Psychodiagnostics (from the Greek. Ήυχή - soul, and Greek. Διαγνωστικός - able to recognize) - a branch of psychology that develops the theory, principles and tools for assessing and measuring the individual psychological characteristics of the personality [1] .
Content
The formation and structure of psychodiagnostics
Psychodiagnostics evolved in the late XIX - early XX centuries [2] . V. Wundt , although he believed that the higher mental functions that make up the essence of personality research, are not subject to experimental study, for the first time in the laboratory experimentally studied perception , memory , attention , reaction speed, etc. Founder of psychology of individual differences ( differential psychology ) it is commonly believed that W. Stern , who in 1900 called on psychologists to engage not only in the study of general mental patterns, but also in individuality [3] . The concept of “psychodiagnostics” actually appeared in G. Rorschach’s publication in 1921 , “Psychodiagnostics: a diagnostic test based on perception” [4] , where the famous test “Rorschach spots” was described. It is worth noting one of the fathers of psychodiagnostics - Leopold Sondi .
In the 20th century, psychodiagnostics and its applications have been intensively developed, and now form an extensive structure of methods and techniques [5] . The means of modern psychodiagnostics are divided into two groups: strictly formalized methods, and low-formalized methods [6] .
The strictly formalized methods include tests , questionnaires , some methods of projective techniques and psychophysiological methods. For strictly formalized techniques, detailed regulation, standardization (establishing uniformity of processing and presenting the results of diagnostic experiments), objectivization of the examination or test procedure (exact observance of instructions, strictly defined methods of presenting stimulus material, non-interference of the researcher in the subject's activities, etc.), reliability and validity Many strictly formalized techniques are brought to the level of computer implementation [7] .
Small formalized methods are observations, conversations and interviews, analysis of the products of activity. They give valuable information about the subject, especially when the subject of study are such mental processes and phenomena that are not easily objectivized and formalized (for example, poorly understood subjective experiences, personal meanings ) or are extremely variable in content (dynamics of goals, states, moods and more d.) Small formalized methods are very time consuming (for example, observations of the subject are sometimes carried out for several months) and require great professional skills and psychodiagnostic experience.
Low formalized and strictly formalized diagnostic methods complement each other and should be used in combination. The development of new intellectual methods of data analysis is gradually expanding the field of application of computers in psychodiagnostics [8] . New technologies allow the use of imitation of psychological intuition by computer systems [9] .
The accumulated experience of using psychodiagnostics is summarized in numerous textbooks [10] , encyclopedic collections of methods and tests [11], and reference books [2] .
Psychodiagnostic Applications
The main areas of psychodiagnosis application:
- personnel management , selection and selection of personnel , vocational guidance ;
- optimization of training and education , the problem of "difficult children";
- forecasting social behavior (psychological expertise in the army, during the formation of expeditions, etc.);
- forensic psychological examination ;
- advisory, psychotherapeutic help .
- clinical (assessment of the psychological status of the patient, in conditions of outpatient medical treatment or emergency medical care).
Cases of seeking help from a psychologist can be attributed to two main types [12] :
- client's situation - when a person turns for help and advice for himself or his loved ones;
- Expertise situation - when an organization turns to a psychologist for help in diagnosing, for example, to assess the level of a person’s mental development, the causes of adolescent deviant behavior , professional fitness, etc.
Variants of using psychodiagnostic data:
- The data is used by the subject for personal purposes (for example, for self-improvement ).
- The data are used by psychodiagnostics (for example, for psychocorrectional work ).
- The data is used by the administration to make a decision.
The ethics of the psychologist requires a clear definition of the goals and objectives of psychodiagnostic work (i.e. ordering) at a preliminary stage.
Basic requirements for the psychological conclusion [13] :
- Psychological conclusion must correspond to the purpose of the order.
- Psychological conclusion should correspond to the level of preparation of the customer to the perception and use of the results of the survey.
- The content of the conclusion should flow from the purpose of diagnosis.
- The content of the conclusion should include specific recommendations (if required by the customer).
- The conclusion should include a brief description of the psychodiagnostic process, that is, the methods used, the data obtained with their help, the interpretation of the data, and the conclusions.
- In conclusion, it is necessary to describe the essential signs of the situation during the diagnosis, such as: the state of the respondent; the nature of the contact of the subject with a psychologist; non-standard testing conditions; and other significant features.
Links
- Portal about psychological diagnostics. Reviews of popular tests .
- PsyLab.info is a non-commercial project that contains diagnostic and experimental methods and techniques that are needed in the work of both practical psychologists and research psychologists, biographies of famous psychologists, and psychological articles.
- The modern encyclopedia of psychological tests, published in 2004 in an edition of 16 thousand copies. At the moment, has in its arsenal more than four hundred psychological tests.
- Psychological tests
- Psychodiagnostic methods
Notes
- ↑ Burlachuk L. F. Psychodiagnostics: Textbook for universities. - SPb .: Peter, 2006. - 351 with: Il. - (A series of "New Age Tutorial"). ISBN 5-94723-045-3 , p.104
- ↑ 1 2 Burlachuk LF, Morozov S.M. Dictionary-reference book on psychological diagnostics, responsible. ed. S. B. Krymsky. - 2nd ed. - SPb .: Publishing house "Peter", 1999; V. Guldan , Dictionary-reference book on psychological diagnostics (book review), Psychology, 1990, No. 6. - p. 157–158.
- ↑ V. Stern. Differential psychology and its methodological foundations = Die differentielle Psychologie in ihren methodischen Grundlagen / [Afterword. A. V. Brushlinsky and others]; RAS, Institute of Psychology. - M .: Science, 1998.
- ↑ Rorschach, Hermann, Psychodiagnostics - A Diagnostic Test Based on Perception, Published by READ BOOKS, 2007, 264 pages. ISBN 1-4067-4740-8 , ISBN 978-1-4067-4740-9
- В. Dyuk V. А. , Classification of psychodiagnostic methods (based on the materials of the monograph “Computer Psychodiagnostics”).
- ↑ Titkova L.S. , Psychodiagnostics: Tutorial. - Far Eastern University Publishing House, Vladivostok, 2002.
- ↑ Dyuk V. A. Computer psychodiagnostics. - SPb: Brotherhood, 1994. - 364 p.
- ↑ Wasserman L. I., Dyuk V. A., Iovlev B. V., Chervinskaya K. R. Psychological diagnostics and new information technologies. - SPb: “SLP”, 1997. - 203 p.
- ↑ Dorrer M. Imitation of psychological intuition with the help of artificial neural networks (on materials of dissertations: Dorrer M. G. , Psychological intuition of artificial neural networks , Thesis,… 1998.)
- ↑ Belova OV , General psychodiagnostics . - Novosibirsk: Scientific and Educational Center of Psychology, NSU, 1996.
- ↑ Raygorodsky D. Ya. Practical psychodiagnostics. Methods and tests. - Publishing Bakhrakh. - M: 2006—672 p. ISBN 5-89570-005-5
- ↑ General psychodiagnostics / Ed. A. A. Bodaleva, V. V. Stolin. - M .: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1988.
- ↑ Anastasi A. Psychological testing. T. II - M .: Pedagogy, 1982.