Guadalupe Caracara [2] ( lat. Caracara lutosa ) is an extinct bird of prey of the falcon family. Initially, it, along with closely related ordinary caracara and Caracara cheriway , was placed in the genus Polyborus [3] . The bird is also known as Kelili or Kalali [3] .
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Caracara lutosa ( Ridgway , 1876 ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Distribution and taxonomy
Until the beginning of the 20th century, Guadalupe caracara lived on the Mexican island of Guadalupe . The species Caracara cheriway was sometimes incorrectly called the Guadalupe caracara, since a previously extinct species was considered a subspecies of the taxon currently living. Guadalupe caracara was recognized as a full-fledged species in 2000 [4] .
History
Guadalupe caracara was described by early scholars as an “evil” and “terrible” bird. As a result of the campaign for the hunting and use of poisons , conducted by shepherds on the island of Guadalupe , the bird was on the verge of extinction [3] . In 1876, the species was distributed throughout the island, but in March 1897 only one individual was found, although several birds survived [3] [5] . December 1, 1900 collector Rollo Beck On the island I observed 11 individuals, which were preserved as stuffed animals . The last caracara was allegedly killed by a collector on the island of Guadeloupe, relying on their courage and ease in finding them, since they were a common sight [6] . According to unconfirmed reports, the last time a bird was seen in 1903 , and in 1906 the species ceased to exist [7] .
Guadalupe Karakara is one of the few species that was deliberately destroyed as a result of human activities. In this case, it was exterminated by farmers who believed that the birds should have been destroyed, as they sometimes attacked young goats (although the role of caracara as a hunter for livestock was greatly exaggerated) [3] . It is worth noting that the former habitat of Karakara at that time was devastated by tens of thousands of feral goats, which led to the extinction of some endemic species, caused by the almost complete destruction of the island's ecosystem [8] .
The extermination of caracara led to the extinction of lice of the species Acutifrons caracarensis , which parasitized on birds [9] .
In private collections today there are about 35 exhibits (skins, skeletons and two eggs). The exhibits are presented in museums in Chicago , Washington and London [10] .
Notes
- ↑ Caracara lutosa . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . (Retrieved March 11, 2016)
- ↑ Vinokurov A.A. Rare and endangered animals. Birds: Ref. allowance / ed. V.E. Sokolova . - M .: Higher school, 1992. - S. 51. - 446 p. : ill. - 100 000 copies - ISBN 5-06-002116-5 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Ellis, Richard. No Turning Back: The Life and Death of Animal Species. - New York: Harper Perennial, 2004 .-- P. 172. - ISBN 0-06-055804-0 .
- ↑ American Ornithologists' Union . Forty-second supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American Birds // Auk : journal. - 2000. - Vol. 117 , no. 3 - P. 847-858 . - DOI : 10.1642 / 0004-8038 (2000) 117 [0847: FSSTTA] 2.0.CO; 2 .
- ↑ Kaeding, Henry B. Birds from the West Coast of Lower California and Adjacent Islands (Part II ) // Condor (journal) : journal. - 1905. - Vol. 7 , no. 4 - P. 134-138 . - DOI : 10.2307 / 1361667 .
- ↑ Abbott, CB Closing history of the Guadalupe Caracara (neopr.) // Condor. - 1933. - T. 35 , No. 1 . - S. 10-15 . - DOI : 10.2307 / 1363459 .
- ↑ Thayer, John E. ; Outram Bangs . The Present State of the Ornis of Guadaloupe Island // The Condor: journal. - 1908. - 1 May ( vol. 10 , no. 3 ). - P. 101-106 . - DOI : 10.2307 / 1360977 .
- ↑ León de la Luz, José Luis; Rebman, Jon P .; Oberbauer, Thomas. On the urgency of conservation on Guadalupe Island, Mexico: is it a lost paradise? (English) // Biodiversity and Conservation: journal. - 2003 .-- 1 January ( vol. 12 , no. 5 ). - P. 1073-1082 . - DOI : 10.1023 / A: 1022854211166 .
- ↑ Mey, Eberhard (1990): Eine neue ausgestorbene Vogel-Ischnozere von Neuseeland, Huiacola extinctus (Insecta, Phthiraptera). Zoologischer Anzeiger 224 (1/2): 49-73. [German with English abstract] PDF fulltext Archived October 12, 2007.
- ↑ Luther, Dieter (1996): Die ausgestorbenen Vögel der Welt (Die neue Brehm-Bücherei 424 ) (4th ed.). [in German] Westarp-Wissenschaften, Magdeburg; Spektrum, Heidelberg. ISBN 3-89432-213-6
Literature
- Fuller, Errol (2000): Extinct Birds (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York. ISBN 0-19-850837-9
- Greenway, James C. Jr. (1967): Guadelupe Island Carcara. In: Extinct and Vanishing Birds of the World (2nd ed.): 183-195. Dover Publications, New York.
- King, Warren B. (ed.) (1981): Endangered Birds of the World; The ICBP Bird Red Data Book : Preamble 8. ISBN 0-87474-584-5