Krasnye Vorota (metro station)

Design and Construction

Red gate on a postcard of the beginning of the XX century

Station project. A longitudinal section of the central hall

Plans for the construction of the metro in Moscow existed in the 1920s ^[2] . In 1929, the Moscow City Railway Trust drafted a metro station project under the Red Gate Square , but it remained unrealized ^[3] . In 1931, it was decided to build the Moscow Metro. Already at the very first projects drawn up in 1931, the construction of the Krasnye Vorota station was envisaged ^[4] .

Construction work began in the spring of 1932, when mine No. 21 was laid. He supervised the construction of I. D. Gotsiridze ^[5] . The construction of mine shafts was carried out by the method of a lowering well . When digging the mine, the following were passed: a cultural layer, a 14-meter layer of quicksand , a layer of black Jurassic clay and 15 meters of aquifer fractured limestones . In the spring of 1933, mine No. 21 bis was laid nearby, due to which the pace of construction of the station increased significantly. Mine 21 bis was completed in 4 months ^[6] . To construct the oblique course of the escalator, the method of artificial freezing was used ^[7] .

The station was originally designed by three-vaulted. But during its construction, a number of engineers expressed doubts about the strength of such a design at such a significant depth. The American engineer Morgan, who advised the Soviet metro builders, said: “ There was no example in world practice to build a three-vault station under such monstrous pressure. I propose not to disclose the third arch of the Krasnovorotskaya station - we have no guarantee that the pressure of the rock will simply not crush it and will not destroy the entire structure . ” Nevertheless, the construction manager I. D. Gotsiridze and the secretary of the party organization L. Tseytlin managed to convince L. M. Kaganovich of the sufficient strength of the station structure, and it was decided not to abandon the construction of the third arch ^{[6] [8]} . On September 3, 1934, work began on the disclosure of the third set ^[9] . Subsequently, such a constructive scheme served as a model for many other Moscow metro stations ^{[10] [11]} . Nevertheless, during the construction, the American engineer regularly monitored its progress and exerted psychological pressure on the builders. “ Engineer Morgan came to us every day, noted every detail, every crack, chips of concrete - and all this information was reported to the Moscow Committee. Almost daily he submitted memoranda to <...> Kaganovich and Khrushchev. I had to painstakingly prove that <...> in the practice of work these are ordinary phenomena and there is nothing threatening in them , ”Gotsiridze recalled ^[9] .

During the construction, other problems arose. The station was in danger of flooding when water began to flow quickly into one of the auxiliary workings. As it turned out, the tunnel under construction cut off the bottom of one of the exploration wells. The problem was resolved in time by plugging the well and pumping out water ^[10] . Another “incident” was that at the last moment it turned out: there were no ventilation grilles at the station. An urgent order for the manufacture of gratings was sent to the bed factory (the headboards were made of metal tubes); during the day, gratings made of metal tubes were installed at the station ^[9] .

Khrushchev in his memoirs quotes A. V. Shchusev about the station project: “What can be said about this project? He was made a great master, but gives the impression of beef ” ^[12] (Shchusev pointed to the color of the marble used for wall decoration).

The station was opened on May 15, 1935 as part of the first launch site of the Moscow Metro from 13 stations - Sokolniki - Park Kultury with the branch Okhotny Ryad - Smolenskaya ^[13] .

Name Origin

The name is associated with the Red Gate , a lost architectural monument of the XVIII century, as well as with the Red Gate Square , under which the station is located ^[14] . Here in 1709 the Triumphal Arch Gate was erected to meet the Russian troops returning after the Battle of Poltava . The gates got the Muscovites unofficial name "red", that is beautiful. Soon this name became official for both the gate and the square. Initially, the gates were wooden, but in 1753-1757 they were replaced by stone (architect D.V. Ukhtomsky ). In the XIX century, the gates were painted red (previously they were white) ^[15] . In 1927, the gates were demolished, and the symbolic image was captured only in the interior of the metro station of the same name. From 1941 to 1992, the square was called Lermontovskaya in honor of the poet M. Yu. Lermontov , who was born in the house, which was located on the site of the current high-rise building near the square; a monument to Lermontov is also installed on the square. From May 29, 1962 to August 25, 1986 the station was also called Lermontovskaya . The design names of the station are Krasnovorotskaya Ploshchad , Krasnovorotskaya Ploshchad ^[13] .

After opening

The station design was awarded the Grand Prix at the 1937 World's Fair in Paris ^[16] .

During World War II , the command post of the leadership and the operational dispatching apparatus of the People’s Commissariat of Railways was equipped at the station ^[17] . In this regard, the trains at this station did not stop, the apron was fenced off from the tracks by a high plywood wall.

In 1949-1953 ^[18], on the Krasnye Vorota Square, a high-rise building was built with the built-in northern exit of the Krasnye Vorota metro station under the design of architects A. N. Dushkin and B. S. Mezentsev . To construct the inclined course of the escalator, it was again required to carry out soil freezing. Since the soil would inevitably sag during thawing, the designers erected a skyscraper with a pre-calculated slope to the left. After completion of construction, the building assumed an upright position ^[19] . The northern entrance hall of the metro station built into this building was opened on July 31, 1954 ^[13] . From January 2, 2016 to June 1, 2017, escalators were replaced in the northern vestibule ^[20] .

The first turnstile in the Moscow metro began operating at the station in 1952 ^[21] , and on July 28, 1959 , the turnstile based on the principle of free passage was first tested. Hermetic locks were installed in the 1950s, as a result of which two pairs of aisles between the central and side halls were removed ^[17] . In 1994, escalators were replaced in the south lobby ^[22] .

Station

The Red Gate station was designed by architect I. A. Fomin ^[1] (co-authored by N. N. Andrikanis ) ^[10] ; Designer - A. F. Denishchenko ^[23] . It has the status of an object of cultural heritage of the peoples of Russia of regional significance. The design of the station is a pylon three-vaulted deep laying ^[13] (laying depth - 32.8 meters ^[1] ). It was built according to an individual project using a mining method with lining of monolithic concrete ^[13] .

Ivan Fomin built the station in a classic style . The arch of the central hall of the station is supported by powerful pylons with relatively narrow passages to the side halls. The colors of the facing materials correspond to the name of the station ^[23] . The main surfaces of the pylons are lined with marbled limestone of red-brown and fleshy-red colors in muffled stains from the Georgian field of Staraya Shrosha ^[10] . To visually lighten the massive pylons, they were divided into three parts with a central niche and two protrusions on the sides. In the center of each such protrusion, decorative niches commensurate with man, completed with hemispheres, were allocated. These niches are finished with light, grayish, coarse-grained Ural marble of the Koelga deposit. The middle parts of the pylons are trimmed with yellow marble-like limestone of the Biyuk-Yankoy deposit. The pylon bases are covered with black with ultramarine interspersed Ukrainian labradorite ^[24] . The severity of the arch visually takes on a stepped cornice . The vault is decorated with hexagonal and square caissons . The motif of the gate is repeated in the decor of the station - decorative niches in the pylons, vaulted passages between the pylons, passageways to escalators, the arch of the central hall. The central hall is illuminated by two rows of spherical lamps hanging from the ceiling ^[11] . The track walls are faced with ceramic tiles. The floor of the central hall is staggered from red and gray granite slabs (previously, the floor was laid with ceramic tiles - square metlakh red tiles and hexagonal cream) ^{[24] [25]} . The station became the first in the Moscow metro where asphalt was not used. .

The art critic Igor Grabar wrote about the station ^[26] :

Fomin later developed the architectural concept of the station when designing the Teatralnaya metro station ^[23] .

Lobby

The station is connected by escalators to two ground lobbies located on opposite sides of the Garden Ring .

South Lobby

Together with the station, the southern lobby was opened, located on the inside of the Garden Ring. The architect N. A. Ladovsky built it in the form of a complex portal of four concentric semicircles ^[27] , symbolizing the subway tunnel in perspective ^[10] and resembling a sink ^[28] . The arched entrance portal goes into a rectangular glazed volume ^[27] . The ceiling of the lobby is decorated with caissons covered inside with red paint. A small three-flight staircase leads from the lobby to the checkout hall ^[25] . From there, the corridor leads to the three-band escalator type ET-3M. It has a height of 28.4 m and was installed in 1994 to replace the old one ^[22] .

Lobby North

The northern lobby (architect A.N. Dushkin ) was opened on July 31, 1954 during the construction of the 138-meter high-rise building on Lermontovskaya Square, the lobby is located inside the building. Before the reconstruction of 2016-2017, from the lobby with the cash register hall into the round intermediate hall with a high tent vault decorated with stucco molding, an 11.5 m high three-band escalator was driven ^[22] . The walls of the hall are decorated with red marble, two-arm sconces are installed on them ^[25] . An escalator of the EM-4 type 18.9 m high led down to the station from a round hall ^[22] .

From January 2, 2016 to June 1, 2017 , the northern lobby of the station was closed for reconstruction. During it, all escalators were replaced with modern ones, engineering networks, cable, plumbing and ventilation communications were also replaced, video surveillance systems, fire and security alarms were updated. The cash register was renovated, modern turnstiles were installed ^[20] .

Станция ограничена перегонами: «Красные Ворота» — « Чистые пруды », «Красные Ворота» — « Комсомольская ». Находится на территории Басманного и Красносельского районов, под площадью Красные Ворота . Вестибюли расположены по обе стороны Садового кольца . Южный вестибюль имеет выход на Садовую-Черногрязскую , Садовую-Спасскую , Мясницкую улицы и Боярский переулок . Северный вестибюль имеет выход к Лермонтовской площади , Каланчёвской , Новой Басманной улицам и к Орликову переулку ^[29] .

Вблизи обоих вестибюлей станции расположена остановка «Метро „Красные Ворота“» автобусного маршрута Б , следующего по Садовому кольцу ^[30] . На Лермонтовской площади находится конечная остановка троллейбуса № 24, следующего до Авиамоторной улицы мимо станции метро « Авиамоторная » ^[31] .

Время открытия станции для входа пассажиров — 5 часов 25 минут, время закрытия — в 1 час ночи ^[32] .

Согласно статистическому исследованию 1999 года, суточный пассажиропоток станции составил 61 760 человек ^[33] . В марте 2002 года пассажиропоток составлял: по входу — 51 900 человек , по выходу — 51 700 человек ^[34] .

Таблица времени прохождения первого поезда через станцию ^[35] :

• Список станций Московского метрополитена

• Официальный сайт метрополитена (неопр.) . Дата обращения 10 марта 2018.
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• Схема станции, выходов и переходов (неопр.) . Дата обращения 10 марта 2018.

• «Красные Ворота» на сайте metro.molot.ru