Subash sources

The second half of the XIX century. characterized by the formation of a scientific approach to solving the problem of water supply of Feodosia . In the 50-60s. XIX century engineer M.I. Materno dug up some sections of the ancient water supply system, investigated the aquifers of the Feodosia mountains. Under the leadership of engineer P. Malashev, in 1864, a water supply system was built to the fountain in the Feodosia barracks. The new barracks fountain was a rebuilt fountain of a medieval water supply, dried up in 1862 or in 1863. The water supply system of the barracks fountain included 4 sources of medieval hydraulic structures, old and newly opened wells, and drainage ditches. The catchment facilities were located on the slope of Mount Tepe-Oba in two lines - 211 fathoms (450 m) long and more than 600 fathoms (1300 m) - which converged in the receiving well, from where water flowed through one common pipe to the fountain. 75 small indoor pools were arranged on the route to monitor the condition of the line, filters, plungers , branch lines, bridges at the points where the pipeline intersects deep gullies and ravines. Ceramic pipes of 0.2 fathom (0.43 m) in length, with an average diameter of 4 inches and an average thickness of 0.5 inches were used. On the opening day, December 24, 1864, the barracks fountain gave out 2880 buckets (35.4 m³) of clean and tasty water. In 1865, the daily water flow in the fountain ranged from 5700 buckets (70 m³) - April 18, to 2300 buckets (28 m³) - July 21. After a long drought, the fountain gave out on October 30, 1874, 1,200 buckets (15 m³) of water per day.

In the 70s. XIX century the futility of restoring the old city water supply system has become apparent. Since 1881, the water problem was investigated by a process engineer M.I. Altukhov . In 1885, he prepared a project for water supply of the city from 2 reservoirs, catchments, echoing the idea of ​​engineer G. Romanovsky about the water resistance of the Feodosia mountains. It was proposed to block two beams of Mount Tepe-Oba (German and Romanovsky) with stone dams 4 fathoms 1 arshine high (9.25 m) and 6 fathoms wide (12.8 m). In these dams, water would flow from 6.16 square meters. versts (about 6.5 km²²) of mountain slopes. The catchments should have consisted of alternating layers of stone, gravel, sand. With a total reservoir volume of 2,400,000 buckets (30,000 m³), ​​the daily flow of water into the city during 15 hours of water supply would reach 98,000 buckets (1,200 m³).

M.I. Altukhov also noted that the best solution to the water supply problem of Feodosia would be to deliver to the city daily 200,000 buckets (2500 m³) of water from the largest spring in the Crimea, Subash (now in the village of Privetnoye, Kirovsky district), which was the property of the second wife I.K. Aivazovsky Anna Nikitichny Sarkizova (Burnazyan). According to preliminary estimates, laying a water conduit from Subash would cost the city 600,000 rubles, not counting the cost of buying a source or the right to divert part of Subash water to the city.

At a meeting of the Water Commission of the Feodosiya City Council, on February 5, 1887, after discussing 4 projects of the city’s water supply, the project of the Tepe Obinsk dams of M. I. Altukhov was adopted. The first reservoir, with a capacity of 1 million buckets (12,000 m³) and an estimated cost of 36,870 rubles, it was decided to build in 1887. The idea of ​​the Feodosia-Subash water supply did not find support because of its high cost.

But the Tepe Obin project never took place. The work that had already begun was discontinued after IK Aivazovsky announced the gift of Theodosius , forever, 50,000 buckets (600 m³) of Subash water per day at a meeting of the City Council on May 30, 1887. All the forces and means of the city were directed to the construction of the Feodosia-Subash water supply.

The new project was prepared by M.I. Altukhov. Water flowed to Feodosia by gravity due to the difference in elevation between the source and the city. An intake reservoir was built in Subash, water was distributed throughout the city from a reserve reservoir (with a volume of 50,000 buckets) on the Sarygol Upland. The Karagoz and Egetian intermediate reservoirs equalized the pressure in the pipes along the water main. The suburban and urban water networks consisted of cast-iron pipes of different diameters, laid to a depth of 2 arshins (1.4 m). The country line was supposed to allow 50,000 buckets of water to pass through 15 hours of work per day, and the city network, taking into account the further expansion of the water supply, 100,000 buckets (1,200 m³) of water.

Initially, it was planned to use Subash water for free from 2 city fountains, 3 water folding columns for filling barrels, and 18 for manual containers. But in the end, subashskaya water was sold no more than 0.5 kopecks per bucket (12.3 liters). Most of the Theodosians bought water in 5 water-fountain booths: on Police Square, Quarantine, Tatar, Karaite and Sarygol settlements. Only the hand-made container was filled with water from the Karaite settlement fountain, built at the expense of Bekenesh Hadji. The remaining fountains were built by the city and released water into hand containers and barrels. On private drains, water flow was measured by water meters.

The main water supply fountain was laid on Novo-Bazarnaya Square on the namesday of Emperor Alexander III, on August 30, 1887, after a solemn service in the Feodosia Alexander Nevsky Cathedral., On April 29, 1888, the City Duma decided to name this fountain in the name of Alexander III . It was built according to the project and at the expense of I.K. Aivazovsky . The fountain was an exact copy of the fountain in Constantinople . And on August 29, 1888, the Tauride Governor-General notified the Feodosia city mayor of the Highest Decree of 08.25.1888 on the assignment of the name of its creator to this fountain. The water of the Aivazovsky fountain was allowed to drink for free, but it was forbidden to fill the container with this water and take it with you. Above the spout there was a silver mug on a chain with the inscription: “Drink for the health of Ivan Konstantinovich and his family,” which disappeared in the second half of the 20th century.

The city received a donation from A.N. Aivazovsky on April 1, 1888.

Equipment, including 2-8-inch cast-iron pipes, was manufactured and installed by D. A. Pastukhov's factory (Rostov-on-Don). The main work on the highway unfolded in the spring and summer of 1888. The construction of reservoirs and earthwork were carried out by contractors H. E. Karazade and Y. V. Mozhaev. Until April 1888, the engineer A.F. Lagovsky was the producer of the work, and from May 1888, engineer I.O. Erak . Theodosia city architect S.F. Adamsky participated in the creation of the water supply. Water arrived at the city reserve reservoir on August 30, 1888. The next day, the city's correct water supply began.

The opening ceremony of the Feodosia-Subash water supply took place on September 18, 1888 at the fountain of I.K. Aivazovsky. Already after this, tests were interrupted at the end of October 1888 due to severe frosts. 59 burst pipes were replaced, and by November 20, 1888, the water supply of Feodosiya was completely restored. In total, 32 km 298 m (10,617 pieces) of pipes of different diameters were laid, and the city lines included 4 km 574 m of pipelines.

In 1890, on the city boulevard (Italianskaya Str. - modern Gorky Str.), Designed by architect V. A. Sroki ^[2] a fountain-monument "Good Genius" was erected in honor of A. N. Aivazovskaya. Accidents occurred on the Feodosia-Subash water pipeline, so the city often received less than its 50,000 buckets of water per day. Water shortages were acute in the summer. The city was negotiating on the assignment of additional water with the owners of Subash. But the latter agreed only to sell the entire source - over 250,000 buckets (3000 m³) of water per day - together with the estate - up to 1000 acres of land (over 1000 hectares), of which about half were unsuitable for normal farming - for a sum of at least 500 000 rubles. In 1912, a project appeared for the gradual expansion of the Feodosia-Subash water supply. Its author was engineer D.V. Petrov, who was in charge of the city’s water management. In the years 1914-1923. it was planned to build a new water line from Subash with a throughput of 150,000 buckets (1800 m³) of water per day, spending 25,000 rubles a year on this from the revenues of urban water management. In 1923, the annual inflow of water from a railway source (Koshka-Chokrak) and both lines of the Feodosia-Subash water supply would be 45,000,000 buckets (550,000 m³). The consumption of water by every Theodosian with an expected population of 45 thousand in 1923 would have reached 2.74 buckets (34 l) per day.

Two possible solutions to the fate of the Subash source were proposed.

In one case, after 1923, keys to the estate were bought out by the city for 425,000 rubles with installment payments or for 400,000 rubles at a time. Before buying the source, it was planned to pay 5 kopecks to each Subash owner for each hundred buckets of water in excess of the daily 50,000 buckets. The second option did not include the purchase of a source by the city. In this case, it was planned to pay 10 kopecks for each additional hundred buckets of water per day in 1914-1923. and 2 kopecks in the future. According to the first option, the profit from the operation of the new water supply system would go to the city treasury from 1932, and according to the second, already from 1924.

Construction in the years 1887-1888. Theodosia-Subash water supply guaranteed the city daily up to 50,000 buckets of drinking water of excellent quality. But the rapid development of Theodosius in the late XIX - early XX century. again aggravated the water problem, despite the additional influx of Koshka-Chokrak keys into the city. At the beginning of the XX century. expansion projects of the Feodosia-Subash water supply system were developed. At the same time, searches continued for new sources of fresh water, including non-traditional methods.

The largest source of Su-Bash, whose water flow rate is 75 l / s, no longer exists in the form it was in those days. In 1939, 2 wells were drilled here, water from which was supplied to Feodosia via a newly laid pipeline. In 1967 and 1968, another 2 wells were drilled, which they called Big and Small Bogatyrs.

Water from the Subash spring Feodosiya was provided before the launch of the North Crimean canal in 1970.

In 1972, water was put into the city of Old Crimea .

It was built in 1890 by an engineer from Odessa I.O. Erak in the Karaite settlement opposite the kenassa . The construction funds were donated by the karaite of Bikenesh-tot Haji. Only hand containers were filled in this fountain, since there was no convenient access to it. Destroyed during World War II ^{[3] [4]} .

In 1984-1985, hydrologists from Canada and Sweden worked at Subash sources, took samples, and did analyzes. Quote from the conclusion:

“The quality of water from Subash sources allows it to be used for drinking by infants without boiling, but with the simplest cleaning of mechanical impurities”

According to experts, Subash sources could give Feodosia 13,600 m³ of water per day, which would provide 60% of the city's need for drinking water. Since 2008, the issue of designing a conduit to Subash sources has been considered. The program of reconstruction and development of the Feodosia water supply and sewage system for 2008-2017 provides for the use of Subash sources for water supply to the city.