Jackson, Andrew

Andrew Jackson was born March 15, 1767 in a family of colonists who had Scottish and Irish roots. Andrew and Elizabeth Hutchinson-Jackson emigrated to the United States from Ireland two years before the birth of their son Andrew. Moving in the general stream of immigrants from Pennsylvania to Carolina, they stopped in the town of Vauxhaw - 160 miles northwest of Charleston, where they occupied about 200 acres of land next to their relatives. Andrew Jackson, the father for two years tried to create a farm, but in January 1767 he unexpectedly died, and two months later, in March, Elizabeth gave birth to a son, whom she named after her husband. Elder brothers: Hugh (born in 1763) and Robert (born in 1764) - were born in Ireland and moved to the United States with their parents.

For 12 years, Andrew Jr. lived with his mother in a family of relatives, left to himself and feeling the awkwardness of his position. He attended several classes: his mother longed to see her son as a priest, and Andrew seemed to give cause for such hopes, but at the same time his relatives were scared by the early riot of his nature. Andrew quickly gained a reputation in the community as a "violent, stubborn, and restless teenager." A local teacher taught him writing, reading, counting and even tried to captivate Andrew with “dead” languages ​​- Latin and Greek (Jackson later sometimes used some textbook Latin expressions). From childhood, he was indifferent to books. All his life he wrote with errors, but his style was, however, very bright, expressive and figurative.

A significant role in the upbringing of Andrew was played by his mother, a woman with a strong character. It was she who laid the hatred of the British in her with her stories about their ill-treatment of the Irish in Ulster. It is not surprising that the eldest of the sons, when the war of independence began, enlisted as a volunteer in the regiment; he soon died. In 1780, the Jackson House was turned into an infirmary, and Andrew and his second brother participated in several expeditions as a messenger. They experienced all the horrors of war, and this forever remained in Jackson's memory. According to the denunciation of a loyalist neighbor, he and his brother were captured. He left a scar on his head from a sword strike. Their mother saved them from threatened death by exchanging them for several English soldiers who were in her infirmary. The brother, unable to bear the hardships of captivity, died, barely returning home, and Andrew's life for several months was in danger. As soon as he got to his feet, Elizabeth went to Charleston to take care of the captive patriots in prisons and soon died of cholera there. So in 1781, 14-year-old Andrew became an orphan.

After the death of his mother, Jackson remained in the relatives' house for some time, causing them discontent with his lifestyle. He quickly spent the inheritance from Ireland, tried to teach. For a long time this could not fascinate him, and in December 1784, collecting his small funds, Jackson went 75 miles to Salisbury (North Carolina) to study law. He was young and entrepreneurial and, having joined the lawyer S. Mackay in the office, he zealously copied papers for two years, ran on errands, cleaned the office’s rooms, in a word, did not refuse any work for the sake of admission to the legal profession. In the evening, he indulged in fun and entertainment, and the inhabitants of the town subsequently remembered him as “the noisiest, always rushing off somewhere, the most active participant in all gambling, horse racing, as the most restless person who ever lived in Salisbury.” Obviously, at a local dance school, Jackson acquired the first secular manners, which he later noticed. He attracted attention also externally: straight, tall - 186 cm, with a long and thin face; thick red hair and deep blue eyes.

In September 1787, after passing the exam successfully, Jackson gained access to work in lower courts. The lawyer of the 20-year-old boy was not enough. The case helped. Elected member of the Supreme Court of Sev. Carolina Jackson's fellow student at the school of S. Mackay J. McNery offered him at the beginning of 1788 the position of the district attorney in the most wilderness of the state. In the spring of J. McNery, E. Jackson and three other young and energetic lawyers went to Nashville, full of hope. Nashville at the end of the 80s was a remote, off-road enclave with a court, a couple of shops and a tavern, a distillery, and several dozens of simple houses. Jackson immediately plunged into countless cases - mainly on debtors, on the drafting of contracts and verification of rights to land.

After the plentiful adventures of his youth, he became a lawyer in South Carolina . In 1788, Jackson was appointed prosecutor in Tennessee . When she joined the state, Jackson participated in the drafting of the basic laws of the new state ( 1796 ), then was his representative in the US Congress .

Having abandoned public life, he hosted his farm when, when declaring war on Britain , in 1812 the state of Tennessee entrusted him with command of the police (militia), with the rank of major general. At the head of 2500 people, Jackson went down the Mississippi , defeated the Indians , who, supported by the Spaniards, ravaged the country, and drove them to Florida . When the British began to threaten New Orleans , Jackson received command of the army from Congress and defeated the opponents (January 8, 1815 ).

In 1821, Jackson was the first governor to be ceded to the Spaniards of Florida .

In the 1824 US presidential election , Jackson received a relative majority of the votes of both voters and electors, but did not receive an absolute majority. Therefore, the President (the only such case) was elected by the House of Representatives , and it turned out to be not Jackson, but John Quincy Adams .

In 1828 , after the expiration of Adams' powers, Jackson re- ran for the presidency of the United States and this time was elected. His reign was a triumph of the Democratic Party , whose leader was Jackson.

Jackson was an ardent supporter of the eviction of the Indians and enjoyed the support of the white population of the southern states, claiming the land of the Five civilized tribes . In 1830, Jackson signed the Indian Eviction Act , which legitimized ethnic cleansing of Indian lands (although the seizure of their lands actually began much earlier, but they still had no legal force). This entailed the recognition of Andrew Jackson as one of the most brutal Presidents of the United States. As a result, Five civilized tribes were relocated to the so-called Native American Territories (now Oklahoma ), many died both on the way and in new places due to different climatic conditions and the lack of habitual food sources.

In the summer of 1832, the South Carolina authorities declared the customs laws of 1828 and 1832 invalid from the spring of 1833 and threatened to secede from the United States if the central government decides to force these laws to remain in force. It was at this time that Jackson, who was second-elected as president, began to prepare troops to force South Carolina to obey. Civil war was prevented by lowering the tariff.

In foreign policy, Jackson managed to maintain friendly relations with Britain.

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Abolition of the Second Bank of the United States

New complications were the issue of extending the privilege of the Second Bank of the United States . Jackson vetoed Congressional decree on extension of privileges, which resulted in the liquidation of the bank and the emergence of many private lending institutions, as well as a return to the gold standard , which contributed to the heyday of the American economy.

Jackson's critics argued that the abolition of the private equity bank and the transfer of cash emissions into the hands of the state, led by him, led to the crisis. Murray Rothbard spoke out against this criticism in The History of Money Circulation and Banking in the United States. According to ^[2] William Engdahl, a nationwide recession of the United States in 1834 was organized by Nicholas Beadle , President of the Second Bank, in an attempt to prevent President Jackson from closing his bank.

January 30, 1835 crazy Richard Lawrence made an unsuccessful attempt on Jackson.

Before Jackson's death, they asked what he considered his greatest achievement. He answered without hesitation: "I killed the Bank."

Andrew Jackson is depicted on a modern American $ 20 bill . In the past, his image adorned banknotes of various other denominations: $ 5, 10, 50, and 10,000, as well as a bill of the southern Confederation during the Civil War worth 1,000 dollars.

Cinema

• Filibustier / The Buccaneer (USA; 1938) directed by Cecil Blount Demille , the role of Jackson was played by Hugh Sozern.
• The First Lady / The President's Lady (USA; 1953) directed by Henry Levin, the role of Jackson was played by Charlton Heston .
• Davy Crockett: King of the Wild Frontier (USA; 1955) directed by Norman Foster, the role of Jackson was played by Basil Ruisdale.
• Filibustier / The Buccaneer (USA; 1958) directed by Anthony Quinn ^[3] , Jackson was played by Charlton Heston .

Literature

• Parton, "Life of Andrew Jackson" (New York, 1860); v. Holst, Die Administration v. AJ ”(Dusseldorf, 1874).
• Remini RV The Life of Andrew Jackson. New York: Harper Collins, 2001.
• Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr The Age of Jackson. (1945).
• Stone I. The First Lady, or Rachel and Andrew Jackson , 1951

Music

• Andrew Jackson Jihad is an American folk punk band from Phoenix, Arizona.

• Jackson, Andrew // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.