Khlebny lane (Moscow)

The territory beyond the Nikitsky and Arbat gates of the White City began to be settled at the end of the 15th — beginning of the 16th century ^[1] . However, under Ivan the Terrible in the second half of the 16th century, this territory entered the oprichnina and thus became the sovereign's property, which was ruled by the Zemsky court . The original population was evicted without unnecessary ceremonies.

From the Nikitsky Gate there was the Volotskaya (Novgorodskaya) road to Volokolamsk and further to Novgorod , from Arbatskys to the Smolensk road to Smolensk . Between these roads was the so-called Cook (Kormovaya) settlement of the Earthen town, in which there lived cooks, bakers, tablecloths and other attendants of the royal court. From it left the names of the lanes: Skatertnogo , Canteen , Knife , Hlebny , Povarskaya Street .

In particular, the bakers of the sovereign’s bread yard were located behind the Chertorii creek (which flowed along the current Merzlyakovsky lane ). From him, the terrain rose smoothly to the west. The name Khlebny Lane (formerly Bread Street) has been known since the 18th century .

In connection with the transfer of the capital to St. Petersburg, the royal settlements fell into disrepair, and in the 18th century, nobles and merchants began to settle in their place in the neighborhoods adjacent to the Arbat and Nikitsky gates. In the fire of 1812, the wooden structures of the fodder subblocks were completely burned out. From the 19th century, Khlebny Lane was built up first with wooden and then stone mansions, at the end of the century with profitable houses 5-6 floors high. The main part of the existing buildings was built at the end of XIX - early XX centuries . Industrial facilities in the lane was not.

After the revolution, the owners of private houses and apartments were "compacted", which led to the emergence of numerous communal apartments . After the reconstruction of the 1990–2000s, part of the buildings became office buildings, and a part was redesigned and reconstructed. Thanks to the location in the center of Moscow and at the same time the silence of the old alleys, these places became in high demand. Prices for apartments exceed 13 thousand dollars per square meter. m. total area (2009).

In 1997, the lane entered the protected area "Cook-Bolshaya Nikitskaya" ^[2] , and most of the buildings (mainly on the even side) entered the unified protection zone of historical and cultural monuments No. 29 ^[2] .

In 2007, one-way traffic was introduced to Merzlyakovsky Lane.

On the odd side

• No. 1 (No. 1 in Merzlyakovsky Lane) is a four-story brick corner house ( 1894 ), architect ND Strukov (1859 — after 1926). In 1900 - 1904, the composer A. N. Scriabin lived with his family, his children Maria and Leo were born here. About 20 major works of the composer are written here. Sergey Yesenin often visited the publisher V. A. Krandievsky who lived in the house ^[3] . Nowadays, a number of divisions of the Institute of the USA and Canada , as well as travel agencies and other institutions are located.
• No. 3 - four-storey house ( 1917 ), from the courtyard a two-storey extension. Reconstructed in 1987 ^[4] , used as an administrative building.

In the XIX century , this place was the home of Mikhail Mikhailovich Zaitsevsky, a native of Zaraysk ( 1815-1885 ), who gathered a rich collection of paintings , porcelain , and jewelry. In the 1880-1890s, there were singing courses by F. P. Komissarzhevsky .

Between houses 3 and 9, on the site of the former Chashnikov Lane , connecting Khlebny to Povarskaya Street, is located Secondary Secondary School No. 91 , one of the most famous schools in Moscow. Her address is 14, Povarskaya Street.

• No. 9 is a six-story residential building ( 1903 ), architect V. G. Zalessky (1847 — after 1917). Reconstructed in the 1990s.

• No. 15 - City estate of V.N. Gribov (house with lions).
• No. 19 - The house has several postal addresses: 19, 19, building 1, 19a and 19b. Actually house number 19 is a seven-story residential building, built in 1913 and reconstructed for offices . In 1919–1933, P. B. Gannushkin, a well-known psychiatrist, psychologist and hypnosis pathology researcher, lived in this house (memorial plaque, 1963, architect V. A. Svirsky) ^[5] .

In 1918, on the 5th floor of the house there was a “conspiratorial” apartment of the British intelligence officer R. Lokkart . Here he was arrested in August 1918 .

№ 19а - 10-storey hotel, built in 1996 . There are offices of a number of foreign firms.

• House No. 21/4 also has several buildings: 1, 2, and 3. Building 1 at the corner of Maly Rzhevsky Lane is a two-storey mansion of M. A. Tarasov (1909–10, architects M. F. Geisler , K. A. Greinert ) ^{[ 6]} . Today, the building houses the office of the UNICORN group.

Building 3 is a five-storey house with a built-on attic floor, also facing Maly Rzhevsky Lane. Mainly located offices of foreign firms.

• No. 23 - Apartment Building ( 1894 , architect ND Strukov )
• Under number 27, the rotunda and the building of the Concert Hall of the Russian Academy of Music named after A. Gorky are in Hlebny lane . Gnesinyh ( 1958 ). The large concert hall “Gnesinskiy na Povarskoy”, designed for 320 seats, was opened after reconstruction in 1998 . Before the rotunda is a graceful monument to Elena Fabianovna Gnesina ( 2004 , sculptors, People's Artist of Russia Alexander Nikolaevich Burganov and his son Igor Alexandrovich Burganov).

The official address of the Academy is 30/36 Povarskaya Street. The building was built on the site of the Church of Saints Boris and Gleb, destroyed in 1936 (on Povarskaya Street), a memorial sign was erected near the Academy building on November 15, 2007 . The churches also owned plots at the end of Khlebniy Lane - now kindergarten No. 1003 is located at this place.

• No. 31 - House-workshop of A. K. Bosse (1886, architect A. K. Bosse ). The facade with tiled decorations was made in 1886. The singer Eulalia Kadmina lived in the house ^[7] .

On the even side

• No. 2/3 (house No. 3 on Merzlyakovsky Lane) unites 6 buildings. Building 1 is a five-storey residential building reconstructed in 2006 . During the reconstruction there was a collapse of the ceiling between the 1st and 2nd floors. On the first floor at the corner is a grocery store.

No. 2/3, buildings 3-5 - the oldest house of the alley, called “ Kamynin manor ” or “Zabelin manor”. Monument of architecture of the XVIII — XIX centuries (photo above).

The captain L. I. Kamynin ^[8] , in 1758, purchased a land plot from his close relative, Prince G. A. Shcherbatov ^[9] for 150 rubles, and began the construction of a stone building ^[4] . Data about the project has not been preserved. Obviously, around 1770, a two-storey main (middle) house was built and the right- wing corner wing was not fully preserved, in 1778 the left wing was built. The outbuildings are also double-decker, but of considerably smaller height. The facades are made in the strict style of early classicism , with rectangular frames around the windows.

In case of fire in 1812, a brick frame remains from the building. In 1815, the site is bought by a merchant M. P. Zabelin ^[10] . During the restructuring of 1821-1823. a rather modest portico with 4 Corinthian half-columns was added on the facade of the main building.

In the XIX century, part of the estate was rented out. In 1865, the editorial office of Moskovskaya Gazeta was in the house, which was published by the Moscow local historian N. P. Bocharov ^[11] . The wing was filmed: ballet dancer Adam Pavlovich Glushkovsky (1793 — about 1870), philologist I. F. Kalaidovich , art teacher, Alexander Pushkin’s acquaintance Joseph Vivien de Châteaubrun, 1793–1852, artist Alexander Sergeevich Yastrebilov ( 1793-after 1834) and others.

In the late XIX - early XX centuries. the buildings belonged to M. N. Popova, and a private gymnasium was located in them. In the 1920s, a secondary school was located in the buildings, then part of the Faculty of Social Sciences of Moscow University . Currently - Institute of the USA and Canada, RAS .

• The next house number 4 is not preserved. Before the fire of 1812, this place was a wooden house, which in 1809 was shot by Sergey Lvovich Pushkin, the father of the poet. Petr Vasilyevich Pobedonostsev , a professor of literature at Moscow University (1771–1843), and his son KP Pobedonostsev, a procurator of the Synod, lived in the house built after the war (1771–1843). Since 1908, the historian R. Yu. Wipper lived in the house, and then his son, art historian B. R. Vipper .
• No. 6a is a wooden one-storey house built in 1830 , a cultural monument. Here in 1902-1925. The composer and conductor N. R. Kochetov (1864-1925) lived and worked; in 1902-1951 his son, the composer Vadim Nikolaevich Kochetov (1898-1951), was his son.
• No. 6 is a two-story brick house ( 1868 ), designed by architect K. V. Grinevsky (1825–1885). In the house in 1911-1923 , one of the founders of scientific geography, D. N. Anuchin , lived and worked. On the facade is a memorial plaque. His student, A. S. Barkov , in 1911–1925, was the principal in a nearby alley . Currently, the editorial office of the journal Philately , the office of the NPTK Intertechprogress are located.
• No. 8 - The four-five-storey apartment building of Archpriest K. I. Bogoyavlensky in Art Nouveau style was built in 1903 by architect V. V. Sherwood ^[6] .

In 1997-1998, it was reconstructed with the superstructure of a two-level penthouse with a winter garden (Architects of the 19th workshop of the State Unitary Enterprise Mosproject-2 Alexander Rafailovich Asadov (born 1951), Peter Zavadovsky, Elena Chastnova, engineers E. Kondratov, S. Churikov). On the side of the courtyard facade there is a hung glass bay window in the form of a truncated cone tapering downwards. The project was carried out for the owner of recruiting companies Anatoly Naumovich Kupchin (1947-2008). This reconstruction in the protected area caused an ambiguous reaction of Muscovites. ^[12] .

• No. 10 is a five-storey two-brick brick dwelling house ( 1960 ). Built simultaneously with the house number 7 on Skatertny Lane.

• No. 14 is a brick residential building of 5 and 6 floors ( 1926 , architect I. A. German ). In the wooden house, located in its place, in the 1860s lived the Decembrist officer FG Vishnevsky (1799-1865). Currently the house belongs to the housing cooperative "cooperative worker". Apartments for sale.
• No. 18/6 (house No. 6 on Maliy Rzhevsky Pereulok ) is the former own house of the architect Sergey Ustinovich Solovyov (1859-1912). Built in 1901-1902 (architect S. U. Soloviev, sculptor N. A. Andreev , artist M. V. Yakunchikova ^[13] ).

An asymmetrical building, generally corresponding to the “ modern ” style , consists of a corner house and a side annex. The main part extends along Khlebniy Lane and resembles a Western European residential building with a Gothic roof. At the level of the second floor - decorative panels . The front facade is ornamented with ceramic tiles. The same finish at the side extension, which houses the main entrance, covered with a large ledge. In the design used stone images of panther , bat and owl ^[14] .

Earlier, the embassy of Georgia was located in the building, but after the events of 8.08.2008 and, as a result, the breakdown of diplomatic relations with Georgia, the building houses the Swiss diplomatic mission representing Georgia’s interests in Russia and Russia in Georgia, respectively.

• No. 20/3 (No. 3 in Maliy Rzhevsky Pereulok) is a mansion of the Siberian gold miner I. I. Nekrasov with a service wing and a fence. Built in 1906 in the style of "modern" with the famous influence of neogothic architect RI Klein ^[15] . The corner mansion has two equivalent facades, between which grows a multi-faceted glazed volume - the forerunner of the “glass glasses” of the end of the 20th century. The facades are richly decorated. Currently the residence of the ambassador of Chile .

I. Nekrasov also owned the neighboring house 3/19 on the corner of the Small Rzhevsky and Skatertny lanes . A mansion with an octahedral turret (c. 1900, architect Lev Nikolaevich Kekushev ) was also erected in his estate of the Raika of the Moscow district of the Moscow province (now the Schelkovo district of the Moscow region ) ^[16] .

• No. 22 is a one-story wooden house with a mezzanine (1858), belonged to the widow of a titular adviser EK Fadeeva. At present, the Etoile Makeup Center is located, in the attic - the workshop of the artist Lyudmila Mikhailovna Kukharuk.
• No. 24 is a two-story residential building built in 1926.

• No. 26 is a five-story house decorated with stucco. Originally built two floors (1904, architect KF Burov ), then two more. In the 1990s, the house was reconstructed, the attic floor was completed. In 1948–1968, Marshal of the Soviet Union V.D. Sokolovsky lived on the house, a memorial plaque was installed on the house (1983, architect N. N. Milovidov) ^[17] .
• No. 28 - a one-story mansion with outbuildings and a front garden was built in 1815 in the Empire style , rebuilt in 1887, 1991, 1909 by architects I. N. Elagin , V. A. Mazyrin , A. N. Zeligson ^[18] . On the facade made flat pilasters. In 1887 the house was substantially rebuilt, in the center there was a bay window with large windows, topped with a semicircular pediment with a cartouche , on which was the emblem of the new owner. Made of cast iron grille.

The composer and theatrical figure A. N. Verstovsky (1799–1862) and his wife, the former serf actress Nadezhda Vasilievna Verstovskaya (Repina) (1809–1867), spent the last years of their life in this house.

In 1935–1941, the residence of the German military attache , Major General Ernst Köstring, was located in the house. The Russian special services officially recognized that several months before the war the NKVD had installed listening devices in his residence ^[19] . The interior of the mansion restored ^[20] . In 1944–2011, the building housed the Embassy of Iceland in Russia . After the reconstruction began. Currently, the Embassy of Iceland in Russia has returned back ^[21] .

  My old yard - the edge of healing -
 I will stay forever yours.
 Table, Tablecloth and Bread
 My World, crystal and alive.  [22]

Bread lane is also available in other cities:

• in Orel from Spinning to Novosilskaya street, 0.5 km
• in Orenburg from Kobozev street to the street. January 9, 0.2 km ^[23]

• Moscow: Architectural Guide / I.L. Buseva-Davydova, M.V. Nashchokina , M.I. Astaf'eva-Dlugach. - M .: stroiizdat, 1997. - 512 p. - ISBN 5-274-01624-3 .

• All-Moscow classifier of Moscow streets OMK UM