Gumelnitsky culture [1] (Gulmenitsa [2] , rum. Gumelniţa [1] ) is an archaeological culture of the Middle Eneolithic period (4,500-4,000 years BC) of the settled agricultural tribes of the Balkan Peninsula . According to radiocarbon analysis dates from the second half of the 4th - the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC. e. . Gumelnitsky culture is named after Gumlnitsa in Romania, on the left bank of the Danube [3] , discovered by Romanian archaeologist (1902-1991) in 1925 . Distributed in northern and southeastern Bulgaria , in the historical regions of Muntenia ( Wallachia ) and Dobrogea [4] southeastern Romania and Thessaly in northeastern Greece. It was also found in the south of Moldova and in the Odessa region of Ukraine [2] . In Bulgaria, it is called Kojadermen-Karanovo VI [1] . Included in the community (block of cultures) Kojadermen-Gumelnitsa-Karanovo VI [5] (Kojadermen-Gumelnitsa-Karanovo VI-Varna), which arose during the early Eneolithic, at the beginning of the 4th millennium BC. e. simultaneously with one of the early phases of the Tripoli culture [6] and developed simultaneously with the Prekukuten 3 - Kukuten A periods. In the area of contact between the carriers of the Gumelnitsky culture and the precukuten tribes, a cultural complex has developed, called the Gummelnitsa-Alden, Alden 2 or Stoykan-Alden [7] .
| Gumelnitsky culture Eneolithic | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Localization | Bulgaria | |||
| Dating | IV — III millennium BC e. | |||
| Type of farm | cattle breeding , agriculture | |||
| Continuity | ||||
| ||||
Feature
Within the framework of the Gumelnitsky culture, two phases are distinguished: the Gummelnits A and B, which are divided into two “steps” [1] .
Numerous multilevel tellies were found, formed during the destruction of settlement houses, as well as single-layer settlements on capes and small islands. Some settlements are protected by ramparts and ditches. The population of Gumelnitsky culture lived in terrestrial rectangular houses. It is characterized by massive copper instruments and weapons. Found copper axes -hammers, axes-hoes, chisels and awls, flint arrowheads and spears . Of stone tools - massive teesla , long (up to 30 centimeters) knife-like plates and flat axes. Bone awls, knives and chisels, hoes from the horn were found. Ceramics - rough, gray-black polished, red-brown and gray-yellow. Found round and biconical vessels with a low rim, bowls, jugs, amphora, boilers, vessels for storing supplies. Ceramics vary greatly regionally and are divided into a number of local groups. Dinnerware is black-glazed, less often brown or reddish, with graphite, sometimes in combination with red and white geometric patterns (spirals and other patterns), anthropomorphic, zoomorphic vessels, vessels in the form of models of houses and stoves. At the beginning of the phase, Gummelnitsa A2 in the Lower Danube appeared the oldest gold painting, there is a mortise ornament. Anthropomorphic plastic (sculptures) made of clay, marble and bone, as well as zoomorphic plastic mainly from clay, were found [1] . Found idols of clay, bone, gold, gold jewelry [1] , characteristic jewelry - copper pins with a spiral and a spade-shaped head [2] [4] .
The economy is based on floodplain hoe farming and local livestock farming [1] .
Found soil burial grounds and burials on the islands. Burials predominate in a twisted side position [1] .
It is assumed that the Gumelnitsky culture comes from the cultures of Boyan , Maritsa and Karanovo V [1] . In Romania, at the place of the Gumelny culture, the Cernavoda culture was formed [8] .
The culture of Salkuta-Krivodol is close to the Gumelnitsky culture [9] .
The monument to Gumelnitsky culture is the tell ( măgură ) of Gorgana , 9 meters high, near the village of Pietrele on the Lower Danube, in the south of Romania, 41 km south of Bucharest . New studies of tell began in 2002 [10] [5] .
Anthropological type
Anthropologically, the population of the Gumelnitsky culture according to the burial ground (64 skeletons) on the site of the former Boyan Lake near the village of in the Calarasi County in Muntenia in Romania was polymorphic (mixed). Along with the narrow-faced Mediterranean component, its composition also included mesocranial and brachicranic varieties with a wider face, which were formed as a result of mixing with the steppe protoeuropeoid type [11] .
See also
- Balkan-Carpathian metallurgical province
- Varna (culture)
- Varna burial ground
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Gumelnitskaya culture / Balabina V.I. // Grigoryev - Dynamics [Electronic resource]. - 2007. - P. 154. - (The Big Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vols.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004—2017, vol. 8). - ISBN 978-5-85270-338-5 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 Tumbler / Titov V.S. // Gogol - Debit. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1972. - (The Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 vol.] / Ch. Ed. A. M. Prokhorov ; 1969-1978, vol. 7).
- ↑ Gumelnitsya // Vocabulary-dictionary of archeology / ed. Gavrilyuk N. About .. - Kiev: “The Science Dumka”, 1996. - S. 65. - 430 p.
- ↑ 1 2 The Tumbler // Soviet Historical Encyclopedia : in 16 vol. / Ed. E. M. Zhukova . - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1963. - T. 4: The Hague - Dvin. - 1072 stb.
- ↑ 1 2 Benecke, N., Hansen, S., Nowacki, D., Reingruber, A., Ritchie, K., & Wunderlich, J. Pietrele in the Lower Danube region> integrating archaeological, faunal and environmental investigations ) // Documenta Praehistorica. - 2013 .-- Vol. 40 . - P. 175-193 . - DOI : 10.4312 / dp.40.14 .
- ↑ Dolukhanov P.M. The origins of an ethnos. - SPb. : European House, 2000 .-- S. 119. - 220 p.
- ↑ Dergachev V.A. Features of the cultural and historical development of the Carpathian-Dniester region. To the problem of the interaction of ancient societies of Central, Southeast and Eastern Europe // Stratum plus. - 1999. - No. 2 . - S. 169-221 .
- ↑ Chernavoda / E. K. Chernysh // Soviet Historical Encyclopedia : in 16 vols. / Ed. E. M. Zhukova . - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1961-1976.
- ↑ Serbia / Lobanov M.M., Telnova N.O. et al. // Saint-Germain Peace 1679 - Social Security [Electronic resource]. - 2015 .-- S. 41-64. - (The Big Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vols.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004—2017, vol. 30). - ISBN 978-5-85270-367-5 .
- ↑ Hanzen S., Toderash M., Reinberber A., Wunderlich J. Pietrele. Copper Age Settlement on the Lower Danube // Stratum plus. - 2011. - Issue. The Balkan Tell phenomenon = Phenomenon of the Balkan Tell . - No. 2 . - S. 17–86 .
- ↑ Potekhina I. D. Eneolithic population of the South of Eastern Europe: new anthropological materials // Bulletin of Anthropology. - M. , 2007. - No. 15 . - S. 197-203 .
Literature
- Gummelnitsa / Titov V.S. // Gogol - Debit. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1972. - (The Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 vol.] / Ch. Ed. A. M. Prokhorov ; 1969-1978, vol. 7).
- Gumelnitskaya culture / Balabina V.I. // Grigoryev - Dynamics [Electronic resource]. - 2007. - P. 154. - (The Big Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vols.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004—2017, vol. 8). - ISBN 978-5-85270-338-5 .
- The Tumbler // Soviet Historical Encyclopedia : in 16 vol. / Ed. E. M. Zhukova . - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1963. - T. 4: The Hague - Dvin. - 1072 stb.
Links
- The site dedicated to the culture of the Tumbler (eng.) (Rum.)