European Bearberry ( Latin: Arctostáphylos úva-úrsi ) is a shrub of the Heather family ( Ericaceae ), a typical species of the family Bearberry .
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Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ( L. ) Spreng. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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Arbutus uva-ursi L. etc. see text | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Content
Title
The scientific generic name is derived from other Greek. άρκτος - “bear” and σταφυλή - “vine” [2] , the specific epithet uva-ursi - from the same words, but Latin ( lat. uva - grape and ursus - bear).
Russian folk names bearberry ordinary - bear berry, bear’s ear, bear’s ears. It is also found under the names bear grapes, bearberry, bearberry, bearberry, martyr, bearberry, boron bearberry.
The Finnish names for the plant are sianmarja (literally translated as “pork berry”) and sianpuolukka (“pork lingonberry”) [3] .
Biological Description
Perennial evergreen strongly branched creeping shrub 5-30 cm high.
The stems are lying, branched, rooting and ascending.
The leaves are oblong, obovate, leathery, narrowed at the base into a short petiole, rounded at the top, light green on the bottom, matte, on top dark green, shiny, with a clearly visible mesh of pressed veins. The edge of the leaf is whole, not pubescent. Leaf arrangement alternate, venation reticulate.
Inflorescence is a short apical brush , consisting of several drooping white-pink flowers on short pedicels. Corolla pitcher with a five-toothed limb, inside - with stiff hairs. Anthers are dark red, with appendages, open at the top with holes. The column is slightly shorter than the corolla. Flower formula : [4] . It blooms in May - June.
The fruit is a bright red berry-like coenocarp drupus with a diameter of 6-8 mm, with powdery flesh with five bones. The fruits ripen in August - September.
Distribution and Ecology
Widely distributed in North America and northern Eurasia (in the northern half of the European part of Russia , in Siberia and the Far East ). A relatively rare species in Central Russia , found mainly in the non-chernozem zone . It is also found in the Caucasus .
It grows in sparse dry pine and deciduous forests, on burns and clearings, coastal dunes and rocky scree. It prefers open, well-lit places and cannot stand the competition of other plants. It is found absent-mindedly by curtains within its range .
Chemical Composition
Bearberry leaves contain phenological glycosides - arbutin (8-16%), methyl arbutin, ericoline ; free hydroquinone , tannins of the pyrogallic group, ursolic acid , flavonoids resembling quercetin in structure [5] , phenolcarboxylic acids - gallic acid .
Economic Significance and Use
The plant is used as a tannin [6] , dyeing, and medicinal.
Leaves are suitable for tanning leather and dyeing wool.
Fruits serve as food for pine forest .
Medical use
As a medicinal raw material , bearberry leaf ( lat. Folium Uvae ursi ) and bearberry shoots ( Cormus Uvae ursi ) are used, which are harvested in spring, before flowering, or in autumn, during the period of full ripening of the fruits. The shoots are cut and dried under awnings or in dryers with good ventilation, the leaves are separated from the stems, or young shoots are used entirely [5] .
Pharmacological properties are determined by the content in bearberry leaves of the common arbutin phenological glycoside . When ingested, arbutin is hydrolyzed to hydroquinone , which irritates the renal parenchyma , thereby causing a diuretic effect. Due to the tannins contained in the leaves, they have an astringent effect on the gastrointestinal tract .
Bearberry leaves are used as a decoction as a diuretic and disinfectant for urolithiasis , cystitis , urethritis [5] . They are part of Brusniver-T , Stopal , Rolecramin , diuretics No. 1 and 2, and urological fees. Bearberry leaf powder is used to make Uriflorin tablets. Leaves are also used in homeopathy .
Systematics
Synonyms
The list is based on The Plant List database (see plant card).
- Arbutus acerba gilib.
- Arbutus buxifolia Stokes
- Arbutus officinalis boiss.
- Arbutus procumbens Salisb.
- Arbutus uva-ursi L. basionym
- Arctostaphylos adenotricha ( Fernald & JF Macbr. ) Á.Löve , D.Löve & BMKapoor
- Arctostaphylos angustifolia payot
- Arctostaphylos officinalis Wimm. & Grab.
- Arctostaphylos procumbens Patze , E. Mey. & Elkan
- Daphnidostaphylis fendleri klotzsch
- Daphnidostaphylis fendleriana klotzsch
- Mairania uva-ursi (L.) Desv.
- Uva-ursi buxifolia (Stokes) Gray
- Uva-ursi cratericola ( Donn.Sm. ) Abrams
- Uva-ursi procumbens moench
- Uva-ursi uva-ursi (L.) Cockerell
- Uva-ursi uva-ursi (L.) Britton
Subspecies
- Arctostaphylos uva-ursi subsp. uva-ursi . The most common subspecies , grows in the Arctic and subarctic regions of Eurasia and America, as well as in the mountains of more southern regions.
- Arctostaphylos uva-ursi subsp. adenotricha . Distributed in the mountains of Nevada (USA).
- Arctostaphylos uva-ursi subsp. coactilis . Distributed in the coastal areas of Northern and Central California (USA).
- Arctostaphylos uva-ursi subsp. cratericola . This subspecies is endemic to the highlands of Guatemala , where it grows at altitudes of 3,000-4,000 m above sea level .
Notes
- ↑ For the conventionality of specifying the class of dicotyledons as a superior taxon for the plant group described in this article, see the APG Systems section of the Dicotyledonous article .
- ↑ Arctostaphylos // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ Vakhros I., Scherbakov A. The Big Finnish-Russian Dictionary / Ed. V. Ollikainen and I. Salo. - 6th ed. - M .: Living language, 2006 .-- 816 p. - 1550 copies. - ISBN 5-8033-0372-0 . - UDC (038) = 511.111 = 161.1
- ↑ Serbin A.G. et al. Medical botany. Textbook for university students. - Kharkov: Publishing House of the NFaU: Golden Pages, 2003. - P. 149. - 364 p. - ISBN 966-615-125-1 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 Blinova K.F. et al. Botanical-Pharmacognostic Dictionary: Ref. allowance / Ed. K.F. Blinova, G.P. Yakovleva. - M .: Higher. school, 1990. - S. 247. - ISBN 5-06-000085-0 .
- ↑ Tanning materials // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
Literature
- Gubanov I.A. et al. 1005. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. - European bearberry // Illustrated identifier of plants in Central Russia. In 3 t . - M .: T-in scientific. ed. KMK, Institute of Technology. ISS., 2004. - T. 3. Angiosperms (dicotyledonous: dicotyledonous). - S. 19. - ISBN 5-87317-163-7 .
- Mazurenko M.T., Common tolk bear, Bear berry // Heather bushes of the Far East (structure and morphogenesis) / Otv. ed. A.P. Khokhryakov . - M .: Nauka, 1982. - S. 103-107. - 184 p. - 1200 copies. - UDC 582.912.42
Links
- Arctostaphylos uva-ursi : information on the taxon in the Plantarium project (identifier of plants and an illustrated atlas of species). (Retrieved August 30, 2013)
- USDA Plants Profile
- Medicinal plants
- Bearberry description and use