambiguously among the Carmelites; "Shod" accused the "barefoot" of disobedience and confusion. On June 22, 1580, Pope Gregory XIII issued a bill for Pia consideratione , in which he fixed the canonical division of the Carmelites and bestowed the status of an autonomous province to the Carmelites in the framework of the order. [6] Only five years after the death of Theresa Jesus, on October 4, 1582 , in the monastery of Alba de Tormes in Spain, in 1587 Pope Sixt V allocated the Carmelites and Carmelites barefoot into a separate congregation. [17]
On March 20, 1597, Pope Clement VIII transformed the congregation into a separate order, the female branch of which was called the Nuns of the Order of the Barefoot Carmelites ( Latin Moniales Ordinis Carmelitarum Discalceatarum , OCD). [6] The new order also received the status of a beggar, and today there are two Carmelite orders (Carmelites): barefoot and shod . [17] In the same year, the first reformed monasteries appeared beyond the borders of Spain, in Italy. [6]
XVII and XVIII centuries
XIX and XX century
Spirituality
Robe and Symbolism
Current State
Statistics
Currently, the Carmelite monasteries operate in 97 countries of the world (or in 100 countries, if the Congo is counted as 2 countries, and the UK as 3). In 2013, the Order numbered 9951 nuns and 759 monasteries. .
Famous Monasteries
Monasteries in Russia and the countries of the former USSR
There are 7 Carmelite monasteries operating on the territory of the former USSR: 2 monasteries in Ukraine, 2 in Kazakhstan, and 1 each in Russia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
There are two Carmelite monasteries in Ukraine:
- since 1994 in the suburb of Kiev in the village of Sofia Borshchagovka is located (completed in 1996) the monastery of Carmelites Barefoot Mercy of the Divine and Immaculate Heart of Mary (from 1991 to 1994 was in Kiev);
- in Pokotilovka near Kharkov - the Mother of God, the Mediator of grace, and the holy Apostles Peter and Andrew.
In Kazakhstan, the monasteries are:
- in Karaganda ;
- in Ozerny, North Kazakhstan region, there is a sanctuary of the Blessed Virgin Mary of the Queen of Peace (the sanctuary contains the statue of the “Mother of God with fishes”, established in memory of the occurrence in those places in 1941 of the lake with many fishes that saved thousands of the deportees from starvation).
In Russia, a monastery:
- in Usolye-Siberian Irkutsk region.
in Novosibirsk [22]
In Latvia:
- monastery in Ikskile near Riga .
In Lithuania:
- Pashtuva [23] near Kaunas .
Tertiary Institutions
Currently there are more than 40 monastic congregations. The most significant:
- Carmelita grace (Carmelitane delle Grazie, CSCdG) - founded in Bologna to educate girls from poor families; in 1744 a strict shutter was introduced into it; from 1755 founded new monasteries in Italy. The congregation was twice abolished (in 1810 and 1866) by secular authorities; restored in 1900; received the official approval of the Holy See in 1977. In 2002, it numbered 35 sisters and 9 monastic cloisters.
- Theresian missionary carmelites (Hermanas Carmelitas Misioneras Teresianas, CMT) - founded in 1861 in Ciudadel (Spanish: Menorca) for the care of the sick and for Christ. youth education; initially operated in Spain. Approved by the Holy See in 1902. In 1896, the sisters began to work in Argentina and Uruguay, and after the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) - in Brazil, France, Chile, Italy (Rome), Zaire, Mali and Cuba. In 2002 congr. numbered 757 sisters and 109 cloisters.
- The Congregation of the Mother of Carmel Sisters (Sisters of the Mother of Carmel, Carmelamahavinte Sabha, CMC) of the Syro-Malabar rite was founded in 1866 in India by barefoot Carmelites; approved by the Holy See in 1967. Engaged in Christ. nurture and education of girls and girls, as well as caring for the sick and the elderly. In 2002 there were 6335 nuns and 581 monastery.
- Sisters of the Apostolic Carmel (Sisters of the Apostolic Carmel, AC) - founded in 1868 in Bayonne (France) and transferred to India in 1870; approved by the Holy See in 1926; deals mainly with Christ. upbringing and education (including in Ceylon, in Australia and Kuwait). In 2002, there were 1,583 sisters and 154 monasteries.
- The Carmelite Missionaries (Carmelitas Misioneras, CM) - founded in 1878 as an independent branch of Theresian K.-missionaries. In 1906 it was attached (with preservation of autonomy) to the Order of the Bare Carmelites. In addition to Spain, sisters work in Colombia, France, Italy, Portugal, Great Britain, India, Congo, Mozambique, Malawi and the Philippines. In 2002 congr. numbered 1,870 sisters and 271 monastery.
- Theresian Carmelites (Congregation of the Teresian Carmelites, CTC) - congr., Established in 1887 as a result of the separation of Latin nuns. rite from the Congregation of the Sisters of the Mother of Carmel and their transfer to Verapoli. In 1959, he was attached to the Order of the Bare Carmelites. In 1971 approved by the Holy See. The sisters are engaged in the Christian education of girls and works of mercy. In 2002 congr. numbered 1,185 sisters and 132 monasteries.
- The Sisters of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel (Hermanas de la Virgen María del Monte Carmelo, HVMMC) - founded in 1891 in Caudete (Spain); in 1906 it was attached (with the preservation of autonomy) to the Order of the Carmelites; in 1950 approved by the Holy See. The sisters work in Spain, Portugal, Italy, France, Germany, Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic. In 2002 congr. there were 462 nuns and 65 cloisters.
Representatives
Holy and Blessed
- Teresa of Jesus, or Teresa the Great (in the world of Teresa de Aumada-i-Cepeda)
- Teresa of the Infant Jesus and the Holy Face (in the world of Teresa Martin)
- Joachim of St. Francis (in the world of Joaquín de Vedruna de Mas)
- Mary Magdalene (in the world of Catherine de Pazzi)
- Mary of the Miracle of Jesus (in the world of Maria Pidal-i-Chico de Guzmán)
- Teresa Benedict Cross (in the world of Edith Stein)
- Teresa of Jesus (in the world of Juan Fernandez y Solar)
- Teresa Margarita of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (in the world, Anna Maria Redi)
Mystics
Founders
- Teresa of Avila (in the world of Teresa de Aumada-i-Cepeda), Order of the Barefoot Carmelites (OCD).
- Jeanne Carmelita , Third Order of the Carmelites (TOC)
- Joachim of St. Francis (in the world of Joaquín de Vedruna de Mas), Congregation of the Sisters of the Carmelites of Mercy Vedruna (CCV).
- Candelaria of Saint Joseph (in the world of Susanna Paz Castillo y Ramirez), Congregation of the Sisters of the Carmelite Mother of Candelaria (HCMC).
- Maria Angelina Teresa (in the world of Brigitte Theresa McCrory), Congregation of the Sisters of the Carmelites of the Elderly and the Infirm (CSAI).
- Maria Angelov (in the world of Giuseppa Margarita Operti), Congregation of the Sisters of the Carmelite of St. Theresa (Turin) (SCSTT).
- Mary of the Crucifixion (in the world of Rosa Curcio), Congregation of the Sisters of the Carmelite Missionaries of St. Theresa of the Infant Jesus
- Maria Teresa of Jesus (in the world of Maria Skrilli), the Congregation of the Sisters of Our Lady of Carmel (CNSC).
- Maria Teresa of St. Joseph (in the world by Anna Maria Tauscher), Congregation of the Sisters of the Carmelite of the Divine Heart of Jesus (DCJ).
- Teresa Maria Cross (in the world of Teresa Adelaide Manetti), Congregation of the Carmelite of Saint Teresa (Florence) (CSTF).
- Teresa of St. Joseph (in the world of Teresa Toda-i-Khunkosa), Congregation of the Sisters of the Carmelite Teresianok of St. Joseph (CTSJ).
Laiki
Impact on culture
Schools
Social activities
In literature
- In Victor Hugo 's novel "The Miserables " the charter of the Order of the Carmelites is described as the strictest among the Catholic orders. [24]
In music
- Francis Poulenc Opera "The Carmelite Dialogues"
In painting and sculpture
Carmelite Films
Act sister
See also
- Our Lady of Carmel
Literature
- W. McGreal, At the Fountain of Elijah: The Carmelite Tradition, (Maryknoll, NY, 1999), ISBN 1570752923
Links
Notes
- ↑ Carmelite Catholic Encyclopedia. Archive dated July 2, 2008 on Wayback Machine
- ↑ 1 2 3 The Carmelite Order. Affiliations, Carmelite sisters.
- ↑ 1 2 Blessed Joan of Toulouse.
- ↑ St. Simon Stock.
- ↑ 1 2 Storia del carmelo al femminile. / V. Loiodice, Regola e Statuti delle monache di Santa Maria degli Angeli di Fiorenza, Estratto, Tesi di laurea in Diplomatica, Roma Tor Vergata, 2008-2009. (inaccessible link)
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Cronologia Carmelitana
- ↑ 1 2 3 Giovanni Soreth. Provincia Romana dei Padri Carmelitani Scalzi.
- ↑ 550 Anniversario del Riconoscimento delle Monache Carmelitane
- ↑ The text of the bulla Cum nulla in Latin (not available link)
- ↑ Una bolla e le sue ragioni. / V. Loiodice, Regola e Statueti delle monache di Santa Maria degli Angeli di Fiorenza, Estratto, Tesi di laurea in Diplomatica, Roma Tor Vergata, 2008-2009 (not available link)
- Alle Dalle Mantellate al riconoscimento della Comunità religiosa, 1450-1482.
- ↑ Spiritualità Carmelitana. Costituzioni delle Monache Carmelitane.
- ↑ 1 2 Le scelte del generale Soreth. / V. Loiodice, Regola e Statueti delle monache di Santa Maria degli Angeli di Fiorenza, Estratto, Tesi di laurea in Diplomatica, Roma Tor Vergata, 2008-2009
- ↑ Beata Francesca d'Amboise
- ↑ C. Catena, Bibliotheca Sanctorum, vol. V, Istituto Giovanni XXIII della Pontificia Università Lateranense, Roma, 1999, coll. 1005-1006.
- ↑ The Carmelite Order. Reforms.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Korolev. Lectures on the history of Western confessions for the second year of the church and history department of the Moscow Theological Academy.
- ↑ Beata Arcangela Girlani.
- ↑ Beata Giovanna Scopelli.
- ↑ St. Teresa, Virgin. / Alban Butler (1711–73). Volume X: October. The Lives of the Saints. 1866.
- ↑ Biographies and Works of Teresa of Jesus and John the Cross
- ↑ Opening of the Karmilitsky Monastery in Novosibirsk .
- ↑ VISITING THE SISTER CARTMELITERS Neopr .
- ↑ “After the charter, the Carmelites, who must walk barefoot, wear breastplates, woven from wicker rods, and never sit down, the most severe is the charter of the Bernardine”