Principality of Capua

During the conquest of Italy by the Langobards , Capua became part of the duchy (then the principality) of Benevento . Initially, Capua was ruled by graphs - vassals of the rulers of Benevento, and the history of the county, up to 841, remains poorly understood.

After the death of Benevent Prince Sicard in the principality of Benevento, a civil war broke out between the throne that seized Radelis and Sikonulf , brother of the murdered. Count Kapui Landulf I Old and his sons supported Sikonulf, and in 841 the city of Kapui was captured and ravaged by the Arabs - allies of Radelhis. Landulf I and his son Lando I did not begin to rebuild the destroyed city, but built New Capua (the modern city of Capua) - about 4 kilometers from the old ruins. In 849, the principality of Benevento was divided into two - Benevento with Prince Radelhis and Salerno with Prince Sikonulf. County Kapuya became part of the Principality of Salerno.

Taking advantage of the instability of Salerno, the ruler of Kapui Pando proclaimed the independence of Kapui in 862 and assumed the title of prince. After the death of Pando in the same year, his son Pandenulf was removed from power by the Bishop Landulf , who united secular and spiritual power in one person. After the death of Landulf in Kapu, an internecine war broke out between Pandenulf, supported by the Princes Benevento, and his cousin Lando III , behind whom stood Salerno. Only in 887 stability in the principality was restored, and Athenulf I became the sole prince, with the support of the Duke-Bishop Athanasius of Neapolitan. In order to avoid new disputes about power, Athenulf established the order of the succession to the throne, in which the throne of Kapui was simultaneously occupied by several representatives of the princely dynasty - the father and sons, or several brothers, or the uncle and nephews. A similar procedure satisfied the ambitions of the princes of blood, but it confused the numbering of princes (for example, Prince Pandulf divided power sequentially with three Landulfs - II, III and IV according to Beneventive numbering, they are IV, V, VI according to the Kapuan numbering).

In 899, Athenulf I of Kapuana seized Benevento and declared the two principalities inseparable. Athenulf I established an allied relationship with Naples and Gaeta and fought the Arabs , culminating in the victorious battle of Garigliano ( 915 ). His son, co-ruler and heir to Landulf I (IV according to the Kapuan numbering) directed his efforts towards weakening the position of Byzantium in Apulia , but did not succeed much in this. Landulf II (V according to the Kapuan numbering), in alliance with John III of Neapolitan, tried to overthrow the Salerno prince Gizulf I , but failed. Landulf II also tried to fight with Byzantium, but was defeated and recognized the sovereignty of the Eastern Empire.

The sons of Landulf II, formally without dissolving the union of the two principalities, divided the power: Pandulf I ruled Kapuya, and Landulf III (VI according to the Kapuan numbering) - Benevento. Pandulf I survived his brother ( 969 ), removed his nephew from power and inherited after the death of childless Gizulf I Salerno ( 978 ), and in 981 received from the emperor Otto II the duchy of Spoleto . Thus, before his death in March 981, Pandulf I united under his rule all four Lombard states of southern Italy.

After the death of Pandulf I, the union of the Lombard states collapsed: in Salerno , its own dynasty reigned in 983 , and Benevento also gained its ruler. In the hands of Landulf IV (VI in Capua) only the principality of Kapui remained.

After 990, Kapuya underwent a decade of instability, and only in 1000, Landulf VII managed to regain control of the principality. After the death of Landulf VII, Pandulf II of Benevento became Regent under his son Pandulf II. For the last time he combined Kapuya and Benevento for a short time.

The most striking page in the history of Kapui was the reign of Prince Pandulf IV ( 1016-1022 , 1026-1038 , 1047-1050 ), for its cruelty and cunning, nicknamed "The Wolf of Abruzzi ". His rule was marked by constant clashes with the neighboring duchies of Naples , Gaeta and Amalfi and conflicts with the Church, for the privileges and property of which the prince had no respect. Pandulf IV used for his own purposes the Normans , who generously paid remuneration from property taken away by the enemies and the Church.

In 1022, Pandulf IV was dismissed and arrested during a specially undertaken campaign of Emperor Henry II , who transferred the principality of Pandulf (V) to Tehan . The successor of Henry II, Conrad II, freed Pandulf IV, and during 1024-1026 Pandulf IV not only regained Kapuy, but also conquered Naples, and after the death of the Salerno prince Guvemar III, he was in fact also controlled by Salerno (the new prince was the nephew of the Kapuan prince after his mother) . In 1038, Pandulf IV again lost all possessions during the Italian campaign of Conrad II, whom Guemar IV of Salerno called for help. Pandulf IV fled to his patrons in Constantinople , where he was unexpectedly arrested and spent several years in custody. Capua became part of the possession of Guvemar IV.

In 1047, Henry III , the son of Conrad II, decided that Gwemar IV had concentrated too much power in his hands and returned to Capua Pandulfu IV with his will. The wolf from Abruzzo died in 1050 on his throne, remaining the brightest person among the Capuan rulers. The successors of Pandulf IV were insignificant rulers, and in 1058 Kapuya was taken by the Normans.

The power in Capua passed to Count Aversa Richard I and his descendants from the Drengo clan. The first princes of Kapui of this dynasty, Richard I and Jordan I, led an active foreign policy, now supporting the popes, now opposing them. As a result, Kapuya became the most important player on the Italian political scene.

After the death of Jordan I, Kapuya quickly bowed to decline. In 1091 - 1098, Prince Richard II was expelled from Capua and was able to regain the throne only with the help of the Duke of Apulia Roger I , after which he pleaded vassal of the duke. Since Apulia under Roger I was also significantly weakened, the Kapuan princes over the next two decades managed to behave independently. But with the transfer of Apulia into the hands of Roger II and the formation of the Sicilian kingdom, Prince of Capua Robert II was forced to bow under the authority of the king ( 1130 ). In 1131 - 1135 years, Robert II was a member of several revolts against Roger II and as a result was expelled from the country. Kapuya, although it was transmitted occasionally to flax to the younger members of the royal dynasty, became part of the kingdom and lost its independence.

Lombard rulers of Capua

The Counts of Capua

• 840 - 843 Landulf I
• 843 - 861 Lando I
• 861 Lando II
• 861 - 862 Pando
• 862 - 863 Pandenulf , overthrown
• 863 - 879 Landulf II , Bishop
• 879 - 882 Secondary Pandenulf
• 882 - 885 Lando III
• 885 - 887 Landenulf I
• 887 - 910 Atenulf I
  • 901 - 910 Landulf III , co-ruler

Princes

In 900, the principalities of Benevento and Capua were united by Athenulf I and declared inseparable. The combination of the numerals of the Benvents and Kapuan princes, as well as the institution of co-government of fathers and sons, brothers, uncles and nephews, brings a certain confusion to the further numbering.

• 910 - 943 Landulf III , co-ruler of the father since 901
  • 911 - 940 Atenulf II , co-ruler
  • 940 - 943 Landulf IV , co-ruler
  • 933 - 943 Athenulf III , co-ruler
• 943 - 961 Landulf IV , since 940 was co-regent of Landulf III
  • 943 - 961 Pandulf I , co-ruler
  • 959 - 961 Landulf V , co-ruler
• 961 - 968 Landulf V , together with his brother Pandulf I, from 959, co-ruler of Landulf IV
• 961 - 981 Pandulf I, together with brother Landulf V, was co-ruler of his father from 943 Landulf IV, Duke of Spoleto (from 981), Prince Salerno (from 978), Prince Benevento (from 961)
  • 968 - 981 Landulf VI , co-ruler

In 981-982, Benevento and Capua were finally separated.

• 981 - 982 Landulf VI
• 982 - 993 Landenulf II
• 993 - 999 Laydulf
• 1000 Ademar
• 1000-1007 Landulf VII
• 1007-1022 Pandulf II
  • 1007 - 1014 Pandulf III , co-ruler
• 1016 - 1022 Pandulf IV. The Wolf from Abruzzi
• 1022-1026 Pandulf V , Count Teano
• 1026 - 1038 Pandulf IV. The Wolf from Abruzzi
• 1038 - 1047 Guvemar , Prince of Salerno
• 1047 - 1050 Pandulf IV. The Wolf from Abruzzi
• 1050 - 1057 Pandulf VI
• 1057-1058 Landulf VIII

Norman rulers

In 1058, Capua was taken by Count Aversa Richard Drago, who founded the new dynasty of the Capuan princes.

• 1058 - 1078 Richard I
• 1078 - 1091 Jordan I
• 1091 - 1106 Richard II
  • 1092 - 1098 Lando IV , usurper
• 1106 - 1120 Robert I
• 1120 Richard III
• 1120 - 1127 Jordan II
• 1127 - 1135 Robert II banished by Roger II

Apanage of the Princes House of Otviley

• 1135 - 1144 Alfonso , son of Roger II
• 1144 - 1154 Wilhelm , son of Roger II
• 1155 - 1158 Robert III, son of Wilhelm I the Evil
• 1166 - 1172 Heinrich, son of Wilhelm I the Evil

Landulf I (Count of Capua)

a Lando I (Count of Capua)

aa Lando II (Count of Capua)

b Pando (Prince of Capua)

ba Pandenulf (Prince of Capua)

c Landulf II (Prince of Capua)

d Landulf Teansky

da Lando III (Prince of Capua)

db Lundenulf I (Prince of Capua)

dc Athenulf I (Prince of Capua) (he is Athenulf I (Prince Benevento) )

dca Landulf III (Prince of Capua) (aka Landulf I (Prince Benevento) )

dcaa Athenulf III (Prince of Capua) (he is Athenulf III (Prince Benevento) )

dcab Landulf IV (Prince of Capua) (aka Landulf II (Prince Benevento) )

dcaba Pandulf I (Prince of Capua) (aka Pandulf I (Prince Benevento) , aka Pandulf I (Prince Salerno) )

dcabaa Landulf VI (Prince of Capua) (aka Landulf IV (Prince Benevento) )

dcabab pandulf ii (prince of Salerno)

dcabac landenulf II (prince of capua )

dacabad lidulf (prince capua )

dcabb Landulf V (Prince of Capua) (aka Landulf III (Prince Benevento) )

dcabba Pandulf III (Prince of Capua) (aka Pandulf II (Prince Benevento) )

dcabbaa Landulf V (Prince Benevento)

dcabbab pandulf iv (prince of capua )

dcabbaba pandulf vi (prince of capua )

dcabbabb Landulf VIII (Prince of Capua)

dcabbb Landulf VII (Prince of Capua)

dcabbba pandulf ii (prince of capua )

dcb Athenulf II (Prince of Capua) (he is Athenulf II (Prince Benevento) )

• Norwich J. Normans in Sicily. The second Norman conquest. 1016-1130 / Trans. from English L. A. Igorevsky. - M .: Tsentrpoligraf , 2005. - 367 p. - 5 000 copies - ISBN 5-9524-1751-5 .
• Norwich John . The rise and fall of the Sicilian kingdom. Normans in Sicily. 1130-1194 / Trans. from English L. A. Igorevsky. - M .: Tsentrpoligraf , 2005. - 399 p. - 5 000 copies - ISBN 5-9524-1752-3 .