Theism ( Greek Θεός - God ) - in the broad sense - faith in God [1] ; in a narrow sense - a religious and philosophical worldview, which affirms the existence of a monotheistic God who created the world and continues its activity in it [2] . For the first time, the term "theism" was used by Ralph Kedworth in the work "The true intellectual system of the universe." Theism traditionally includes such creeds as Judaism , Christianity and Islam [3] .
Theism in the narrow sense, in contrast to deism , believes that God is not only the creator of the world, but also takes a direct or indirect part in its governance. Hence the idea of divine providence . It differs from pantheism in recognizing the personality of God and being separate from the world .
Theism in the broad sense includes monotheism , polytheism , pantheism and deism .
The main motive for the development of theism was its opposition to the pantheistic views of Schelling and Hegel . The main representatives of theism E. L. Radlov in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron calls Fichte, Jr. , Ulrici , Wirth , Weiss , Halibueus , , Carrier and Zeising .
In philosophy, in relation to theism, the position of “ignorance” is called agnosticism , the absence of theistic faith is called atheism (from the Greek άθεος , godless ), and denial is called antiteism .
Content
- 1 The essence of theism
- 2 See also
- 3 notes
- 4 Literature
The Essence of Theism
The essence of theism was defined by Fichte Jr. as follows: “By theism we mean the general idea that the absolute principle, no matter how it is thought, should still not be represented in the form of blind, unconscious power; therefore, it cannot be classified as a general substance or an abstract, impersonal mind, but it must certainly be conceivable as a personal, existent being in itself, to indicate which a person has no other expression and analogy, as unconditional consciousness. It necessarily follows from this concept of absolute spirit that the world order does not as much allow the idea of arising from chance as the idea of unconditional necessity. The only concept consistent with the world order is internal expediency ... This result of an empirical understanding of the world makes philosophical thinking compose the concept of an unconditional basis that poses a goal, for the characterization of which a person has no words other than perfect thinking and will determined by good. ”
From this it is clear that theism rests on the assumption of the possibility of knowing God; its followers need to show the falsity of the results of critical philosophy, since it does not allow knowledge of the transcendental, and, on the other hand, indicate the source of the actual knowledge of God. Many theists tend to see such a source of knowledge in feeling; in this they agree with the Neoplatonists , who affirmed the unknowability of God for reason, but admitted the possibility of another knowledge, mystical , that is, direct contemplation of the supersensible. However, the theist can also stand for a rational knowledge of God, as was done, for example, by the leading representative of Russian spiritual and academic philosophy V. Kudryavtsev-Platonov [4] . The theistic line of thought does not seem complete; determination of its epistemological significance is a matter for the future.
In Indian philosophy , the orthodox teachings (recognizing the authority of the Vedas and called astika ) include both theistic and atheistic schools. To unorthodox (“ nastika ”) are only atheistic schools.
See also
- Agnostic theism
- Itsism
- Deism
- Neteism
- Nirishvaravada
- Atheism
- Antitheism
- Pantheism
Notes
- ↑ English Merriam-Webster Online
- ↑ Theism // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ Theism - an article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia .
- ↑ Kudryavtsev-Platonov V.D. Works. T. I — III. Sergiev Posad, 1893.
Literature
- Wed Schaden , Über den Gegenzatz des theistischen und pantheistischen Standpunkts ( Erlangen , 1848);
- Mayer , "Theismus und Pantheismus" ( Freiburg , 1849);
- Kudryavtsev-Platonov V. D. "From Readings on the Philosophy of Religion" (2nd vol.; Deism, pantheism, atheism, theism);
- Bogolyubov N. “Theism and Pantheism” ( Nizhny Novgorod , 1899);
- Soloviev Vl. "Justification of the good."
- Theism // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.