Kazakh-Dzungarian war

In 1643, the famous Battle of Orbulak took place in the gorge of the Orbulak River ^{[4] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]} , in which 600 Kazakh soldiers were led by Zhangir-Sultan . With the support of 20 thousand soldiers, brought to the aid of the Emir of Samarkand, Zhalantos Bahadur from the Kazakh family of Tortkar , the 50 thousandth army of the Dzungars was stopped, where, according to Batyr contays to the Russian officer, the losses of the Dzungars amounted to more than 10 thousand.

Zhangir Khan, held three major battles with the Dzungar troops in 1635, 1643, 1652 with varying success. The Kazakh khanate, until the death of Khan Tauke in 1718, restrained the onslaught of the Dzungar invaders.

Campaigns of the Dzungar troops showed the perniciousness of tribal feuds and feudal strife in the face of an increasing threat from year to year. In addition, militarily, the Dzungar Khanate posed a serious military threat to the Kazakh clans. Unlike some Asian nations that mastered the “bow battle”, firearms with a wick and artillery appeared in the arsenal of the Dzungarian army at the end of the 17th century. For the war with the Kazakhs, the Dzhungars bought weapons and guns from Russian gunsmiths or cast them with the help of the Swede Johann Gustav Renat , a captured sergeant of Swedish artillery. The Dzungars had a large, at that time in Central Asia, organized army, which reached the maximum of its strength up to 200 thousand cavalry.

In 1703, the Dzungarian Khan Tsevan-Rabdan organized a mass resettlement of his submitted Kirghiz, having stolen them from the Yenisei to Alatau . Kyrgyz immigrants in the new land were mainly engaged in military service and border protection, and participated in various campaigns of the Dzungars against the Kazakhs.

The advanced detachments of the Dzungarian troops reached the Sarysu River in Central Kazakhstan. The Dzungarian invasions alarmed the Kazakhs and prompted the well-known elders, biys, folk batyrs and the most far-sighted Genghisides to make efforts to unite the military-human potential of the three zhuzes. The first kurultai (national meeting of nomads) took place in the summer of 1710 in the Karakum region. Kurultay set to create a common Kazakh army led by a prominent national warrior - Bogenbai.

The foreign policy situation of the Kazakh Khanate in the late XVII - early XVIII centuries was difficult. From the west, Kazakhs were constantly raided by the Volga Kalmyks and Yaits Cossacks , from the north by Siberian Cossacks , behind the Yaik by Bashkirs , from the south by Bukhara and Khiva residents , but the main military danger came from the east, from the Dzungar Khanate , whose frequent military incursions into Kazakh lands in the early 1720s took on rampant proportions.

The terrible neighbor of Dzungaria in the east - the Qing Empire - was waiting for a favorable situation for the liquidation of Dzungaria as an independent state. In 1722, after the death of the Qing emperor Kangxi (Yun-chzhen), who had been fighting the Oirats for a long time, a lull was established on the border with China, which made it possible for Tsevan Rabdan to pay attention to the Kazakh lands. The aggression of the Dzungar Khanate, called the Years of Great Disaster in the history of the Kazakh people, brought suffering, hunger, the destruction of material values, caused irreparable damage to the development of productive forces: thousands of men, women and children were captured. Kazakh families, having paid dearly for the carelessness and intransigence of their sultans and khans, under the pressure of the Dzungarian troops were forced to leave their homes for centuries, which led to the roaming of part of the Kazakhs of the Middle Zhuz to the borders of the Central Asian khanates. Many clans of the Elder Zhuz also retreated to the Syr Darya, crossed it and headed towards Khojent . The Younger Zhuz Kazakhs migrated along the Yaik , Ori , Irgiz rivers to the borders of Russia. Waging continuous battles, part of the Kazakhs of the Middle Zhuz approached the Tobolsk province .

“The years of the great calamity” (1723-1727) in their destructive consequences are comparable only with the Mongol invasion of the beginning of the XIII century. The Dzungarian military aggression significantly influenced the international situation in Central Asia. The approach of thousands of families to the borders of Central Asia and the possessions of the Volga Kalmyks exacerbated relations in the region. Cossacks, Karakalpaks , Uzbeks , attacking the exhausted Kazakhs, exacerbated their already critical situation. In these years, the Semirechye was particularly affected. Under the Huntaiji Galdan-Boschogtu, large-scale hostilities resumed. 1680 - the invasion of Galdan Boshoktu-khan in Semirechye and southern Kazakhstan. The Kazakh ruler Tauke Khan (1680-1718) was defeated, and his son was captured. As a result of the campaigns of 1683-1644, the Jungars captured Sairam , Tashkent , Shymkent , Taraz .

In 1683, the Dzungar army under the command of the nephew Galdan-Boshogtu-khan Tsevan-Ravdan reached Chach (Tashkent) and the Syr Darya, defeating two Kazakh troops. In 1690, a war broke out between the Dzungarian Khanate and the Manchurian Empire of Qing.

The mass movement of Kazakhs to the west caused great concern among the nomadic Kalmyks between Yaik and Volga. The new wave of Kazakhs who came to Yaik was so significant that the fate of the Kalmyk Khanate itself was in question. This is evidenced by the request of the Kalmyk rulers to the tsarist government for military assistance to protect their summer nomads on the left bank of the Volga. So, in the middle of the XVIII century, Yaik became the border between Kazakhs and Kalmyks.

The huge shocks caused by the Dzungarian invasion, the massive loss of basic wealth (livestock) led to the economic crisis. And this, in turn, intensified political contradictions among the ruling Kazakh elite. As a result of the Dzungarian invasion, a military threat loomed over the existence of not only the Kazakh people. The situation was so serious that in 1710 a congress of representatives of all three Kazakh zhuzes was convened in Karakum. By the decision of the congress, a general Kazakh people's militia was organized under the command of Bogenbai Batyr , who managed to stop the advance of the Oirat troops.

Despite the fact that in 1715 a new Oirat-Manchu war began , which lasted until 1723, Tsevan-Rabdan continued military operations against the Kazakhs.

In the years 1723-1727 Tsevan-Rabdan went on a campaign against the Kazakhs. Dzhungars captured South Kazakhstan and Semirechye , defeating the Kazakh militia. Kazakhs lost the cities of Tashkent and Sairam . Uzbek territories with Khojent, Samarkand , Andijan fell into dependence on Oirats. Further, the Oirats (Dzhungars) captured the Ferghana Valley. These years went down in the history of Kazakhstan as “Years of great calamity” ( Ataban Shubyryndy ).

In 1726, in the area of ​​Ordabasy near Turkestan , a meeting of representatives of the Kazakh zhuzes took place, which decided to organize a people's militia. The ruler of the Youngest Zhuz Abulkhair Khan was elected the head and leader of the militia. After this meeting, the militias of the three zhuzes united, and led by the khan Abulkhair and the batyr Bogenbai in the Bulantin battle , the Jungar troops were defeated. The battle took place in the foothills of Ulytau, in the area of ​​Karasiyr. This first major victory of the Kazakhs over the Dzungars for many years was of moral and strategic importance. The area where this battle took place was called " Kalmak Kırılkan " - "The place where Kalmaks were exterminated." ^[ten]

In the years 1726-1738 the next Oiratsin war took place. In this regard, the Dzungar Khanate was forced to move to the defense of the western borders.

In 1727, Khan Tsevan-Ravdan died. Between applicants and heirs to the throne, a stubborn struggle began. The main applicants were the sons of Tsevan-Ravdan Lausan Shono and Galdan-Ceren. Between them was the most fierce struggle, ending with the victory of Galdan-Ceren. Then the next Oiratsin war began, and the Oirats were again forced to fight on two fronts.

In December 1729 - January 1730 near the lake Alakol the battle of Anrakai took place . It was attended by a weakly armed army of three Kazakh zhuzs led by Abulkhair Khan and talented batyr commanders of 30,000 people against the supposed 100,000th Dzungar corps.

According to studies, military operations took place on the territory of 200 km. The battle, according to legend, lasted 40 days and consisted of many fights, oppositions of various units, the transition of the same mountain points from hand to hand. But all these forty days only preceded the battle of Anraka . The number of soldiers on both sides, according to various studies, ranged from 150 to 250 thousand. The only thing that remains undeniable is the fact of the victory of the Kazakh army. Anrakai was the beginning of the death of the Dzungar Khanate. The battle of Anrakai played an important role in the victorious end of the 200-year war of the Kazakh people, in which the Dzungarian army was successfully defeated.

After the battle of Anrakai, a split occurred between the Kazakh sultans. The sources do not mention the reasons for the inconsistency in the behavior of the sultans - participants in the Anrakai battle. Soon after the battle, Sultan Abulmambet migrated to the residence of the Kazakh khans - Turkestan, and Abulkhair hastily retreated to the territory of the Younger Zhuz . There is reason to believe that the struggle for supreme power was the main reason for the split between the Kazakh khans. In place of the deceased senior khan of all the zhuzes - Bolat, the son of Tauke, claimed from the Middle zhuz - khan Semeke, and from the Younger - Abulkhair. The majority chose the Sultan of Abulmambet, the son of Bolat Khan. Semeke and Abulkhair considered themselves bypassed and left the battlefield, thereby inflicting an irreparable blow to the common cause of liberating the Kazakh lands from the Dzungarian invaders.

The immediate danger of a new attack by the Dzungar Khanate, despite the Anrakai victory of the Kazakhs in 1729, which conducted a very aggressive policy against the Kazakh khanates, meant an increased danger of such an attack. And the Kazakh khans themselves, including Abulkhair, did not abandon the desire to return the Kazakh lands captured by the Dzungars, taken prisoner from fellow tribesmen. Tensions between the Kazakh khans with Bukhara and Khiva remained tense, but by the 1730s, the Kazakhs were able to somewhat alleviate the contradictions with the Central Asian khanates.

Difficulties were in the relationship of the Kazakh khanates with the Volga Kalmyks and Bashkirs. To achieve peace on the western borders of the Younger Zhuz, thereby protecting your rear, has become one of the main tasks of Khan Abulkhair. This was absolutely necessary in order to untie hands in the fight against the main enemy - the Dzungarian Khanate.

At the end of the 30s, having entered into a truce with the Qing court of the Chinese Empire, the ruling class of the Dzungar Khanate began active military and political preparations for the invasion of Kazakhstan and Central Asia. In the spring of 1735, the batyr Bukenbai informed the tsarist authorities that the Kazakhs who had escaped from the Oirat captivity said that "the Chinese Bogdykhan died, and the Zengor Kalmyks reconciled with the Chinese, and the owner of the Zengor Galdan, Tseren, wants to send troops to the Kaisaks of the Middle Horde."

Nevertheless, the khans and sultans of the Middle Zhuz only at the very last moment, when the Oirat invasion had already begun, began to gather troops and prepare to repel the enemy. The invasions of Oirat troops began in Kazakhstan in the fall of 1739. The total number of troops is about 30 thousand people. The internal political situation of the Khanate of the Middle Zhuz and the whole of Kazakhstan remained difficult. Conflicts continued in the Younger Zhuz, part of the feudal lords led by Sultan Batyr were at enmity with Khan Abulkhair . In 1737, the khan of the Middle Zhuz Semek died and in his place was elected not decisive and not respected in the Kazakh steppe Abulmambet.

Thus, occupied by internal strife, the Kazakh feudal lords did not take precautionary measures and did not organize proper protection of their borders. In the winter of 1739-1740, the Oirat army struck in the following directions: from the south, from the upper Syr Darya and from the north from the Irtysh, causing significant damage to the nomads of the Middle Zhuz.

In the fall of 1740, new invasions of Oirat troops on the territory of the Middle Zhuz began. This time, the Dzungar feudal lords had to face more organized resistance. Kazakh militias delivered a series of unexpected blows by the oirat. These fierce battles were led by the khan of the Middle Zhuz Abulmambet.

At the end of February 1741, the 30,000th Oirat army, under the command of Septen and the eldest son Galdan-Tseren Lama-Dorzhi , again invaded Kazakhstan and with battles reached Tobol and Ishim . Military operations continued until the summer of 1741. During these battles with the Dzhungars, Abylay Sultan, one of the prominent batyrs, was captured with his associates. Commanding an reconnaissance detachment of two hundred soldiers, Abylay burst right into the location of the main forces of the enemy. Surrounded on all sides by the army of many thousands of Oirats, the Kazakhs were captured. Soon after not long battles, the small detachment of Sultan Barak was defeated. Sultan Durgun, Batyr Akimshyn, Koptugan were captured and driven to Dzungaria.

In the summer of 1741, a council took place at the headquarters of the Khan of the Middle Zhuz. The question was solved: to continue the war or to begin peace negotiations with the Dzungars. Most favored peace. The Kazakh embassy was sent to Dzungaria, which was negotiating the conditions of a truce and the release of prisoners, including Ablai. By the way, Ablai made friends with the subsequently legendary Oirat Noyon Amursana . And only in the spring of 1743 he was exchanged. It is assumed that a significant role in this was played by the Russian embassy of Karl Miller, which, through the efforts of the Kazakh side, was involved in resolving the Kazakh-Dzungarian conflict.

To acute internal contradictions for power in the Dzungarian state, a new concern was added. The ruling Manchu Qing dynasty in China, which closely followed developments in the Dzungaria, considered the moment to be the most suitable for delivering a decisive blow to its weakened enemy.

In the early spring of 1755, a huge Qin army invaded the territory of the Dzungar state. Ruler of Davats captured and delivered to Beijing. С ниспровержением хунтайши Даваци Джунгария оказалась раздробленной на несколько не подчинявшимся друг другу и враждующих между собой уделов со своими владельцами. Тем самым Джунгарское государство , как могущественное военизированное централизованное государство, по существу, прекратило своё существование. К 1758 г. Джунгария лежала в развалинах и представляла собой осколки былого могущества. Цины захватили территорию совместного Синь-Цзяна, и западные рубежи Цинской империи не простирались далее этой провинции.

Так, первая половина XVIII столетия была не только эпохой горьких невзгод, тяжких поражений, но и временем героических подвигов в борьбе с джунгарскми и другими завоеваниями. Слабость государственной власти, неспособность и нежелание феодальной верхушке, занятой внутренними распрями, организовать защиту страны, побуждали наиболее энергичных, патриотических настроенных представителей казахского народа организовать отпор врагу. В борьбе с джунгарскими, а затем и маньчжуро-китайскими завоевателями выделяется целая плеяда отважных батыров, искусных полководцев: Богембай, Кабанбай, Малайсары, Жаныбек, Баян, Исет, Байгозы, Жатай, Уразымбет, Турсынбай, Райымбек и многие другие. Среди прославленных батыров особенно выделяется Аблай.

Весь период джунгаро-казахских войн, джунгары воевали на два фронта. На западе джунгары вели захватническую оккупационную войну с казахами, а на востоке — с Маньчжурской империей Цин. Многие историки и монголоведы говоря о стойкости джунгарского войска. Отмечают факт, что у джунгаров осталась тактика ещё со времен Чингисхана — «ярко выраженный коллективизм ».

Казахи также воевали на нескольких фронтах на востоке с Джунгарией с запада казахов беспокоили постоянными набегами яицкие казаки, калмыки и башкиры . С юга государство Коканд , Бухара и Хива .

После смерти в 1745 году джунгарского хунтайши Галдан Цэрэна , в 1755—1759 годах в результате внутренних междоусобиц и гражданской войны, вызванных борьбой претендентов на главный престол и распрями правящей элиты Джунгарии, один из представителей которой, Амурсана , призвал на помощь войска манчжурской династии Цин, указанное государство пало. При этом территория Джунгарского государства была окружена двумя манчжурскими армиями, насчитывавшими вместе со вспомогательными войсками из покоренных народов свыше полумиллиона человек. Было убито более 90 % тогдашнего населения Джунгарии ( геноцид ), в основном женщин, стариков и детей. Один улус — около десяти тысяч кибиток (семей) зюнгаров, дербетов, хойтов под руководством нойона (князя) Шееренга (Церена) с тяжелыми боями пробился и вышел на Волгу в Калмыцкое княжество . Остатки некоторых улусов джунгар пробились в Афганистан , Бадахшан , Бухару, были приняты на военную службу тамошними правителями и впоследствии их потомки приняли ислам .

В 1771 году калмыки Калмыцкого княжества под руководством Убаши-нойона предприняли возвращение на территорию Джунгарии, надеясь возродить свое национальное государство. Это историческое событие известно как Торгутский побег или «Пыльный поход» ^{[11] [12] [13]} .

Literature

• Эпос « Богенбай-батыр » о полководце Канжыгалы Богенбай-батыре , национальном герое Казахстана.
• Вторая книга «Отчаяние» трилогии «Кочевники» Ильяса Есенберлина .

Movie

• « Кочевник », 2005. Режиссёр. Сергей Бодров .
• « Войско Мын Бала », 2012. Режиссёр. Акан Сатаев .

• Казахско-калмыцкие отношения

• When writing this article, material from the publication Kazakhstan. National Encyclopedia ”(1998-2007), provided by the editors of the“ Kazakh Encyclopedia ”under a Creative Commons BY-SA 3.0 Unported license .
• Zlatkin I. Ya. "History of the Dzungarian Khanate (1635-1738)", Publishing House "Science", Moscow, 1964.
• Mitirov A. G. “Oirats - Kalmyks: Centuries and Generations”, Elista, Kalmyk Book Publishing House, 1988
• Emchi Gaban Sharab "The Legend of Derben - Oirats." "Eastern literature."
• Batur Ubashi Tyumen "The Legend of Derben Oirats." "Eastern literature."
• Yuri Lytkin. "Materials for the history of Oirats." "Eastern literature."

• Battle of Orbulak (1643)
• http://veters.kz/Places-Kazakh-Dzhungarskikh- battle/ In places of the Kazakh-Dzungarian battles. Battle of Orbulak
• Orbulak: battle and media tour
• Stages of the Kazakh-Dzungarian wars. The liberation struggle of the Kazakhs against the Dzungars XVII-mid XVIII centuries.
• The struggle of the Kazakh people against the conquerors
• The victory of the Kazakhs over the jungars

• N. Ya. Bichurin (Iakinf) “Historical review of the Oirats or Kalmyks in the 15th century to date” http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/China/Bicurin/Oirat/primtext1.htm#63
• Collection of historical and ethnographic works of N. Ya. Bichurin (Iakinf), in particular http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/China/Bicurin/bicurin.htm
• Moiseev V. Ya. Dzungarian Khanate and Kazakhs of the 17th — 18th centuries http://www.nlrk.kz/data11/result/ebook_286/index.html
• "The death of the Dzungar Khanate" http://www.kazakh.ru/news/articles/?a=741
• N. Ya. Bichurin (Iakinf) “Historical review of the Oirats or Kalmyks in the 15th century to the present”
• Names in the history of Kazakhstan: the rulers of the Dzungar Khanate in the XVII-XVIII centuries
• Russian-Mongolian relations, 1636-1654: a collection of documents. d.64, p. 239
• V. Galiev Khan Dzhangir and the Battle of Orbulak, ISBN 5628022489 , 9785628022481
• National liberation struggle of the Kazakh people against the Dzungarian invaders
• THE FIGHT OF THE KAZAKH PEOPLE AGAINST CONQUERS
• Dzungarian invasion in Kazakhstan (inaccessible link)
• The bitter waters of Ayagoz. Battle with the Jungars on the Ayagoz River