Schmidt, Otto Yulievich

Paternal ancestors from the German colonists who moved to Livonia (Latvia) in the second half of the 18th century, and maternal - Latvians by the name of Erglė.

Interestingly, the family of Otto Yulievich Schmidt spoke three languages: Russian, Latvian and German. He later claimed that he related himself to Russian culture. ^[five]

As a child, he worked in a writing supplies shop. He studied at the classical Mogilev gymnasium . Money for training a gifted boy in the gymnasium was found with his Latvian grandfather, Fricis Erglė.

He graduated from the Kiev 2nd gymnasium with a gold medal (1909) and the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the University of Kiev (1913). After graduation, he was left to prepare for a professorship and, under the guidance of Professor D. A. Grave, began his research in group theory . Since 1916 - Privat-docent of Kiev University.

From October 1917 - head of the department for product exchange of the People’s Commissariat of Food, in 1918-1920 - member of the board of the People’s Commissariat of Food. In 1918 he joined the RSDLP (internationalists) , in 1918-1919 - a member of the Central Committee. In 1919, together with the whole party, he was admitted to the RCP (b) ^[6] , while the time spent in the party of internationalists was counted in his party experience.

In 1928, O. Yu. Schmidt took part in the first Soviet-German Pamir expedition organized by the USSR Academy of Sciences . The purpose of the expedition was to study and climb the highest peaks of the Western Pamirs.

One of the founders and editor-in-chief of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1924-1942).

In 1929 he founded the Department of Higher Algebra of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow State University (since 1933 - the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics of Moscow State University ), which was headed by 1949 ^[7] .

From 1932 to 1950 he was the chief editor of the journal " Mathematical Collection ". ^[eight]

In 1930-1934 he led the famous Arctic expeditions on the icebreaking ships Sedov , Sibiryakov and Chelyuskin . In 1930-1932 - Director of the All-Union Arctic Institute ^[9] , in 1932-1938 - Head of the Main Directorate of the Northern Sea Route (GUSMP) .

From February 28, 1939 to March 24, 1942 he was vice-president of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

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  Student of Kiev University (1912).

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  O. Yu. Schmidt - Head of the Glavsevmorput (1936).

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  Grave of O. Yu. Schmidt at the Novodevichy Cemetery.

He developed the cosmogonic hypothesis of the formation of bodies of the solar system as a result of condensation of a near-solar gas-dust cloud.

The monograph Abstract Group Theory (1916, 2nd ed. 1933) had a significant influence on the development of this theory. The main achievement in this area is the theorem on the isomorphism of direct decompositions of infinite operator groups with a finite principal series (1928). Schmidt is the founder of the Moscow algebraic school, the leader of which he was for many years. It grew out of a seminar on group theory, organized by him in 1930 and turned into the center of activity of Soviet algebraists in this field ^[10] .

Contributed to the study of the northern polar territories. In 1932 he was the head of the expedition on the icebreaker "Sibiryakov" , which made the first voyage in history on the Northern Sea Route in one navigation. The initiator and inspirer of the creation of the “Great Soviet Encyclopedia” , was the editor-in-chief on behalf of the government of the Soviet Union . He was the initiator of the creation of the academic institute of geophysics .

Otto Schmidt has three sons from three wives, Vladimir, Sigurd and Alexander ^[11] :

• Vladimir Ottovich Schmidt (March 2, 1920 - December 25, 2008) - candidate of technical sciences , professor. Mother - Vera Fedorovna Schmidt ; sister of a librarian, book scholar, bibliographer, historian, geographer, statistician, doctor of geographical sciences, professor Nikolai Fedorovich Yanitsky .
  • Daughter - Vera Vladimirovna Schmidt (February 3, 1944 - November 7, 2014) - pediatrician .
  • Son - Fedor Vladimirovich Schmidt (born October 3, 1946) - a proctologist .
• Sigurd Ottovich Schmidt (April 15, 1922 - May 22, 2013) is a Soviet and Russian historian. Mother - Margarita Emanuilovna Golosovker (April 19, 1889 - November 8, 1955), museologist and literary critic, head of the artistic illustration sector of the Institute of World Literature of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1935-1949), author of the monograph “M. Y. Lermontov: life and work ”(M .: Art, 1941); sister of the philosopher and translator J.E. Golosovker .
• Alexander Ottovich Schmidt ^[12] (September 15, 1934 - June 11, 2010). Mother - Alexandra Aleksandrovna Gorskaya ^[11] (1906-1995), a member of the expedition on the Chelyuskin steamer (listed as a cleaning lady), was awarded the Order of the Red Star.

• Hero of the Soviet Union (06/27/1937) - for leading the organization of the North Pole-1 drifting station
• 3 Orders of Lenin (11/27/1932; 06/27/1937; 09/19/1953)
• 2 orders of the Red Banner of Labor (02/25/1937; 06/10/1945)
• Order of the Red Star (04/20/1934)

• On December 14, 1956, by Decree of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences No. 681, the Institute of Physics of the Earth of the USSR Academy of Sciences was named after O. Yu. Schmidt. On October 26, 2011, a bronze bust was opened and installed in the lobby of the institute (sculptor A. D. Kazachok).
• The research icebreaker of project 97H was named “ Otto Schmidt ” (operation period: from 1979 to 1991).
• Until 1938, the icebreaker was named after Schmitt. In 1938, Schmidt was removed from the post of chief of the Northern Sea Route, after which the icebreaker was renamed Anastas Mikoyan .
• The icy plain of Schmidt in Antarctica.
• Cape Otto Schmidt on the coast of Chukotka.
• Cape Schmidt is an urban-type settlement in the Iultinsky district of the Chukotka Autonomous Region
• Schmidt Island on the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago.
• In 1973-2008, the Shmidtovsky district existed in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug.
• Since 1971, the Academy of Sciences of the USSR , and since 1991, the Russian Academy of Sciences has been awarded the O. Yu. Schmidt Prize for outstanding scientific work in the field of research and development of the Arctic .
• Prospect in Mogilev .
• Streets in many cities of the CIS .
• The name of O. Yu. Schmidt is the avenue of the village of Nikolin Gore, where he lived in the country for many years.
• In Murmansk Gymnasium No. 4, a school museum for the development of the Arctic is named after Otto Yulievich Schmidt.
• The asteroid (2108) Otto Schmidt is named after O. Yu. Schmidt ^[13] .
• Names - Oyushminald (a): “Otto Yulievich Schmidt on the ice”, Lagshminald (a): “Schmidt's camp on the ice”, Lagshmivar (a), Lashmivar (a): “Schmidt's camp in the Arctic” ^{[14] [15]} .

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  Bust of O. Yu. Schmidt at the State Northern Maritime Museum in Arkhangelsk

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  Postage stamp USSR
  1935 year

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  Postage stamp USSR
  1966 year

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  Postage stamp of Belarus,
  year 2001

• Schmidt O. Yu. Arctic Research in the Soviet Union (series “Reports of the Soviet Delegation at the International Geographic Congress in Warsaw”). - M. , 1934.
• Schmidt O. Yu. Our tasks in 1936. Report at the Meeting of economic workers of the Glavsevmorput system under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR Jan 13. 1936 - L. , 1936.
• Schmidt O. Yu. Abstract group theory. - 2nd ed. - M.-L.: State Technical and Theoretical Publishing House, 1933.
• Schmidt O. Yu. Four lectures on the theory of the origin of the Earth. - M .: 1957.
• Schmidt O. Yu. Selected Works. Maths. - M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1959.
• Gliko A. O. (Ch. Ed.) Otto Yulievich Schmidt in the history of Russia of the XX century and the development of his scientific ideas. - M .: Fizmatlit, 2011.

• Wiese V. Yu. Sea of ​​the Russian Arctic: In 2 vols. - T. II. - M .: Paulsen, 2016 .-- 340 p .: ill. - Series “International Polar Year”. - ISBN 978-5-98797-130-7 .
• Kolchinsky I.G., Korsun A.A., Rodriguez M.G. Astronomers: A Biographical Reference. - 2nd ed., Revised. and additional .. - Kiev: Naukova Dumka , 1986. - 512 p.
• Koryakin V.S. Otto Schmidt. - M .: Veche, 2011 .-- 416 p., Ill. - (Great historical figures). - 4,000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-9533-5770-8 .

• Schmidt, Otto Yulievich (Russian) . Site " Heroes of the country ".

• Biography
• Laboratory named after Otto Yulievich Schmidt .
• Otto Schmidt's profile on the official website of the RAS
• The Schmidt Foundation of Otto Yulievich on the website of the Archive of the RAS .
• Schmidt Otto Yulievich (neopr.) . Chronicle of Moscow University . Date of treatment December 6, 2017.
• A section of the book by Lauren Graham "Natural Sciences, Philosophy and the Science of Human Behavior in the Soviet Union", dedicated to O. Yu. Schmidt .