Rose oil

Steam Distillation Oil

Extraction Oil

Falsification of rose oil now

Production

Previously, rose oil was extracted in Persia, from where its production spread to India, Arabia, Egypt, and finally to Europe. Currently, Bulgaria is one of the centers for the extraction of rose oil. The most valuable for perfumes is rose oil, obtained by hydrodistillation from the so-called "Kazanlak rose". Kazanlak rose belongs to the species Rosa damascene. Mill. Another species used in Bulgaria on a much smaller scale is the white rose Rosa alba L. For the production of R. oils, roses usually break down immediately after blooming, before sunrise, because at that time they contain the largest amount of essential oil, and immediately after collection in distillation cubes, since when lying partly lose their aroma, partly undergo fermentation; in addition, if possible, remove all green parts of the plant.

German rose oil is a light greenish color. Bulgarian oil is a thick, clear, yellow or greenish-yellow liquid. R. oil at ordinary temperature has the consistency of cow oil; Bulgarian R. oil hardens at 17–20 ° C, French at 23–29 ° C, German at 27 ° C Specific gravity at 20 ° C 0.855-0.865; rotates to the left by 2.7-3.5 °. R. oil has a pungent, unpleasant odor and only with strong dilution a gentle fragrance is obtained ; the taste is bittersweet and only due to insignificant quantities is not noticeable in drinks and sweets ; 95 ° alcohol dissolves 0.75% P. oil at 14 ° C and 3.3% at 22 ° C; solubility increases with temperature. Bulgarian R. oil has antiseptic properties.

Essential Oil Composition

Rose oil consists of two parts: a liquid odorous eleoptene and a solid odorless solid stearopten dissolved in eleoptene. At ordinary temperature, part of the stearoptene is released from the solution, and rose oil takes on the form of solid fat. Squeezing solid pink oil between the passage paper, you can separate eleopten from stearopten; it is best to use different solubilities of the components of R. oil in aqueous alcohol for separation: 5 parts by weight of 75% alcohol are taken per 1 part of R. oil, with constant stirring, the mixture is heated to 70–80 °, then cooled to 0 ° and is filtered; while eleopthene passes into solution, and stearopten is obtained in the remainder; the latter is washed once again with cold alcohol, which after filtration is combined with the original filtrate; the eleoptene solution is evaporated at an ordinary temperature in an airless space, and in this way pure eleopten is obtained, which actually constitutes the odorous part of R. oil, or the so-called “purified, liquid R. oil”; the latter was prepared by the described method in large quantities at the Leipzig factory Schimmel and Co. and cost about 400 rubles. per pound. Eleopten R. oil isomeric with borneol C ₁₀ H ₁₈ O boils at 229 ° C; It is found in geranium oil , hence its name " geraniol ". In addition to geraniol, about 5% of a special substance with a peculiar honey smell is in R.'s eleoptene of oil; combining with the smell of geraniol, the aroma of this substance tells R. oil the shade of delicate fragrance that distinguishes it from geranium oil and which causes such a huge difference in price between them (1 pound of geranium oil cost 15 rubles). According to V. Markovnikov and A. Reformatsky (“Study of the Bulgarian R. oil”), the main part of the Eleopten of the Bulgarian R. oil is primary alcohol - roseol - C ₁₀ H ₂₀ O , specific gravity 20 ° / 20 ° = 0.8785, boiling at 224.7 ° and turning to the left by –3 ° 44 '(25 ° C); its vinegar ether boils without decomposition at 237–238 °. According to Bertram and Guildemeister, the main constituent of the German R. eleopten oil is geraniol , specific gravity 15 ° / 15 ° = 0.8801-0.8834, with a boiling point of 229-230 °, acetic ether boils at 242-245 °, with the release of acetic acid, rotates to the left by -0 ° 42 '(15 ° C). Stearopten R. oil is a white crystalline substance of the composition C ₂₀ H ₄₂ ; obtained in the pure state by repeated dissolution in chloroform and precipitation of the solution with weak alcohol. Pure stearopten melts at 32.5–35.5 °; boils at 275 °; under the influence of chromic acid, the smell of acrolein develops; fuming nitric acid with prolonged action forms butyric, oxalic and succinic acids; alcoholic potassium hydroxide does not affect stearopten, which is used to open spermaceti , which is often falsified by R. oil: spermaceti forms soap with potassium hydroxide. According to Baur, it is easy to turn R. eleopten R. oil into stearopten by mixing an alcohol solution of eleopten with zinc and an alcoholic solution of strong hydrochloric acid: artificial stearopten obtained in this way is completely similar in nature to its natural properties. The amount of stearopten in R. oil varies from 15–35%; there is less oil in Bulgarian oil than in German oil, which accounts for the difference in the melting points of oil in R. of various origins; fractionated crystallization, it can be divided into two parts: one melts at 22 °, the other at 40 °, therefore, stearopten consists of at least two different hydrocarbons.

Falsification of rose essential oil ( ESB fragment)

Due to its high value, fake rose oil was so widespread that there was almost no pure R. oil in the trade. Most often, R. oil was faked with geranium oil, rose and santalum oil, spermaceti or paraffin, of which the first three are very often falsified by themselves, as a result of which recognition of mixtures with R. oil becomes extremely difficult, especially quantifying them. Guibur recommends testing R. oil in three ways: 1) by the action of iodine vapor under a glass bell, and R. oil remains unchanged; geranium oil and rosewood oil more or less turn brown; 2) by the action of nitrous acid - geranium oil takes on an apple-green color, P. oil and rosewood oil - a dark yellow color, with R. oil changing earlier; 3) the action of sulfuric acid, and R. oil retains its smell, and geranium oil emits a sharp, nasty smell. Gager proposed a test method based on the solubility in alcohol of a gummy mass obtained by the action of strong sulfuric acid on the test oil: 5 drops of oil are mixed in a test tube with 25 drops of H ₂ SO ₄ ; the mixture is dissolved in 10 cubic meters. cm 90 ° alcohol; with pure R. oil, the brownish solution remains clear upon boiling and cooling; in the presence of geranium oil, the solution becomes very turbid upon cooling. A mixture of spermaceti and paraffin is opened either by washing the R. oil, or by the nature of solidification: with spermaceti and paraffin, crystallization begins from below, since both of these substances are heavier than stearopten R. oil and solidification occurs at a temperature above 35 ° C. In addition, spermaceti can be easily opened by leaving a greasy stain on paper, while stearopten R. oil disappears without a trace. The counterfeiting of R. oil with geranium oil was so widespread in Bulgaria that they began to falsify R. oil during its production, namely they poured roses with geranium oil before distillation and received a product that smell identical to pure R. oil, so the Bulgarian government in 1888 banned the import of geranium oil to itself for fear of losing foreign markets.

The quality of rose oil

• The quality of rose oil is determined according to its national or international standards . However, perfume traditions play a significant role in assessing the quality of essential oil, the degree of compliance with one of the generally recognized standards - hydrodistillating Bulgarian pink oil.

R. oil is widely used in perfumery in the manufacture of lipsticks, perfumes, pink essences, etc., in the confectionery industry (sweets, drinks, etc.) and finally in pharmacy (ointments, plasters, drops, etc.).

Rosewood oil ( Rosenholzöl ) has a rose-like smell. It is obtained by steam distillation of the tree and the roots of Convolvulus scoparius , growing in the Canary Islands. Wood contains about 3% of essential oil, at the turn of the XIX - XX centuries, it sometimes served to fake rose oil. Oil, according to Gladstone, contains 4/5 by weight of terpene C ₁₀ H ₁₆ boiling at 249 °.

• Rose oil // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.