Intellectual - a person with a highly developed mind and analytical thinking ; representative of mental labor .
From a sociological perspective, an “intellectual”, in contrast to a “ scholar, ” is a creative social subject who is constantly included in the process of abstracting about truth and morality . An intellectual produces and develops ideas, defines norms and cultural values for the rest of society [1] .
According to Professor José Aranguren, it is not difficult for an intellectual to admit that what we have is not what it should be. From this understanding is formed the non-conformism of the intellectual - what is called "outsider", rebellion. Thus, the intellectual becomes the "conscience of the nation", "the most advanced, independent and progressive voice of the minority in society" [2] .
Content
- 1 History
- 2 See also
- 3 notes
- 4 References
History
Until the 18th century, any literate person turned out to be an intellectual in the modern sense. Educated men were called literacy / scribes ( English man of letters , letters. " Man of letters "). The term "literacy" indicated the differences between those trained in writing and the illiterate, which was an important social aspect with a low prevalence of literacy. Since the end of the 18th century, the number of literate people in Europe has increased significantly; the expression “ man of letters ” has taken on a narrower meaning associated with literary activity — less often for writers, more often critics, essayists, and journalists. In the 20th century, this type of activity became more academic and was replaced by a more neutral “intellectual”. The term “intellectual” came into widespread use at the end of the 19th century in connection with the manifestation of a group of writers and scientists in protest against the actions of the French government in the Dreyfus case , which signed an ultimatum published under the title “Manifesto of intellectuals”. Beginning in the second half of the 20th century, many scientists and publicists actively combine the concepts of “intellectual” and “intellectual”.
See also
- Intelligentsia
- Result of intellectual activity
- Intellectual capital
Notes
- ↑ Encyclopedia of Sociology (inaccessible link) (inaccessible link from 06/14/2016 [1181 days])
- ↑ Aranguren JL El buen talante // Obras Completas. - Madrid: Trotta, El buen talante. - T. 2 . - S. 638 .
Links
- Baran P. Responsibility of the intellectual // scepsis.ru
- Christoph S. French intellectuals from the Dreyfus affair to the present: memory and history // Charles K. Intellectuals in France: The Second Half of the 19th Century. M., 2005, p. 291-321