Apennine culture , or the Bronze Age of Italy , is an archaeological culture or a complex of similar technologies of central and southern Italy , which existed in chalcolithic and Bronze Age in the 16th-12th centuries. BC e. [1] It was preceded by Neolithic cultures , and inherited by the Protovillan culture.
Ceramics of the Apennine culture - black, polished, with notches, decorated with spirals, meanders, dots and stripes of dots. It was discovered on the island of Ischia, along with pottery from the late Hellenic period II and III, as well as on the island of Lipari, along with ceramics from the late Hellenic period IIIA, which makes it possible to attribute the culture to the Late Bronze Age according to the criteria of the cultures of Greece and the Aegean basin [2] .
The development of the Apennine culture is divided into stages: proto-, early, middle, late and subapennian [1] . Ceramics of the Proto-Apennine culture is found in earlier layers than the Late Greek culture II; there are no notches on it. Since the copper slag found on Lipari , according to radiocarbon dating refers to 3050 ± 200 years. BC e., the beginning of the proto-Apennine stage can be attributed to this time. Despite this, in most works the entire Apennine culture (including the proto-stage) dates from a much later period, 1800–1200. BC e. [3]
The findings of vessels intended for milk suggest that the Apennine culture was engaged in shepherding , migrated depending on the season, its inhabitants lived in temporary dwellings.
The deceased were buried in underground graves located next to stone or earthen mounds, or cremated.
Apennine culture maintained relations with the Cretan-Mycenaean culture , from where ceramics were imported.
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 John M. Coles, AF Harding. The bronze age in Europe: an introduction to the prehistory of Europe, c. 2000-700 BC. - London: Taylor & Francis, 1979.- 165 p. - ISBN 0-416-70650-9 , 9780416706505.
- ↑ JB Bury, IES Edwards; CJ Gadd; John Boardman NGL Hammond. The Cambridge Ancient History: c. 1800-1380 BC / ed. by P. Mack Crew. - Cambridge University Press, 1975 .-- T. II, part 2: c. 1380-1000 BC - 720 p. - ISBN 0-521-08691-4 , 9780521086912.
- ↑ Cornell, Tim. The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars, C.1000-263 BC. - illustrated. - Routledge, 1995. - P. 32. - ISBN ISBN 0-415-01596-0 , 9780415015967.
Literature
- Pallottino, Massimo. 1 Italy at the Dawn of History // The Etruscans. - Revised and Enlarged. - Bloomington & London: Indiana University Press, 1975 .-- P. 37-63. - ISBN ISBN 0-253-32080-1 .
- Lukyanov A. Ancient history of Italy . 2013.