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UK economy

The UK economy The 10th world economy in terms of GDP at PPP for 2018 [7] .

Canary Wharf at night, from Shadwell cropped.jpg
CurrencyPound Sterling , £
(= 100 pence )
International
the organization
WTO , OECD , EU , Commonwealth
Statistics
GDP2629 billion [1]
Place by GDP5
GDP growth▲ 2.8% (2014) [2]
1.7% (2013) [2]
0.2% (2012)
1% (2011)
1.8% (2010)
GDP per capita$ 41,500 [1]
Inflation ( CPI )3%
Population below the poverty line7% (2017) [3]
Economically active population33.17 million
Pre-tax average salary£ 2674 [4] / $ 3486 per month (2018)
Post-tax average salary£ 2100 [5] / $ 2738 per month (2018)
Unemployment rate4.5% [6]
Major industriesengineering
electrical equipment
electronics
telecommunications
metallurgy and chemistry
oil
food
International trade
Export$ 412.1 billion (2016 est.)
Export partnersfor the 2007th year:
USA (14%)
Germany (12.4%)
France (9.7%)
Ireland (7.4%)
Netherlands (6.3%)
Belgium (5.5%)
Spain (4.8%)
Italy (4.4%)
Russia (3.8%)
Import$ 310.7 billion (2016 est.)
Import partnersfor 2007:
Germany (14.1%)
USA (8.7%)
China (7.2%)
Netherlands (7.3%)
France (6.9%)
Belgium (4.7%)
Norway (4.7%)
Italy (4.2%)
Russia (4.1%)
Public finance
State debt76.1% of GDP
External debt$ 1.959 trillion (September 2013)
Government revenue$ 996.3 billion (2016)
Government spending$ 1.097 billion (2016)

The leading sector of the British economy is the service sector (3/4 of GDP ). The leading position in it is occupied by its financial component (27.7% of GDP), which determines the country's specialization in the system of international economic relations. Britain carries out 10% of the world export of services - banking, insurance, brokerage, advisory, as well as in the field of computer programming.

The second most important sector of the British economy - industry (18.6% of GDP) is represented by two sub-sectors: mining (2.2% of GDP) and manufacturing (14.7% of GDP). Engineering and transport , manufactured goods and chemicals are the main exports of Great Britain.

Agriculture , which satisfies about 2/3 of the domestic needs for food, accounts for only 1% of GDP, construction (6.1%) [8] .

Since the 1970s, oil production has not only reduced the import of petroleum products , but also brought significant profit in trade. British Petroleum is the largest industrial corporation in the UK and ranks second in Europe, second only to Royal Dutch Shell .

The country imports 6 times more industrial goods than raw materials. The most significant exporter is the United States . Seven out of ten leading suppliers of goods to the UK are EU countries .

General characteristics

Significant British economic progress in recent years [ when? ] , along with flexible state regulation led to the overall stabilization of national macroeconomic indicators, relatively low levels of inflation and unemployment .

The internal stability achieved through sound government economic policy helped the British economy cope with most of the negative phenomena that emerged as a result of the last world recession , during which the economic slowdown in 2008-2009 was 7.2% [9] . The volume of the country's GDP exceeded the pre-crisis level only in the third quarter of 2013, while in the USA it happened back in 2011 [10] . However, at the end of 2014, the per capita distribution of GNP is still below the pre-crisis values, only the service sector was able to exceed the pre-crisis indicators [11] . In mid-2015, per capita GDP was still below the peak recorded in the 1st quarter of 2008 [12] Rapid technological progress and fierce competition in world markets create new realities for all sectors of the British economy , and business is constantly faced with the problem of survival. Under these conditions, the British government considers the creation of flexible and dynamic labor, goods and capital markets able to quickly and efficiently adapt to the changing environment affecting the profitability and competitiveness of enterprises (the emergence of new markets and the emergence of new competitors , the emergence of more efficient technologies). and the transformation of consumer demand , rising commodity prices). [13]

Euro Accession Policy

In October 1997, it was decided to postpone the adoption of the euro as a state currency , since the consequences of such a step for the UK economy were not obvious. The government of the country postponed the solution of this issue for five years, at the same time setting the task to prepare a legal framework for the transition to the euro, provided that answers to the following questions (the so-called five criteria of the UK Ministry of Finance) are clear:

  1. how close is the state economy to the euro zone economy;
  2. whether the necessary flexibility of the economy is provided in order to adapt to possible changes;
  3. how the transition to the euro will affect the UK investment climate;
  4. how this decision will affect the financial services market;
  5. how the transition to the euro will affect UK employment.

The attitude of the UK government towards the transition to the euro as the national currency, voiced by the Minister of Finance in his official report to Parliament in October 1997, is positive. The determining factor for such accession should be national economic interest, assessed by a set of five of the above economic criteria. According to the findings of recent studies published in June 2003, since 1997, the UK has made significant progress in creating conditions for entry into the euro area. Nevertheless, despite the evidence of increased volumes of investments and trade, increased volumes of financial services, growth of employment and the economy as a whole, the government came to the conclusion that the national economy will not be able to adequately respond to the negative phenomena in the European Monetary Union, since Of the five criteria, only the fourth one has been fulfilled, regarding the financial services market.

Therefore, taking into account both the economic and political feasibility of joining the euro, in the summer of 2003 the UK government put in place a set of further measures aimed at creating conditions for joining the euro. Recent practical steps in this regard were voiced by the UK Secretary of the Treasury in his report to the House of Commons of the British Parliament on 9.06.2004:

  • to measure inflation rates for budget planning, use a single indicator with the EU - the consumer price index , which will bring the UK closer to the eurozone in terms of estimates of inflation;
  • prepare for discussion a draft law on a referendum on accession to the single European currency;
  • continue reforms aimed at improving the real estate market and ensuring macroeconomic stability; [13]
Key economic indicators
  • Employment - information on the main trends in the labor market, which can be obtained from the monthly review of the Office of National Statistics.
  • Retail Price Index (RPI) - Reflects the change in the prices of the basket of consumer goods. The Index option, RPI-X, which excludes interest payments on mortgages, uses the Treasury to set inflation targets.
  • Gross domestic product - used to assess the country's position on the economic cycle curve. Quarterly reports are provided by the Bureau of Statistics.
  • Industrial Production Index (IP) - used to assess changes in the volume of output, measured in physical quantities of manufactured products. It accounts for about 1/4 of GDP.
  • Purchasing Managers Index (PMI) - based on monthly surveys conducted by the Professional Institute for Procurement and Supply. Based on weighted average and seasonally adjusted estimates of production, orders, stocks and employment. Index above 50 - the economy is expanding, below 50 - the economy is in decline.
  • Bookmark of new houses - shows how many residential buildings the beginning of construction in this month [14] .

GDP

 
GDP dynamics in the G8 countries in 1992-2009, as a percentage of the 1992 level

Statistics

The following table shows the main economic indicators for 1980-2018. Inflation less than 2% is indicated by a green arrow. [fifteen]

YearGDP (PPP)
(in billions of US dollars)
GDP per capita (PPP)
(in US $)
GDP growth
(real)
Inflation rate
(in percentages)
Unemployment
(in percentages)
State debt
(as a percentage of GDP)
1980500.18,879▼ −2.0%▲ 16.8%7.1%42.5%
1981▲ 542.6▲ 9,628▼ −0.8%▲ 12.2%▲ 9.7%▲ 44.8%
1982▲ 587.9▲ 10,444▲ 2.0%▲ 8.5%▲ 10.7%▼ 43.1%
1983▲ 636.9▲ 11.309▲ 4.2%▲ 5.2%▲ 11.5%▼ 41.8%
1984▲ 674.5▲ 11,958▲ 2.3%▲ 4.4%▲ 11.8%▲ 42.3%
1985▲ 725.3▲ 12.825▲ 4.2%▲ 5.2%▼ 11.4%▼ 41.2%
1986▲ 763.0▲ 13,461▲ 3.1%▲ 3.6%▼ 11.3%▬ 41.2%
1987▲ 824.0▲ 14,506▲ 5.3%▲ 4.1%▼ 10.4%▼ 39.3%
1988▲ 901.9▲ 15,846▲ 5.7%▲ 4.6%▼ 8.6%▼ 37.0%
1989▲ 961.0▲ 16.838▲ 2.6%▲ 5.2%▼ 7.2%▼ 32.5%
1990▲ 1,003.8▲ 17,539▲ 0.7%▲ 7.0%▼ 7.1%▼ 28.6%
1991▲ 1,026.0▲ 17,863▼ −1.1%▲ 7.5%▲ 8.9%▼ 28.5%
1992▲ 1,053.3▲ 18,292▲ 0.4%▲ 4.3%▲ 10.0%▲ 33.3%
1993▲ 1,105.7▲ 19,158▲ 2.5%▲ 2.5%▲ 10.4%▲ 38.1%
1994▲ 1,173.0▲ 20,272▲ 3.9%▲ 1.9%▼ 9.5%▲ 41.0%
1995▲ 1,227.0▲ 21,147▲ 2.5%▲ 2.7%▼ 8.6%▲ 43.9%
1996▲ 1,281.1▲ 22,026▲ 2.5%▲ 2.5%▼ 8.1%▲ 44.1%
1997▲ 1,355.7▲ 23,249▲ 4.0%▲ 1.8%▼ 7.0%▼ 43.4%
1998▲ 1,413.4▲ 24,171▲ 3.1%▲ 1.6%▼ 6.3%▼ 41.3%
1999▲ 1,481.2▲ 25,241▲ 3.2%▲ 1.3%▼ 6.0%▼ 39.9%
2000▲ 1,570.4▲ 26,669▲ 3.7%▲ 0.8%▼ 5.5%▼ 37.0%
2001▲ 1,647.1▲ 27,863▲ 2.5%▲ 1.2%▼ 5.1%▼ 34.4%
2002▲ 1,713.5▲ 28,863▲ 2.5%▲ 1.3%▲ 5.2%▲ 34.5%
2003▲ 1,805.8▲ 30,279▲ 3.3%▲ 1.4%▼ 5.0%▲ 35.7%
2004▲ 1,899.3▲ 31,681▲ 2.4%▲ 1.3%▼ 4.8%▲ 38.7%
2005▲ 2,021.1▲ 33,455▲ 3.1%▲ 2.1%▬ 4.8%▲ 39.9%
2006▲ 2,134.4▲ 35,089▲ 2.5%▲ 2.3%▲ 5.4%▲ 40.8%
2007▲ 2,242.8▲ 36,576▲ 2.4%▲ 2.3%▬ 5.4%▲ 41.9%
2008▲ 2,276.0▲ 36,814▼ −0.5%▲ 3.6%▲ 5.7%▲ 49.9%
2009▼ 2,197.2▼ 35,291▼ −4.2%▲ 2.2%▲ 7.6%▲ 64.1%
2010▲ 2,261.8▲ 36,038▲ 1.7%▲ 3.3%▲ 7.9%▲ 75.6%
2011▲ 2,342.0▲ 37,007▲ 1.5%▲ 4.5%▲ 8.1%▲ 81.3%
2012▲ 2,420.5▲ 37,995▲ 1.5%▲ 2.8%▼ 8.0%▲ 84.5%
2013▲ 2,510.0▲ 39,154▲ 2.1%▲ 2.6%▼ 7.6%▲ 85.6%
2014▲ 2,633.1▲ 40,762▲ 3.1%▲ 1.5%▼ 6.2%▲ 87.4%
2015▲ 2,724.1▲ 41,839▲ 2.3%▬ 0.0%▼ 5.4%▲ 88.2%
2016▲ 2,812.3▲ 42,839▲ 1.9%▲ 0.7%▼ 4.9%▬ 88.2%
2017▼ 2,808.899▲ 44,118▲ 1.8%▲ 2.7%▼ 4.4%▼ 87.0%

External Debt

External debt in 2016 is $ 7,554,816 million (third place after the United States and Japan) and makes up 314% of GDP [16] .

History

Middle Ages: The Economy of England (1066-1509)

Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, Great Britain has been one of the leading industrial countries in the world. However, two world wars and the collapse of the empire dealt a severe blow to the economic position of the country.

After the end of World War II , economic recovery took about 40 years. Growth in competitiveness was facilitated by entry into the European Community in 1973 . In the 1980s, under M. Thatcher , mass privatization of previously nationalized industrial enterprises took place [17] .

Agriculture

UK agriculture is currently one of the most productive and mechanized in the world. The share of employment in the industry is 2% of the total employment in the country. The total area of ​​agricultural land is 18.3 million hectares (76% of all land in the country) / 18.5 million hectares, which is about 77% of the country's territory /.

Great Britain ranks sixth among the EU member states (before exiting it) in terms of agricultural production. On average, production per 25.7 thousand euros (in gross terms) is produced per full-time employee.

In the structure of agricultural production prevails - livestock . Dairy and meat and dairy cattle breeding , also developed pig breeding (bacon fattening), sheep meat and poultry farming .

The general dynamics of the development of agriculture in Great Britain in 2006, according to the cost of production of the main types of agricultural products at market prices, had the following indicators: wheat production increased by 16% and amounted to 1.2 billion f.st .; barley - by 9.8% to 412 million f.st .; rapeseed for the production of vegetable oil - by 17% to 307 million f.st .; sugar beet decreased by 37% to 168 million f.st .; fresh vegetables increased by 9.1% and reached 986 million f.st .; plants and flowers decreased by 4.4% to 744 million pounds; potatoes increased by 24% to 625 million f.st .; fresh fruit decreased by 1.2% to 377 million f.st .; pork increased by 1.3% to 687 million f.st .; beef - by 13% to 1.6 billion f.st .; lamb - by 2.7% to 702 million f.st .; poultry meat - by 1% to 1.3 million f.st .; milk decreased by 3.6% to 2.5 million f.st .; eggs increased by 2.0% to 357 million f.st. [eighteen]

England is one of the world's largest suppliers of sheep wool. Livestock is traditionally concentrated in river basins. In crop production, almost 60% of arable land is occupied by perennial grasses, over 28% is under grain crops (including 15% with wheat , 11% with barley ); 12% - under technical ( rapeseed , sugar beet , flax ) and fodder crops (including potatoes ), as well as vegetable gardens and berry plants. The main agricultural areas are East Anglia and Southeast. The country has many orchards.

Agriculture enjoys great state support and receives subsidies from the EU budget. For products such as wheat , barley , oats and pork , production volumes exceed consumption; for such as potatoes , beef , lamb , wool , sugar and eggs , production is lower than consumption

Thus, many necessary UK products have to be imported from other countries. They import 4/5 butter, 2/3 sugar, half wheat and bacon, 1/4 of beef and veal consumed in the country.

Mining

Great Britain is considered the world's second largest exporter of kaolin (white clay, from which porcelain is made); other types of clay for the ceramic industry are also mined on a large scale.

Iron ore mining is carried out in a relatively narrow belt, which begins at the city of Scunthorpe in Yorkshire in the north and stretches across the entire East Midland to the city of Banbury in the south. The ore here is of poor quality, siliceous and contains only 33% of the metal. Iron ore demand is covered by imports from Canada, Liberia and Mauritania. Also, the country is rich in coal . Limestones are found on the British Isles almost everywhere.

There are prospects for the extraction of tungsten, copper and gold from newly explored deposits.

Oil Production

In the British sector of the North Sea , 133 oil fields are known with proven reserves of 2 billion tons and recoverable 0.7 billion tons, which is about 1/3 of the shelf reserves. Oil has been extracted in the North Sea since 1975 [19] at fifty fields, of which the largest are Brent and Fortis. In 2003, it amounted to 106 million tons, of which more than half went for export - mainly to the USA, Germany, and the Netherlands. Through a system of pipelines and tankers, oil from the fields of the North Sea and the North Atlantic enters the Sallom-Vo oil terminal, where it is loaded into tankers for further transportation [20] . Large oil imports remain (up to 50 million tons), which is due to the predominance of light fractions in the North Sea oil and the technological features of British refineries designed for heavier oil.

Gas Production

More than 80 gas fields with proven reserves of 2 trillion m³ and recoverable 0.8 trillion m³ have been discovered in the British North Sea zone. Gas production on them began in the mid-1960s, 37 fields are currently being exploited, 7% produce 50% of the production, among them - Lehman-Bank , Brent , Morham . The volume of production in 1990-2003 increased to 103 billion m³.

Foreign trade in gas is insignificant: in 2003, its export amounted to 15 billion m³, and import - 8 billion m³. Through a gas pipeline laid at the bottom of the North Sea, gas reaches the east coast of the island of Great Britain in the Isington and Yorkshire regions .

Industry

Нефтепереработка

Британская нефтеперерабатывающая промышленность пока ещё зависит от импорта сырой нефти и нефтепродуктов. В стране действует 9 НПЗ с общей мощностью около 90 млн т в год (в 1999 г. закрылся НПЗ компании « Шелл » в Шелл-Хейвене мощностью 4,3 млн т в год). Они расположены в устье Темзы, в Фоли близ Саутгемптона, в южном Уэльсе, у Манчестерского канала, в Тиссайде, Хамберсайде и в Шотландии (Грейнджмуте).

Химическая промышленность

Новейшие производства химической промышленности также относятся к числу быстро развивающихся отраслей. Около 1/3 продукции основной химии составляют неорганические химикаты — серная кислота, оксиды металлов и неметаллов. Среди множества химических производств крупными масштабами стали выделяться производства синтетических волокон, различных видов пластмасс, новых красителей, фармацевтической продукции и моющих средств. Британская химия базируется на нефтегазовом сырьё и специализируется на достаточно ограниченном числе химических продуктов, отличающихся высокой наукоемкостью: это фармацевтические препараты, агрохимикаты, конструкционные пластмассы, используемые в авиаракетостроении, микроэлектронике. Главные районы химической промышленности сформировались на базе НПЗ вблизи рынков сбыта: Юго-восток Англии, Ланкшир и Чешир.

Металлургическая промышленность

Большое развитие получила чёрная металлургия . К началу 70-х годов объём производства стали составил около 30 млн т, в дальнейшем с введением квот на чёрные металлы в ЕС он сократился более чем в 2 раза — до 13,5 млн т в 2001 г. (Великобритания не входит в десятку крупнейших производителей стали.) Во второй половине 80-х годов в отрасли была проведена техническая модернизация, и в настоящее время 75 % стали выплавляется кислородно-конвертерным способом.

На сегодняшний день Великобритания занимает восьмое место в мире по выплавке чугуна и стали . Активы корпорации «Бритиш стил» (сейчас ими владеет индийская группа Tata Steel ) производит почти всю сталь для страны. Необходимо отметить, что металлургия Великобритании развивалась в благоприятных условиях. Страна богата углём. Железную руду часто содержали сами угольные пласты, либо она добывалась поблизости. Третий компонент, необходимый для металлургии — известняки имеются на Британских островах почти везде. Угольные бассейны, вблизи которых развивались металлургические центры, расположены сравнительно недалеко друг от друга и от крупнейших морских портов страны, что облегчает доставку из других районов страны и из зарубежных стран недостающего сырья и вывоз готовой продукции.

Сохранилось 4 металлургических района, из которых лишь один находится в центре страны (Шеффилд-Ротерем с его специализацией на качественной стали и электростали), остальные — на побережье в портах (в Южном Уэльсе — Порт-Толбот, Лланверн, в Хамберсай-де — Сканторп, в Тиссайде — Редкар).

В сталеплавильной индустрии Великобритании всё больше используется в качестве сырья металлолом, поэтому современные сталеплавильные заводы обычно «привязаны» к основным промышленным центрам как к источникам сырья и рынкам сбыта готовой продукции.

В свою очередь, британская цветная металлургия — одна из крупнейших в Европе. Она работает почти целиком на привозном сырьё, поэтому выплавка цветных металлов тяготеет к портовым городам. При практически полном отсутствии ресурсной базы отрасль развивалась благодаря высокой потребности в цветных металлах и представлена главным образом производством вторичного металла. Из первичных металлов выпускаются только алюминий и никель. Потребности страны по олову, свинцу, алюминию удовлетворяются за счёт собственного производства почти полностью; по меди и цинку на 1/2.

Экспорт цветных металлов по стоимости намного превысил экспорт чугуна и стали. Великобритания — также один из основных поставщиков таких металлов, как уран, цирконий, бериллий, ниобий, германий и др., которые используются в атомной промышленности, в самолётостроении и электронике. Главные покупатели британских цветных металлов — США и Германия.

Машиностроение

В машиностроении , самой крупной отрасли британской промышленности, работает 1/4 всех занятых в обрабатывающей промышленности. На отрасль приходится 40 % условно-чистой продукции обрабатывающей промышленности. Если в прошлом для неё был характерен выпуск продукции высококачественной, но среднего уровня сложности, то в настоящее время всё больший удельный вес приобретает технически сложная, наукоёмкая продукция.

Преобладает транспортное машиностроение . Около 1/3 капитала, затрачиваемого на производство средств транспорта, принадлежит американским компаниям, которые закрепились на Британских островах после второй мировой войны. Предприятия этой отрасли имеются практически во всех районах и в большинстве городов Великобритании.

Одним из мировых лидеров по производству строительной техники является компания JCB , насчитывающая более 10 тысяч сотрудников и 11 заводов в Великобритании. Каждый второй экскаватор-погрузчик в мире, каждый третий телескопический погрузчик произведён на заводах JCB. Всего в Великобритании производится более 300 видов строительных и сельскохозяйственных машин JCB. Великобритания занимает лидирующие позиции в мире как экспортёр грузовых автомашин. Например, широко известна серия машин повышенной проходимости марки «Лендровер». Главные покупатели английских автомобилей — США, Новая Зеландия, Иран и ЮАР.

Общее машиностроение ныне уступает по темпам роста другим секторам отрасли. В последние годы вновь усилились позиции станкостроения (страна занимает шестое место в мире по объёму производства, но четвёртое — по экспорту). Отраслью международной специализации является тракторостроение (первое место в мире по выпуску колесных тракторов).

Более 2/3 стоимости продукции в приборостроении приходится на научные и промышленные приборы, в том числе на ряд новейших видов контрольно-измерительной и диагностической аппаратуры. Развито также производство часов , фотоаппаратов .

Автомобильная промышленность

Несколько крупнейших автомобильных фирм, такие как «Бритиш Лейланд», международной американской компании «Крайслер Ю. К.» и дочерние американские фирмы «Воксхолл» и «Форд», выпускают почти все серийные легковые и грузовые автомашины. Сохраняют позиции мировых лидеров в выпуске машин высшего класса компании «Роллс-Ройс» (под контролем «БМВ») и «Бентли», контролируемая «Фольксвагеном». Импорт пока превышает экспорт, но последний также очень значителен (около 1 млн шт.). Первым крупным районом автомобилестроения на Британских островах стал Западный Мидленд с центром в Бирмингеме. Вторым районом автомобилестроения стал юго-восток Англии (с центрами в Оксфорде, Лутоне и Дагенеме), где имелись в избытке рабочие руки.

Авиационно-космическая промышленность

Самолётостроение одна из наиболее быстро развивающихся отраслей машиностроения Великобритании. Доминирует в этой отрасли государственная крупнейшая фирма — British Aerospace . Она специализируется на выпуске широкого спектра различных самолётов, вертолётов, космических аппаратов, ракет. Вертолёты производятся другой большой фирмой Westland Helicopters . Почти всё производство авиамоторов в стране сосредоточено в руках компании Rolls-Royce plc , которая имеет заводы в Дерби, Бристоле, Ковентри, а также в Шотландии. Широко развита кооперация с западноевропейскими и американскими компаниями в производстве гражданской и военной техники.

Электротехника и электроника

Электротехника относится к растущим и развивающимся производствам, она занимает второе место среди отраслей обрабатывающей промышленности по числу занятых. Господствуют в электротехнике несколько очень крупных компаний: General Electric Company , English Electric и Associated Electrical Industries . По-прежнему достаточно сильны позиции Великобритании в производстве турбин и электродвигателей.

Но доминирующие позиции занимает ныне электроника . Наиболее динамично развивается производство вычислительной техники ( см. например ARM ), но главные позиции здесь занимает американский капитал, а в производстве бытовой электроники — японский. Британские фирмы традиционно сильны в производстве радиоэлектронного оборудования (радары, радиопередатчики) и средств связи.

Лёгкая промышленность

Текстильная промышленность

Развиваются также и традиционные для британской экономики отрасли, такие как текстильная промышленность . Из отраслей лёгкой промышленности ей принадлежит особая роль в промышленном развитии страны, в распространении машинного способа производства по всему миру. Шерстяные ткани производятся в основном в Западном Йоркшире, производство искусственного шелка преобладает в йоркширском городе Силсдене, а хлопчатобумажных тканей — в Ланкашире, в небольших текстильных городах к северо-востоку от Манчестера. Производство шерстяных тканей, изделий, пряжи — самое древнее на Британских островах. Шерстяные изделия британских текстильщиков и в наши дни высоко ценятся на внешних рынках.

Обрабатывающая промышленность

В структуре обрабатывающей промышленности наибольший удельный вес имеют бумажная и полиграфическая промышленность (13,9 %), пищевая и табачная (13,8 %). Пищевкусовая промышленность за последние полвека стала одной из главных сфер концентрации британского капитала: из 40 корпораций страны, входящих в «Клуб 500» крупнейших фирм мира, данную отрасль представляет целая дюжина во главе с Unilever , Diageo и «Кэдбьюри Швеппс ». Высокую конкурентоспособность на мировом рынке имеют пищевые концентраты, кондитерские изделия ( Cadbury ), напитки (в том числе чай , шотландский виски и лондонский джин ), табачные изделия ( British American Tobacco ). Размещение крупнейших предприятий ориентировано на рынки, в том числе внешние.

Энергетика

Серьёзным достижением британской экономики является то, что весь производственный и потребительский сектор полностью обеспечены электроэнергией . торговая ассоциация RenewableUK опубликовала 08.12.2016 данные что ветряные станции Британии теперь обеспечивают 23 % [21] произведенной энергии 12 % — атомными 2 % — гидроэлектростанциями . Подавляющее число ТЭС работает на древесных гранулах [22] , Наиболее крупные ТЭС находятся на реке Трент и около Лондона . Гидростанции , как правило, небольшие, расположены они в основном на Шотландском нагорье.

Сфера услуг

На сектор услуг в Великобритании, приходится около 2/3 от ВВП страны. В нём основную долю (около 40 %) занимают деловые и финансовые услуги. На долю государственных услуг приходится 35 %, торговлю — 19 %. Гостиничные услуги занимают — 5 % всего рынка услуг.

Товарооборот в секторе услуг Великобритании в 2006 году составил 221,5 млрд ф.ст., его рост по сравнению с предыдущим годом — 8,4 %. Внешняя торговля услугами Великобритании имеет положительное сальдо (17,2 млрд.ф.ст.).

В 2006 г. общий объём экспорта услуг составил 125,6 млрд.ф.ст. и возрос относительно 2005 г. на 9,8 %. Лидирующие позиции в экспорте заняли финансовые услуги [23] .

Финансовая система

Золотовалютные резервы (валовые) Великобритании по состоянию на конец 2006 года составили 84,0 млрд.долл. (конец 2005 г. — 79,2 млрд.долл.), в том числе правительственные — 51,8 млрд.долл. (48,1 млрд долл.), Банка Англии — 32,2 млрд.долл. (31,1 млрд.долл.).

Колебания обменного курса британского фунта , имевшие место в 2006 г., по отношению к основным валютам заметно варьировались. Если относительная стабильность курса фунта стерлингов по отношению к общеевропейской валюте отражает, прежде всего, синхронизацию экономических процессов в Великобритании и странах, входящих в зону евро , то значительное укрепление по отношению к доллару отчасти — сохранение Банком Англии своей учётной ставки на достаточно высоком уровне, и отчасти — ускорение темпов национального экономического роста.

Активы местных и иностранных банков в Великобритании в 1975 году составляли порядка 100 % ВВП страны, к 2013 году достигнув до 450 % ВВП или порядка 5 трлн фунтов стерлингов ($7,8 трлн) (почти в 5 раз превышает аналогичный показатель для США) [10] .

Туризм

In 2006, the United Kingdom was visited by about 60 thousand citizens of the Russian Federation . [24] The UK has a developed tourism industry. It employs 2.1 million people. 8% of small companies work in this area. In 2016, 37.3 million foreigners visited the UK . Its share in world tourism is 3.4%. Tourism brings £ 27 billion to the British economy. According to this indicator, it is in 7th place in the world. The largest number of visitors from the USA , France , Germany , the Republic of Ireland , the Netherlands . Great Britain is the birthplace of modern tourism as a form of cultural leisure. As far back as 1840, Cook, a preacher from the English town of Melbourne, founded the world's first travel company. A year later, the company organized a trip to the suburbs of London for five hundred members of the Society of Teetotalers, and in 1844-1846. - excursions to different parts of England and Scotland . The UK is one of the most economically developed countries in the world, and it houses the world's largest financial and trade centers ( London , Liverpool , Glasgow ), well-known scientific centers ( London , Oxford , Cambridge , Edinburgh ) - hence the great importance of business and congress tourism . Tourists also come to sporting events that are often held in the UK , especially football.

International Economic Relations

Great Britain retains an important role in the global economy. The country is one of the five most developed countries in the world and produces about 3% ( 2000 - 3.2%) of global GDP (at purchasing power parity of the national currency). In the export of goods and services, its share is 4.6% ( 2000 - 5.2%), in their imports - 5.1% (5.6%). At the same time, there is a reduction in the share of the country in world trade. The macroeconomic situation in the UK has remained stable over the past decade. Real GDP per capita growth was on average higher than in other G7 countries, unemployment and inflation were lower.

In 2006, the UK GDP growth increased to 2.8%, which corresponds to the level of economic growth in the G7 countries. At the same time, inflation in the UK was lower (2.3% versus 2.5%). Since the 2001/2002 financial year, the situation with the state budget deficit has worsened in the UK , and in the 2004/2005 financial year it reached 3.3% of GDP . However, in the 2006/2007 fiscal year, this figure fell to 2.8% of GDP .

The country continues to maintain a dominant position in the global financial services market. Three fifths of world trade in international bonds are concentrated in Great Britain (1st place in the world, primary market ), two fifths - by foreign assets (1st place) and derivatives (1st place, so-called “trading through the counter”) , slightly less than a third of foreign exchange transactions (2nd place after the United States ), a fifth of international borrowing is carried out (1st place). The UK accounts for two fifths of the global aviation insurance market (1st place) and one fifth - marine insurance (2nd place). London also leads the world in wealth management.

The UK has the most important commodity and stock exchanges in the world: the London Stock Exchange , the London Metal Exchange , ICE Futures Europe , the Baltic Exchange .

The United Kingdom is a member of the UN , a permanent member of its Security Council (total UN country payments of $ 0.4 billion), NATO , the Seven , the British Commonwealth (a voluntary association of the United Kingdom and 53 other states that were previously controlled by the United Kingdom ), Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe .

Great Britain is one of the leading members of the European Union (joined in 1973 ). The UK is a member of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development , the World Trade Organization , the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank , as well as a number of regional banks for reconstruction and development (African, European, Caribbean, Latin American, Asian), the European Investment Bank, Paris and London clubs creditors. It plays a key role in the adoption of various collective decisions within the framework of these international economic and financial organizations and agreements.

The United Kingdom is actively involved in the Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF), G20 , or Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units, which has 58 member states.

Attaching great importance to the fight against climate change, the British government has developed measures to protect the environment, which include:

  • supporting the development of alternative energy sources, as well as the implementation of measures for the disposal of harmful emissions;
  • development of energy-saving technologies, including through the introduction of the Green Landlord Scheme and the creation of the Carbon Trust fund with the aim of providing interest - free loans to national companies for the implementation of these technologies;
  • providing benefits to enterprises introducing technologies based on "clean" fuel. [25]

Capital Movement

Capital movement is the leading form of UK participation in international economic relations. The country occupies an important place in the export and import of loan and business capital. It is the second largest exporter of capital in the form of direct investment - 11.7% of the global export of foreign direct investment (2005-2006). The main objects of the application of British capital are North America and the EU countries. In the USA, British investments are the largest, they make up over 18% of all foreign investments. Large investments are concentrated in China, Brazil, and Bermuda. At the same time, the UK is one of the largest objects of foreign capital investment (8.0% of the global volume of foreign direct investment). Firms controlled by foreign capital account for 30.5% of manufacturing products (20.3% in 1998), where foreign investment is concentrated primarily in high-tech industries (electronics, pharmaceuticals), as well as in the automotive industry. Foreign multinationals occupy leading positions in oil production and refining, in the credit sector. Over 30% of foreign direct investment is controlled by US corporations. An important place is occupied by Dutch, German and Japanese capital. In order to attract foreign and British entrepreneurial capital to the lagging economic regions, about 10 special economic zones were created, mainly in port cities. [26]

Russian-British Investment Cooperation

The volume of Russian investments accumulated in the UK as of January 1, 2007 reached 469 million US dollars, which is less than 0.01% of foreign investments received in the British economy ( direct investments - 76.3% ( 2005 - 87 , 9%, 2004 - 98.7%); portfolio investments in 2006 , as a year earlier - less than 0.1% ( 2004 - 0.4%); other investments - 23.5% ( 2005 - 12.1, 2004 - 0.9%), while Great Britain ranks eighth among recipient countries of Russian investments, behind Ukraine , Cyprus , the Bahamas , Austria , Luxembourg , the Netherlands and the USA .

The UK took second place among investing countries in terms of current foreign investment in Russia (by the results of 2006; 2005 - third place; Rosstat data), having invested $ 7.0 billion in the Russian economy (12.7% of the total current foreign investment in the Russian economy ).
In terms of the amount of accumulated foreign investment in the Russian economy, Great Britain ranks fifth. As of December 31, 2006 their volume amounted to 11.8 billion dollars, including direct accumulated investments of 2.9 billion dollars. [27]

In terms of industry, the UK was the first in terms of current investments in the production and distribution of electricity , gas and water (27.4% of foreign investment in the industry, wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles, household goods (27.9%), other utilities, social and personal services (47.6%), the second to manufacturing (10.3%), including the production of coke and petroleum products (16.2%), the third to chemical production (12.7%) ), transport and communications (15.2%).

The UK economy receives a certain portion of investments through a citizenship program for large investors. A residence permit can be obtained by investing in the country's economy from 10 million pounds. The applicant must invest at least 75% of the indicated amount in English government bonds, stocks or borrowed capital of organizations registered in the UK. 25% must be invested in assets, deposited in financial institutions.

Population Incomes

From 2001 to 2007, the average monthly salary in the UK increased from 2840 to 3220 euros. By 2009, it fell to 2640 euros. [28]

According to data provided by the BBC for 2009, inequality in the country increased by 40% compared with 1974 [29] .

Starting April 1, 2019, the minimum wage in the UK for people over 25 is £ 8.21 ( € 9.54) per hour (gross). [30] [31] [32] As of 2018, the average monthly wage in the UK is £ 2,674 ( € 3,107 gross) and £ 2,100 ( € 2,440 net) per month. [4] [5]

See also

  • UK Taxation

Notes

  1. ↑ 1 2 United Kingdom (unopened) (inaccessible link) . International Monetary Fund. Date of treatment January 7, 2011. Archived on November 5, 2011.
  2. ↑ 1 2 Britain: economic locomotive picks up speed | euronews, economics
  3. ↑ Population Below Poverty Line - CIA World Factbook (Neopr.) . The World Factbook .
  4. ↑ 1 2 EARN05: Gross weekly earnings of full-time employees by region - Office for National Statistics (neopr.) . www.ons.gov.uk.
  5. ↑ 1 2 Income tax calculator: Find out your take-home pay (unopened) .
  6. ↑ The UK economy in 2015 will grow by 2.5% // Gazeta.Ru
  7. ↑ CIA - The World Factbook - Country Comparison :: National product // CIA; the UK has 25th place in the CIA ranking, minus the EU , which is not a country
  8. ↑ General characteristics of the national economy
  9. ↑ Correction of UK GDP recession data showed that the recession of 2008-2009 was sharper than they thought "Economic News
  10. ↑ 1 2 UK banking sector assets reach 950% of GDP by 2050 - Bank of England // Interfax
  11. ↑ UK economic growth forecast underestimated
  12. ↑ The growth of the British economy was expectedly accelerated in the 2nd quarter to 0.7%
  13. ↑ 1 2 UK economic policy
  14. ↑ Ketty Lin, 2012 , p. 200.
  15. ↑ Report for Selected Countries and Subjects (English ) ? . Date of appeal September 1, 2018.
  16. ↑ IMF BoP IIP UK gross external debt NSA £ m - Office for National Statistics . www.ons.gov.uk. Date of treatment October 3, 2018.
  17. ↑ ECONOMY
  18. ↑ UK Agriculture
  19. ↑ Suleymanov, 2015 , p. 469.
  20. ↑ Sallom-Vo oil terminal
  21. ↑ RenewableUK Association. New wind energy record - an early Christmas clean energy bonus - RenewableUK . www.renewableuk.com. Date of treatment June 19, 2017.
  22. ↑ The largest coal-fired power plant in Great Britain currently operates mainly in biomass (Russian) . granuly.ru. Date of treatment June 19, 2017.
  23. ↑ UK services
  24. ↑ RBC Daily, We Want to Europe, June 9, 2007
  25. ↑ The role and place of the UK economy in the system of international economic relations, the country's participation in international and regional integration organizations
  26. ↑ United Kingdom - Countries and regions of the world - Yandex. Dictionaries (unavailable link from 06/14/2016 [1189 days])
  27. ↑ Status and prospects of Russian-British investment cooperation
  28. ↑ Baltic countries in search of a way out of the crisis Archived copy of July 10, 2012 on Wayback Machine // Economic Issues, No. 4, 2010
  29. ↑ Gorbachev: a hybrid of capitalism and socialism is needed // BBC
  30. ↑ [1]
  31. ↑ [2]
  32. ↑ [3]

Literature

  • Ketty Lin Day trading in the Forex market. Profit Strategies = Day Trading the Currency Market: Technical and Fundamental Strategies to Profit from Market Swings. - M .: Alpina Publisher, 2012 .-- 240 p. - ISBN 978-5-9614-1326-7 .
  • Suleymanov, A. A. Cooperation between the Soviet Union and the Arctic countries in the field of scientific study of the Arctic during the years of "detente" // 1945: the formation of the foundations of the post-war world order. - Kirov: Rainbow - PRESS, 2015.

Links

  • Trade Representation of the Russian Federation in the UK
  • UK Department of Commerce and Industry
  • Ministry of Finance
  • British Foreign Trade and Investment Service
  • Royal Customs
  • Bureau of National Statistics
  • The Information Technology section of the UK Government website
Source - https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= UK_Economy&oldid = 101338340


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