Clever Geek Handbook
📜 ⬆️ ⬇️

Sun clothed wife

Sun clothed wife
(miniature of Gerrad Landsberg , end of the 12th century ) To the left of the Wife is a battle with a beast from the sea , to the right a red dragon spews a stream of water at her, in the sky above her is her baby, admiring the throne of God

The wife, clothed in the sun ( Greek γυνὴ περιβεβλημένη τὸν ἥλιον , lat. Mulier amicta sole , church glorious. The wife is blessed with the sun ) is a symbolic character of the Revelation of John the Evangelist ( Rev. 1 ). The image of the Wife has various theological interpretations, among which the understanding of him as a Christian church during the period of persecution dominates.

This image was reflected in the fine arts , both in works on the plot of the Apocalypse, and in individual iconographic plots associated with the Virgin .

Content

Vision of John the Theologian

The story of the Wife is contained in the 12th chapter of the book of Revelation :

 ... a great sign appeared in heaven: a wife clothed in the sun ; under her feet is the moon , and on her head is a crown of twelve stars. She had in her womb, and screamed from the pains and torments of birth.
( Rev. 12: 1-2 )
 

After the appearance of the Wife, John saw another sign - a red dragon with seven heads crowned with tiaras and ten horns. The dragon with its tail “ dragged a third of the stars from heaven and cast them to the ground ”, and then stood in front of Wife, waiting for her to give birth to a baby to devour him.

The wife gave birth to “a male infant, who is to feed all nations with an iron rod; and her child was delighted with God and his throne " ( Rev. 12: 5 ), and she, fleeing from the dragon, fled to the wilderness, where there was her place, prepared by God, and" fed her there a thousand two hundred and sixty days . " At this time, the battle of the dragon and the archangel Michael occurred in heaven. The dragon fell and began to again pursue the Wife, who was given " two wings of a large eagle so that she would fly into the desert to her place on behalf of the serpent and eat there for a long time, time and half time ." In pursuit of her, the dragon launched a stream of water after her, but the earth swallowed him. Then

 the dragon was angry with his wife, and went to fight with others from her seed, who keep the commandments of God and have the testimony of Jesus Christ
( Rev. 12:17 )
 

Theological Interpretations

 
Vision of the Wife by John the Theologian
(Tobias Verhaehst, 1598 )

The interpretation of the image of the Wife, clothed in the sun, was addressed by a few theologians. Of these, early Christian authors can be distinguished: Hippolytus of Rome ( III century ), Methodius Patarsky ( IV century ), Andrei Kesariysky (VI – VII centuries) and modern ones: Sergey Bulgakov , Averky (Taushev) , Alexander (Mileant) , Alexander Men . In their interpretations, the image of the apocalyptic wife received two main interpretations: the Christian church and the Virgin . It should be noted that the book of Revelation is not used as a liturgical reading (the exception is the tradition of the Catholic Church to use it in Sunday masses during the Easter period and a number of other services). This is because the ancient tradition prescribes an explanation of reading the Holy Scriptures at worship , and the Apocalypse has few theological interpretations and is difficult to understand [1] .

In addition to the theological interpretation, Alexander Me has the opinion that in a number of episodes, John’s story about the appearance of the Wife tells about the events of the Christian community’s flight from Jerusalem through the Jordan to the Jordanian city ​​of Pella [2] .

Church

The first in the image of the Wife, the Christian Church saw Hippolytus of Rome : [3]

 Under the image of a woman clothed in the sun, John very clearly shows the church, clothed in the Word of the Father, shining more than the sun. By the fact that on her head a crown of stars from twelve points to the twelve apostles , through whom the church was founded.
- Hippolytus of Rome. “ The Word of Christ and Antichrist ”
 

This interpretation has become the most common. In the Explanatory Bible, edited by A.P. Lopukhin , it is stated that the wife of most theologians refers to the Christian church " throughout its history, from the first days of the Apostles to the time of the reign of the Antichrist " [4] .

A number of theologians note that in the writings of John the Evangelist the word “ Wife or Mistress means the Church. The second epistle of John is addressed to the “chosen Lady,” and it is very clear that in Cana of Galilee and at the foot of the Cross, the “Mother of Jesus” is a community of believers ” [5] .

Wife Symbols

 
Sun clothed wife
( Speculum humanae salvationis , 1450 )

Andrei Kesariysky in his interpretation of the Apocalypse quotes Methodius Patarsky , who gives the following interpretation of the images associated with the Wife [6] :

  • The sun , in which the Woman is dressed, symbolizes the light of Christ - the " sun of truth ", its truth and virtue [7] ;
  • The moon acts as an image of the sacrament of baptism - “ by the moon I mean faith as a bathhouse of those who are cleansed and freed from corruption ” (sometimes this image is understood as human wisdom [7] );
  • The crown of stars acts as the image of apostolic dogmas and virtues.

There are interpretations of the sun and moon as symbols of the church and the kingdom: “the sun above the head of the wife symbolizes the power of the priesthood, and the moon under her feet means the radiance of royal power ” [8] . But other theologians emphasize that in the story of John on the head of the wife is not a crown (a symbol of power), but a crown symbolizing glory [4] . The modern theologian Bishop Alexander (Mileant) sees in the sunshine “the moral perfection of the saints and the graceful illumination of the Church with the gifts of the Holy Spirit ”, and in the twelve stars “the twelve tribes of the New Israel - that is, the totality of Christian peoples ” [1] . Stars can also be understood as a community of people " who have accepted and revealed themselves to the action of God " [5] .

The Russian theologian and philosopher Sergey Bulgakov, in his experience of the dogmatic interpretation of the book of Revelation, writes that the source of the wife’s astronomical symbols must be sought in Babylonian , Persian, Greek , Egyptian myths [9] . He notes that “the sun and the moon, twelve stars, the signs of the zodiac are these attributes of the pagan goddess, ” but they are translated into the language of Christian theology and begin to symbolize the “ twelve natives of the old or new Israel, patriarchs or apostles .”

Childbirth and baby

Andrei Kesariysky understands the Wife’s birth pains as the pain of the church about each of its members (among other theologians it is the torments and labors of the church, which she experiences when acquiring each new member - when converting the mistaken, when the sinners repent [4] : “My children, for whom I again in the throes of birth, until Christ is displayed in you! ” ( Gal. 4:19 ). In relation to the male infant born by the Wife, he notes:

The male son is a child of the church, not weakened by lusts, through them the God of God grazes the nations of Christ with strong hands like strong iron. He will also fall after the resurrection from the dead, setting judges strong in the faith over weak and weak vessels - pagans, who, by unbelief, did not contain the mysterious and new wine [6] .

 
Dragon, ready to devour a baby born to Wife
( Justo de Menabuoy , XIV century )

Sergei Bulgakov believes that the singular in relation to the baby is chosen allegorically and his birth can not be identified with Christmas [9] . Methodius Patarsky holds the same opinion: “ It should not be counted as the Christ himself again born, for long before the revelation of John the mystery of the incarnation of the Divine Word was fulfilled .” The reason for this, he sees, is that the book of John the Theologian is dedicated to the events of the present and future. In this regard, a baby is sometimes understood as the birth of Christ in the hearts of believers [4] . A number of theologians nevertheless call the firstborn born of the Wife, Jesus Christ , based on the words “who was to feed all the nations with an iron rod” ( Rev. 12: 5 ), which repeat the line of 2 Psalm ( Psalm 2: 9 ), related to the Messianic (that is, containing an indication of the coming of Christ) [10] . In this regard, the infant’s admiration for the throne of God is perceived as an image of the Ascension [1] . Hippolytus of Rome, not calling the baby of the Wife Jesus Christ, explains his admiration for God by the fact that “ he is the king of heaven and not the earthly one, always born by her [the church], as David proclaims, saying: “ Spee to the Lord my Lord: sit on the right hand Me, I’ll put your enemies at the foot of your feet ” ( Psalm 109: 1 )” [3] .

Interpreting the words of John that the baby was rapt in God, Andrew of Caesarea writes that this is the image of the saints so that “ they would not be overcome by oppression beyond power ” they would admire “ in the clouds into the air, and be with God and His throne ” [ 6] .

 
Wife hiding from a dragon in the desert
(miniature of the facial Apocalypse, 16th century )

Flight into the Desert

The escape of the Wife into the desert is understood by theologians as a renunciation of “ civic virtues, vanity and worldly pleasures ” [6] :

The Christian Church is a child of heaven; on earth she has only temporary residence, and her fatherland is in heaven. However, she is doomed to live on earth. Α since terrestrial conditions do not correspond to her essence and cannot satisfy her needs, then, naturally, she must live among them as if in a desert: she must look for heavenly manna and wonderful water for herself. [four]

Sergei Bulgakov believes that flight to the desert does not mean that the Church in it becomes inaccessible to persecution, which, on the contrary, can acquire, in his opinion, wide dimensions. He calls the salvation of the Woman in the wilderness a miracle of God preserving his church in conditions of persecution: “the Lord hides from the eyes of the persecutors and preserves the“ holy remnant “,“ seeds “of the Church, which in seedlings unexpectedly give seedlings and fruits ” [9] . The Russian theologian, Metropolitan Filaret (Drozdov) considers the desert not a deserted place " because the Church itself is a large crowd of believers ", but perceives it as an indication of the " inner desert " that is, a distance from the " world " and approaching God [7] .

The period that the Wife will stay in the desert is called by John in one thousand two hundred and sixty days (42 months, about 3.5 years, see Time, Times and Half-Time ). Alexander (Mileant) , noting that the numbers in the Apocalypse should be understood allegorically, calls the possible explanation for this period that the earthly ministry of Christ lasted 3.5 years, the persecutions of the emperors Nero and Domitian continued for as long [1] . For Andrei of Caesarea, a period of 3.5 years is understood as the time that believers will take refuge “ in the sensual desert - mountains, abysses and caves ” [11] .

Two eagle wings, which God grants to his wife for flight, received different interpretations:

 
Wife and Dragon ( Capital of the Gotland Hornse Church, Sweden )
  • “The prayer and fasting, with which Christians spiritualize and become inaccessible to a dragon crawling on the ground like a serpent ” [1] ;
  • the divine omnipotence and goodness received by the church when God takes custody of him during the period of persecution [4] ;
  • the hands of the crucified Jesus Christ: “ stretch out His holy hands on a holy tree, spread two wings, right and left, calling all believers to him ” [3] ;
  • renewal, since the eagle in the beliefs of the ancients, when it changes feathers, it is renewed and therefore can live a very long time [2] .

The flight of the Wife is accompanied by the attack of the dragon, who launched her after the water that the earth swallowed. According to Sergei Bulgakov, this allegory is very difficult to interpret [9] . Water received the following interpretations: paganism , army, flattery, cunning, temptation ; earth: the energy of the Church itself, the way God intended for it. Andrei of Caesarea has the following interpretation of this attack: “ its water will follow in the footstep like a river; otherwise: there will be many or evil demons , or various temptations. - The earth, it is said, helped her by holding the aspiration of the evil ones either by the distance of the distance, or by waterlessness and drought, or by the humble wisdom of the saints, who, speaking from the heart: “I am the earth and the ashes” ( Genesis 18:27 ), thereby dissolve everything the devil network ” [11] .

Virgin Mary

 
Virgo in the image of the Wife of the Apocalypse
( Rubens , 1623-24)

The existence of interpretations of the image of the Wife as an indication of the Virgin Mary was already reported in the VI century by Andrei Kesariysky , although he subsequently refutes this interpretation [6] . Theologians see the main reference to the Virgin as the birth of “a male child who should feed all nations” ( Rev. 12: 5 ), which is understood in connection with an almost literal coincidence with the verse of the Messianic second psalm ( Psalm 2: 9 ), as Christ [12] .

This interpretation is widespread in the modern Catholic Church , it was held by Pope Pius X [13] , Pius XII (cites this image in the bull “Munificentissimus Deus”, establishing the dogma of the Ascension of the Virgin Mary [14] ), Paul VI [15] and John Paul II [16] . Pope Benedict XVI in his speech on the book of Revelation emphasized that the image of the Wife refers to Mary, but at the same time to the whole church, which participates in the triumph over evil [17] . The Catholic Encyclopedia reports that although a number of statements in the book of Revelation are more likely to refer to the Christian church, they are applicable to the Virgin Mary because of its special significance for Christianity [18] .

With this interpretation, the story of the Apostle John about the Wife becomes a description of the gospel events [18] :

  • the birth of the Woman - the Nativity of Christ ;
  • the dragon, trying to devour the wife of his wife, appears in the image of King Herod , who organized the beating of infants , and the Jewish high priests and elders who were looking for a reason to put Jesus to death;
  • baby's admiration for God - Ascension of Christ .

A 42-month stay of the Wife in the desert received a special interpretation - a symbol of the persecution of Christians under the emperor Nero [19] , when, according to Ambrosius Mediolansky , Mary's life was an example for everyone [20] .

One of the leading Catholic theologians, Cardinal John Newman ( XIX century ) wrote that this interpretation is controversial because of the lack of its support in the writings of the Church Fathers [21] . He also considered it an anachronism to attribute this image of the Virgin Mary to the apostolic period:

Christians never turned to the Scriptures to prove their doctrine, until a special need forced them to do so under the pressure of disagreements. If in those days the dignity of the Virgin did not cause doctrinal objections, then they preferred not to be interested in the opinion of Scripture regarding controversial issues.

Original text
Christians have never gone to Scripture for proof of their doctrines, till there was actual need, from the pressure of controversy; if in those times the Blessed Virgin's dignity was unchallenged on all hands, as a matter of doctrine, Scripture, as far as its argumentative matter was concerned, was likely to remain a sealed book to them.

Other interpretations

Less common interpretations of the images of the Wife include [22] :

  • Eve

The interpretation is based on a comparison of the story that the dragon entered into a battle with the seed of the Wife ( Rev. 12:17 ) and the story of the fall of the ancestors , when God, turning to the snake-tempter, said: “I will put enmity between you and between the wife and between between your seed and between your seed; it will strike you in the head, and you will sting it in the heel ” ( Genesis 3:15 ). The opinion that the snake-tempter is identical to the dragon pursuing the Wife, theologians find in the story of the fall of the dragon, where he is called the ancient serpent, Satan and the devil ( Rev. 12: 9 ).

  • Israel

This interpretation is based on the symbols of the wife (sun, moon, stars), which are also mentioned in Joseph the Beautiful's dream ( Genesis 37: 9 ). Эти образы из сна Иосифа у богословов понимаются, в соответствие со словами его отца Иакова ( Быт. 37:10 ), как потомство самого Иакова, то есть двенадцать колен Израиля [23] .

  • Анна Ли

Основательница религиозного движения шейкеров Матушка Анна Ли (1736 — 1784), по свидетельствам последователей, являлась «женой, облечённой в солнце» и получила откровение об этом в 1770-х годах [24] .

Изобразительное искусство

Изображение Жены, облечённой в солнце, является традиционным сюжетом средневековых миниатюр иллюминированных Апокалипсисов. В них изображаются как отдельные сцены, описанные апостолом Иоанном (явление Жены; дракон, пытающийся пожрать её младенца; бегство Жены), так и сложные композиции с изображением одновременно нескольких сцен. Гравюры на данный сюжет для своих циклов иллюстраций Библии создали Альбрехт Дюрер и Густав Доре .

В классической живописи традиционным является сцена явления Жены Иоанну Богослову. Работы с таким сюжетом создали Ганс Мемлинг , Иероним Босх , Мартин Жаффнер , Эль Греко , Диего Веласкес и другие. В них образ Жены не занимает центральное место, она изображается небольшой фигурой в небесах, как видение апостола. Наиболее известной картиной на данный сюжет является полотно Рубенса « Дева в образе Жены Апокалипсиса » ( англ. The Virgin as the Woman of the Apocalypse , 1623—1624). [25] На нём в центре помещена Дева Мария с младенцем Иисусом на руках, слева от неё архангел Михаил с ангелами побивает сатану в образе красного дракона; в облаках полуфигура Бога Отца , который направляет к Марии ангелов, которые подают ей орлиные крылья.

Поскольку для западной церкви была характерна трактовка образа Жены как Богородицы, то появился её отдельный иконографический тип , где Дева Мария в короне помещена в лучезарную солнечную мандорлу , на её руках младенец Иисус, а под ногами серп луны. Особо это проявилось в немецком искусстве, где к XV веку возник тип « Сияющих Мадонн » ( нем. Strahlende Madonnen ). [26] В большинстве своём это были скульптурные изображения, которые помещали на люстрах, висящих над алтарём . Также изображения Жены стали воспроизводиться в гравюрах, миниатюрах и на витражных стеклах. Из Германии данный иконографический тип получил широкое распространение в польском искусстве, а откуда в XVII веке через Украину , Белоруссию и Литву появился и в России (о примерах таких изображений в русской иконописи см. ниже). [27]

Луна под ногами Жены вошла в иконографический тип « Иммакулата » — аллегорическое изображение Непорочного зачатия Девы Марии , в котором Мадонна изображается парящей в небесах на полумесяце. Одной из наиболее известных западных икон такого типа является Дева Мария Гваделупская . Как полагают современные исследователи, широкое почитание этого образа в Мексике связано с древними представлениями о богине Коатликуэ , атрибутами которой также были звёзды и луна [28] .

 
 
 
 
Сияющая Мадонна
( Мастер жития Марии , 1460—1480 годы)
Иоанн Богослов на Патмосе
( Иероним Босх , 1504—1505 годы)
Иоанн Богослов и Жена, облечённая в солнце
( Виллиам де Паннемекер , середина XVI века )
Великий Красный Дракон и Жена, облачённая в Солнце
( Уильям Блэйк , 1805—1810 годы)
 
« Благодатное Небо »
( Василий Познанский , 1682 год)

Иконопись

В иконописи изображения Жены встречаются редко, несмотря на то, что в « Ерминии » Дионисия Фурноаграфиота (начало XVIII века) содержится указание по написанию данного образа, который, согласно данного руководства, следует помещать на стенах паперти :

Всесвятая стоит на облаках в пурпуровой одежде с ангельскими крыльями. Вокруг венца Её блестят двенадцать звёзд; а сама Она от головы до ног окружена солнечными лучами. Подножием Ей служит луна. Пред Нею виден красный дракон с семью головами, с семью венцами и десятью рогами. Он из уст своих испускает воду как реку, которую поглощает разверзшаяся земля. За хвостом его видно множество звёзд. Над Всесвятою два ангела держат на пелене Христа, яко младенца. Они окружены облаками [29] .

 
Жена, облачённая в солнце, и ангел, пожинающий гроздья гнева
(деталь иконы «Апокалипсис», ок. 1500 года )
 
Жена убегает от дракона (миниатюра Бамбергского Апокалипсиса , XI век)

Следует отметить, что Дионисий Фурноаграфиот в своём руководстве указывает на трактовку образа Жены как Богородицы.

К наиболее известным иконописным произведениям, содержащим образ Жены, относятся:

  • икона «Апокалипсис» Успенского собора Московского Кремля , созданная в конце XV века. На ней Жене, как и другим персонажам, иконописец предал античные черты , что сближает данную икону с работами итальянских художников XV века. Жена представлена в нескольких сценах, особо выделяется изображение её бегства от дракона: «могучая фигура как бы парит в воздухе… Складки её одежды не измельчены, не беспокойны, сквозь них, как в греческой классике, угадывается тело, они не разбивают общего силуэта. Можно подумать, что средствами живописи передано очарование греческого мрамора» [30] ;
  • фресковый цикл на сюжет Апокалипсиса в притворе Троицкого собора Данилова монастыря ( Переславль-Залесский ), созданный в XVII веке (фреска со сценами явления Жены и преследования её драконом) [31] .

Под влиянием западной иконографии в XVII веке в русском искусстве появились иконы Богородицы в образе Жены, облечённой в солнце [32] . К примерам таких икон относятся почитавшиеся чудотворными Виленская икона , « Всех Скорбящих Радость » и « Благодатное Небо » (создана иконописцами Оружейной палаты в 1678 — 1680 годах по имевшемуся у них западному образцу, привезённому в Москву в конце XIV века великой княгиней Софией Витовтовной ), находившиеся в Архангельском соборе Московского Кремля [27] . В 1682 году в той же иконографии мастер Василий Познанский написал икону-аппликацию для церкви Распятия Теремного дворца Кремля [33] .

«Москва — Третий Рим»

История бегства Жены, облечённой в солнце, от дракона была использована старцем Псковского Елизарова монастыря Филофеем в его письмах к великому князю Василию III в качестве одного из обоснований концепции перехода к Московскому царству преемства от Римской и Византийской империй. Используя традиционное понимание этого образа как христианской церкви, Филофей писал: [34]

 И паки въ третий Римъ бѣжа, иже есть в новую Великую Русию, се есть пустыня, понеже святыа вѣры пусти бѣша и иже божествении апостоли в них [не] проповѣдаша, но послѣди всѣх просвѣтися на них благодать Божиа спасителнаа его же познати истиннаго Бога. И едина нынѣ святаа съборнаа апостольскаа Церковь въсточная паче солнца въ всей поднебеснѣи свѣтится, и единъ православный великий рускии царь въ всей поднебесной, яко же Нои в ковчезѣ спсеныи от потопа, правя и окормляа Христову Церковь и утвержаа православную вѣру. [35] 

Данная трактовка этого апокалиптического образа является собственным измышлением Филофея и в его посланиях можно проследить работу по её раскрытию. [36]

Интерпретация Николая Морозова

В рамках астрономической интерпретации книги Откровения, сделанной Н. А. Морозовым , рассказ Иоанна содержит в себе описание положения различных созвездий над островом Патмос во время бури 30 сентября 395 года [37] . Морозов в своём сочинении « Откровение в грозе и буре. История возникновения Апокалипсиса » ( 1907 год ) дал следующую интерпретацию образа Жены и связанных с ней событий:

  • Жена — созвездие Девы , венец на её голове — созвездие Волосы Вероники , беременность — туча, частично закрывшая созвездие;
  • красный дракон — созвездие Змея ;
  • младенец, рождённый Женой — созвездие Геркулеса ;
  • бегство Жены в пустыню на 1260 дней — невидимость созвездия Девы до 13 марта 399 года.

Данная датировка не поддерживается наукой как противоречащая фактам упоминаний о сочинении Иоанна в трудах раннехристианских авторов уже во II веке , и астрономически весьма неточная, но активно используется авторами « новой хронологии » [38] .

В культуре

 
Мадонна, одетая в солнце
(польский мастер, середина XV века )
Literature
  • Образ Жены, облечённой в солнце, у поэта и философа Владимира Соловьёва стал персонификацией добра и красоты:

Жена, облечённая в солнце, уже мучается родами: она должна явить истину, родить слово, и вот древний змий собирает против нас свои последние силы и хочет затопить её в ядовитых потоках лжи, правдоподобных обманов. Всё это предсказано, и предсказан конец: в конце Вечная красота будет плодотворна, и из неё выйдет спасение мира, когда её обманчивые подобия исчезнут, как та морская пена, что родила простонародную Афродиту . [39]

Под его влиянием Александр Блок в своём первом стихотворном сборнике « Стихи о прекрасной даме » ( 1904 год ) дал этому образу развёрнутое воплощение. [40] Данный образ был популярен и у других поэтов Серебряного века , так Андрей Белый , по воспоминаниям Ивана Бунина , « употребляя для каждого слова большую букву, называл Брюсова в своих писаниях „Тайным Рыцарем Жены, Облечённой в Солнце“ ». [41] Дмитрий Мережковский во второй части своей трилогии « Христос и Антихрист », описывая впечатление каменщика от собора пишет:

Порой снизу чудились отзвуки органа , как бы молитвенные вздохи из внутренности храма, из глубины его каменного сердца — и тогда казалось, что всё великое здание живет, дышит, растёт и возносится к небу, как вечная хвала Марии Рождающейся, как радостный гимн всех веков и народов Деве Пречистой, Жене, облечённой в солнце . [42]

  • Умберто Эко . « Имя розы » ( 1980 ): герою во время посещения книгохранилища монастыря на северо-западе Италии « явилась жена одетая в свет, которая приблизила рот к моему рту и стала дышать в лицо. Я оттолкнул её обеими руками, но руки как будто уперлись в книжный шкап, и тут же книги начали разрастаться до необычайной величины. Я уже не понимал, где я, кто я, где земля, где небо ».
Cinema
  • « Красный дракон » ( триллер , 2002 ): серийный убийца Френсис Долархайд показывает журналисту Фредди Лаундсу свою татуировку на спине — рисунок Уильяма Блейка « Великий Красный Дракон и Жена, облачённая в Солнце ».
Вексиллология
  • На флаге Европейского союза изображены 12 звёзд, которые автор флага заимствовал от описания Жены, облечённой в солнце. [43]

Notes

  1. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Alexander (Mileant) . Apocalypse (neopr.) . Date of treatment May 13, 2009. Archived on August 20, 2011.
  2. ↑ 1 2 Alexander Men . Reading the apocalypse. Conversations on the Revelation of St. John the Evangelist . - M. , 2000. - ISBN 5-89831-006-1 .
  3. ↑ 1 2 3 Hippolytus of Rome . Word about Christ and Antichrist (Neopr.) . Date of treatment May 13, 2009. Archived on August 20, 2011.
  4. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Explanatory Bible or commentary on all books of the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments edited by A.P. Lopukhin (neopr.) . Date of treatment May 13, 2009. Archived on August 20, 2011.
  5. ↑ 1 2 Pierre Dumoulin. Apocalypse: a decisive battle . - St. Petersburg, 2000.
  6. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Andrey Kesariysky. Interpretation of the Apocalypse (Chapter 33) (unopened) . Date of treatment May 13, 2009. Archived August 21, 2011.
  7. ↑ 1 2 3 Filaret (Drozdov) . A word on the consecration of the church of St. Nicholas in Tolmachy (1834) (neopr.) . Date of treatment May 13, 2009. Archived on August 20, 2011.
  8. ↑ Wife sun-clothed (Interpretation of the Apocalypse) (neopr.) . Date of treatment May 13, 2009. Archived on August 20, 2011.
  9. ↑ 1 2 3 4 Sergey Bulgakov . Apocalypse of John (Experience of dogmatic interpretation) (neopr.) . Date of treatment May 13, 2009. Archived on August 20, 2011.
  10. ↑ Egorov G., archpriest. Revelation of Christ in psalms (neopr.) . Date of treatment May 13, 2009. Archived on August 20, 2011.
  11. ↑ 1 2 Andrei of Caesarea . Interpretation of the Apocalypse (Chapter 35) (unopened) . Date of treatment May 13, 2009. Archived on August 20, 2011.
  12. ↑ William Barkley . Commentary on the New Testament (neopr.) . Date of treatment May 13, 2009. Archived on August 20, 2011.
  13. ↑ St. Pius X, Ad diem illum. ASS 36. 458 - 59: “ No one of us does not know that that woman signifies the Virgin Mary, who brought forth our Head with her virginity intact. But the Apostle continues: 'And being with child, she cried out, laboring in birth, and was in pain to be delivered. 'Therefore John saw the Most Holy Mother of God already enjoying eternal happiness, and yet laboring from some hidden birth. With what birth? Surely ours, we who, being yet detained in exile, are still to be brought forth to the perfect love of God and eternal happiness »
  14. ↑ Pius XII, Munificentissimus Deus. AAS 41. 762-63: " We frequently find theologians and preachers who, following the footsteps of the Holy Fathers, use words and events from sacred Scripture with some freedom to explain their belief in the Assumption .... And furthermore, the Scholastic doctors have considered the Assumption of the Virgin Mother of God as signified not only in the various figures of the Old Testament, but also in that woman clothed with the sun, whom the Apostle John contemplated on the island of Patmos »
  15. ↑ Paul VI, Signum Magnum, May 13, 1967 AAS 59: “ The great sign which the Apostle John saw in heaven, 'a woman clothed with the sun' is interpreted by the sacred liturgy, not without foundation, as referring to the most Blessed Mary, the Mother of all men by the grace of Christ the Redeemer »
  16. ↑ John Paul II, Redemptoris Mater, March 15, 1987. Vatican Translation. # 24: “ ... she who was the one 'full of grace' was brought into the mystery of Christ in order to be his Mother and thus the Holy Mother of God, through the Church remains in that mystery as 'the woman' spoken of by the Book of Genesis (3:15) at the beginning and by the Apocalypse (12: 1) at the end of the history of salvation »
  17. ↑ Pope Benedict: Read Book of Revelation as Christ's victory over evil . Catholic News Service. Date of treatment May 24, 2009. Archived on August 20, 2011.
  18. ↑ 1 2 The Blessed Virgin Mary . Catholic Encyclopedia. Date of treatment May 13, 2009. Archived on August 20, 2011.
  19. ↑ Raymond Taouk. The Woman clothed with the sun . Date of treatment March 2, 2010. Archived on August 20, 2011.
  20. ↑ Ambrose the Mediolan . De Virginib. L. ii., C. ii.
  21. ↑ John Henry Newman. Anglican Difficulties. - London, 1885. - T. II. - S. 54.
  22. ↑ James Akin. The Woman of Revalation . Date of treatment May 13, 2009. Archived on August 20, 2011.
  23. ↑ Joseph - article from the Electronic Jewish Encyclopedia
  24. ↑ Francis, Richard. Ann, the Word: The Story of Ann Lee, Female Messiah, Mother of the Shakers, the Woman Clothed with the Sun. - Arcade Publishing, 2001 .-- 388 p. - ISBN 1559705620 , 9781559705622.
  25. ↑ Peter Paul Rubens. The Virgin as the Woman of the Apocalypse . Date of treatment May 13, 2009.
  26. ↑ The Strahlenden Madonnen . Date of treatment May 13, 2009. Archived on August 20, 2011.
  27. ↑ 1 2 Icon of the Mother of God “Wife Covered in the Sun” (Neopr.) . Date of treatment May 13, 2009. Archived on August 20, 2011.
  28. ↑ Sheleshneva-Solodovnikova N.A. Latin American art of the 16th-20th centuries. - M .: Lenand, 2008 .-- S. 54. - ISBN 978-5-9710-0192-8 .
  29. ↑ Dionysius Furnoagraphiot . Herminia (neopr.) . Date of treatment May 13, 2009. Archived August 21, 2011.
  30. ↑ Alpatov M.V. Russian painting of the late XV century and ancient heritage in the art of Europe // Studies on the history of Russian art. In 2 vols. - M .: Art, 1967. - T. 1. Archived on August 20, 2011.
  31. ↑ Trinity Cathedral of the Danilov Monastery (murals of the southern wall) (neopr.) . Date of treatment May 13, 2009.
  32. ↑ Schennikova L. A. Holy Sky is the icon of the Mother of God // Orthodox Encyclopedia . - M .: Church and Scientific Center "Orthodox Encyclopedia" , 2002. - V. V. - P. 301-302. - 752 s. - 39,000 copies. - ISBN 5-89572-010-2 .
  33. ↑ Dictionary of royal icon painters and painters of the 17th century. - M. , 1910. - S. 204-216.
  34. ↑ Quoted from D. N. Stremoukhov. Moscow - Third Rome: The Source of Doctrine // From the History of Russian Culture: Collection. - M .: Languages ​​of Slavic culture, 2002. - T. II. Book 1. Kievan and Moscow Russia . - S. 439 .
  35. ↑ Translation: And again, in the third Rome, she fled — to the new Great Russia, it is a desert because she did not have holy faith and the divine apostles did not preach in it, but after all the grace of God saving God was enlightened on her and she knew the true God. And one now the collegiate apostolic Church is brighter than the sun in the whole heavens, and one great Orthodox Russian Tsar in all the heavens, like Noah in the ark, saved from the flood, rules and nourishes the Church of Christ and affirms the Orthodox faith.
  36. ↑ Schaeder N. H. Moskau das Dritte Rom. - Hamburg, 1929 .-- S. 8.
  37. ↑ Morozov N.A. Revelation in a thunderstorm and a storm (Neopr.) . Date of treatment May 17, 2009.
  38. ↑ Fomenko A.T. Methods of statistical analysis of narrative texts and applications to chronology (neopr.) . Date of treatment May 17, 2009. Archived August 20, 2011.
    • See also criticisms of Morozov’s interpretations and the New Chronology:
      • Bronstein V. A. N. A. Morozov - the forerunner of the creators of the "new chronology" // Questions of History, N6, 1998.
      • Schmidt S. O. "The Fomenko Phenomenon" in the context of the study of modern public historical consciousness // Historical notes. - 2003. - Issue. 6 (124) . - S. 342-387 .
  39. ↑ Cit. by Losev A.F. Vladimir Solovyov and his time. - M. , 2000 .-- S. 209.
  40. ↑ Alexander Blok (neopr.) . Date of treatment May 13, 2009. Archived on August 20, 2011.
  41. ↑ Bunin I.A. Memories (neopr.) . Date of treatment May 13, 2009. Archived on August 20, 2011.
  42. ↑ Dmitry Merezhkovsky . “The resurrected gods. Leonardo da Vinci "novel (1901) (neopr.) . Date of treatment May 13, 2009. Archived on August 20, 2011.
  43. ↑ The European Commission and religious values . The economist . Date of treatment May 13, 2009. Archived on August 20, 2011.

Links

  • Alexander (Mileant) . Apocalypse (neopr.) . Date of treatment April 21, 2009. Archived August 20, 2011.
  • Andrey Kesariysky . Interpretation on the Apocalypse (neopr.) . Date of treatment April 21, 2009. Archived August 20, 2011.
  • Sergey Bulgakov . Apocalypse of John (Experience of dogmatic interpretation) (neopr.) . Date of treatment April 21, 2009. Archived August 20, 2011.
  • A woman clothed in the sun (Interpretation of the Apocalypse) (neopr.) . Date of treatment April 21, 2009. Archived August 20, 2011.
Source - https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Wife, sun - trained &oldid = 100990609


More articles:

  • Abdullaev, Akram Kamal oglu
  • Wolf, Conrad
  • Gabrielle Sakone
  • Bhutan (substance)
  • Kiselevsky, Leonid Ivanovich
  • University of Nottingham Malaysia
  • Thunder Force (Game Series)
  • Parodius (series of games)
  • Soyuz TMA-15
  • Declan

All articles

Clever Geek | 2019