Pyotr Ivanovich Yakir ( January 20, 1923 , Kiev - November 14, 1982 , Moscow ) - Soviet historian , member of the human rights movement .
| Peter Ionovich Yakir | |
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| Occupation | historian , human rights activist |
| Father | Jonah Emmanuilovich Yakir |
| Mother | Sara Lazarevna Yakir |
| Children | Irina Petrovna Yakir |
Content
Biography
Parents - a prominent Soviet military leader, Iona Emanuilovich Yakir and Sarah Lazarevna Yakir (nee Ortenberg, 1900-1971).
After the execution of I.E. Yakir in 1937, his wife and son were sent to Astrakhan on charges of participating in a " fascist military, anti-Soviet conspiracy ". Here, Peter was arrested on charges of “organizing an equestrian gang” and a special meeting under the NKVD of the USSR sentenced him to 5 years in prison as a “ socially dangerous element ”. He was imprisoned in a juvenile delinquency colony, where he stayed until 1942 . Yakir spent part of his term in a colony in the city of Nizhnyaya Tura, Sverdlovsk Region .
Then he was drafted into the army, as a knowledgeable German was sent to front-line intelligence, a participant in the Great Patriotic War [2] .
In 1944, Yakir was again arrested and on February 10, 1945, he was sentenced to 8 years in prison on charges of counter-revolutionary propaganda and the disclosure of state secrets. He served his term in Kargopolag (1945–1948), in Vorkutlag (1948–1953) and in the Krasnoyarsk Territory . Released in 1953, he worked for another two years at the local timber industry enterprise. In 1955 he was rehabilitated and settled in Moscow.
With the onset of the Khrushchev Thaw , new opportunities opened up for Peter Yakir. In 1957 he was admitted to the Moscow Historical and Archival Institute . After graduating from high school in 1962 , he entered the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR , studied there in graduate school , worked on a dissertation on the Red Army, and participated in the compilation of the collection “Command Yakir” (1963), in which he published his childhood memories of father.
Beginning in 1966, Yakir, together with other dissidents, sharply criticized the Brezhnev party leadership’s course towards gradually curbing de-Stalinization and moving away from democratic norms of public and political life. In the fall of this year, he signed a petition to the Supreme Council of the RSFSR , in which he protested against changes in legislation restricting freedom of speech and assembly. In 1967, he became one of the authors of the letter to the Central Committee of the CPSU against the rehabilitation of Stalin. In January 1968, Peter Yakir, Julius Kim and Ilya Gabay signed an appeal “To the figures of science, culture, art” [3] with a protest against the restalinization and persecution of dissidents. In 1969 - 1972, meetings of human rights activists were held at Yakir’s apartment.
In February 1969, Yakir wrote a "Letter to the Central Committee of the CPSU and to the editorial board of the journal" Communist ", in which he accused Stalin of violations of Soviet criminal law. On the 90th birthday of Stalin ( December 21, 1969) he participated in a protest demonstration on Red Square .
On May 20, 1969, Pyotr Yakir and Victor Krasin created the Initiative Group for the Protection of Human Rights in the USSR , which sent an appeal to the UN Human Rights Commission .
In 1970, Peter Yakir, Andrei Amalrik and Vladimir Bukovsky gave an interview to a foreign correspondent, which was shown on American television. Peter Yakir participated in the preparation of issues of the Chronicle of Current Events .
In 1972, his book of memoirs, “Childhood in Prison,” was published in London [4] . On January 14, 1972, a search was conducted at Yakir, during which samizdat documents and human rights materials were seized.
After discussion at the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU , on June 21, 1972, Yakir was arrested. Viktor Krasin was also arrested. The investigation into their case lasted fourteen months, with both Yakir and Krasin actively collaborating with the investigation [5] . According to the Chronicle of Current Events, Yakir and Krasin testified against more than 200 people. Dissidents Andrei Dubrov and Adel Naydenovich wrote the self-published articles “Face to face with Peter Yakir” and “The Latest News about Peter Yakir”, which described the confrontations in December 1972 with the traitor Yakir, who testified against them in “anti-Soviet activities”. Subsequently, Yakir and Krasin explained their betrayal by allegedly trying to avoid being shot under Art. 64 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR ("treason to the Motherland"). On August 27 - September 1, 1973, a trial was held in Moscow, at which both defendants pleaded guilty to anti-Soviet agitation and declared their repentance. They were sentenced to 3 years in prison and 3 years in prison for each. On September 5, 1973, Yakir and Krasin publicly repented at a press conference attended by foreign journalists; fragments of the press conference were shown on television [6] .
On September 28, 1973, the Supreme Court of the RSFSR reduced Yakir and Krasin the terms of imprisonment to those already served, and Yakir was exiled to Ryazan [7] .
In 1974, by a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council, Yakir was allowed to return to Moscow, after which he no longer participated in public activities.
In his memoirs "58 and a half, or Notes of a camp moron," Valery Frid points to the active cooperation of Peter Yakir with the NKVD [8] . D.V. Zatonsky also recalled this [2] .
According to the testimony of his daughter Irina in an interview with the Dutch newspaper NRC [9] on July 4, 1992, entitled “The Case of Peter Yakir,” after his release, “he began to drink more and died nine years ago. His liver was completely destroyed. ” Son-in-law of Yakir Yu. Kim confirmed that Yakir died of alcoholism: "He drank himself quietly and drank and died of a noble disease cirrhosis of the liver in November 1982." [ten]
He was buried next to his mother’s grave and father’s cenotaph at Vvedensky cemetery .
In 2018, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation acquitted Yakir in the 1945 case due to the lack of corpus delicti [11] [12] .
Relatives
- The husband of the daughter, Irina Petrovna Yakir (1948-1999), is the singer-songwriter Julius Chersanovich Kim .
- The husband of the mother’s sister, Emilia Lazarevna Ortenberg (1888-1937), is a companion, Ilya Ivanovich Garkavy .
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 German National Library , Berlin State Library , Bavarian State Library , etc. Record # 172166373 // General regulatory control (GND) - 2012—2016.
- ↑ 1 2 Zatonsky D.V. My father is the commissar of Zatonsky. // " Kiev Vedomosti ". - November 10, 2001 .
- ↑ Ilya Gabay, Julius Kim, Peter Yakir . To the figures of science, culture, art
- ↑ Yakir P. Childhood in prison . - L .: Macmillan Ltd, 1972.
- ↑ Sakharov A.D. Memoirs. - Part 2. - Ch. ten
- ↑ Alekseeva L. M. Human Rights Movement. IV. The crisis (1973-1974) // The history of dissent in the USSR: The latest period . - Vilnius; M .: Vest, 1992 .-- 352 p. - ISBN 5-89942-250-3 . , with reference to the Chronicle of Current Events, issue 30. - C. 69–71 . (Retrieved March 20, 2011)
- ↑ On the release of Yakir and Krasin from the unserved term of punishment. Note by the KGB to the Central Committee No. 2436-Ts of 08/27/1974, approved by the Central Committee
- ↑ Fried V.S. 58 1/2: Notes of a camp moron. p. 160-166
- ↑ Het koffertje van Pjotr Jakir .
- ↑ Anatomy of the Process .
- ↑ The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, after 73 years, acquitted the historian Peter Yakir, convicted of treason. Interfax.ru
- ↑ Secretly acquitted. Why the Supreme Court closed the case of Peter Yakir. Kommersant
Books
- Commander Yakir. Memories of friends and associates. Compiled by P.I. Yakir and Yu. A. Geller. - M .: Military Publishing House, 1963.
- A Childhood in Prison (childhood in prison: memoirs of Peter Yakir). / Foreword by Julia Telesina. - L .: Macmillan, 1972.
- A Childhood in Prison. - N. Y .: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1973.