Hungarian People's Republic

Second Republic of Hungary

In World War II, Hungary took part on the side of the Nazi bloc , its troops participated in the occupation of the territory of the USSR . In 1944-1945, the Hungarian troops were defeated, its territory was occupied by Soviet troops. On November 4, 1945, free elections were held in the country, provided for by the Yalta Agreements , in which the majority (57%) received the Independent Smallholders Party (NPMH). The coalition of communists and social democrats received only 34% of the vote. However, the Allied Control Commission, which was led by Soviet Marshal Voroshilov , gave the winning majority only half of the seats in the coalition government, and the key posts remained in the hands of the Communists.

On February 10, 1947, a peace treaty was signed between the Hungarian and Soviet governments. Hungarian Prime Minister Ferenc Nagy paid a visit to Switzerland, where he resigned and refused to return to his homeland. As Prime Minister, he was replaced by another member of NPMH, Lajos Dinesh , and in 1948, Istvan Dobi (at that time also a member of NPMH). The Communists, using the support of the Soviet troops, arrested most of the leaders of the opposition parties, and in 1947 held new elections.

Sovietization

On May 15, 1949, parliamentary elections were held at which the National Independence Front put forward a single and only list. On August 18, 1949, the Constitution was adopted, changing the name of the country to “Hungarian People’s Republic”, the presidency was abolished, and a collegial Presidium was created in its place. In 1950, committees were abolished, division into oblasts was introduced, committee, district, and communal assemblies and councils were abolished, and regional, district, and community councils, and executive committees of councils were created in their place. Curia, judicial chambers, tribunals, local courts were abolished, and the Supreme Court, regional courts and district courts were created in their place. All political parties were banned, except for the Military Forces, the National Independence Front was reorganized - mass organizations were included in its ranks. The VPT itself was also reorganized - the party’s chairman was abolished, and the person who held this position was soon taken into custody. Symbolism underwent a change - the emblem of Hungary became a hammer and an ear, the flag remained red-white-green, to which the image of the new coat of arms was added, the anthem remained Himnusz, but it began to be performed without words.

Collectivization was carried out. The State Security Directorate , headed by Gabor Peter (1945-1952) and Laszlo Pirosh (1953-1956) carried out mass repressions against the opposition, the church, politicians of the previous regime and many others who were dissatisfied. Defense Minister Mihai Farkash also played a prominent role in repressive politics. The intra-party purges in the military commissariat also began. One of the first victims was the head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Laszlo Raik . Behind the bars was his successor - Janos Kadar .

At the same time, living standards in the country were rapidly declining. The economic situation in the country was complicated by the fact that Hungary, as an ally of Germany in World War II, was obliged for several years to pay indemnities to the USSR , Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia , sometimes reaching up to a quarter of the national product ^[6] . In 1952, the real wages of workers and employees were 20 percent, and the income of peasants was one third lower than in 1949.

In 1952, the Secretary General of the All-Union Military Transport Union and the Stalinist hardliner Matthias Rakosi became Prime Minister. In 1953, the measures taken by the government brought noticeable relief, but only for a short time. The failure of industrialization plans and changes in the USSR after the death of Stalin (in Moscow it was decided that Rakosi was too fanatical that he did not contribute to the popularity of the new Hungarian authorities) led to the criticism of Mattyash Rakosi at the plenary meeting of the Central Administration of the Military Technical Council on June 27 - 28, 1953 and replaced as head of government by another Hungarian communist, Imre Nagy .

The new head of government, Imre Nagy and his supporters, took serious positions in the party. An amnesty was held, internment was stopped and evictions from cities on a social basis were prohibited. Nagy stopped the construction of many large industrial facilities. Investments were aimed at developing the light and food industries, pressure on agriculture was weakened, food prices and tariffs for the population were reduced ^{[7] [8]} .

As the head of government, this Hungarian politician took a number of measures aimed at improving the life of the people (taxes were reduced, salaries were increased, land use principles were liberalized), and political repressions were stopped. This made him popular among ordinary Hungarians. The collapse of industrialization and cooperation in agriculture was sharply criticized by Rakosi and his followers. In addition, the displacement in the USSR of the head of government G.M. Malenkov , who advocated the priority development of light industry, weakened the position of Nadia. In the end, Matyash Rakoshi, using the usual means of backroom fighting, managed to defeat his rival, which a considerable part of the working people already considered a symbol of new politics, the guarantor of a better life. As a result, on April 18, 1955, Imre Nagy was removed from his post as prime minister and expelled from the Military High Commission.

The new head of the government, Andras Hegedyush, was young and had no influence in the party, and the party leadership (Rakosi, Hero, Farkash) continued the Stalinist course in all sectors of public life ^[9] . Among the broad strata of the Hungarian people, this caused discontent. The demands for Nadia’s return to power, the holding of alternative elections , and the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Hungary arose spontaneously. Many Hungarians even considered their country's socialist course to be erroneous ^{[10] [11]} .

In May 1955, a peace treaty was signed between the USSR and Austria. Soviet troops stationed in Austria as part of the Central Group of Forces are withdrawn to the territory of the USSR during the summer. On May 14, 1955, the socialist countries concluded the Warsaw Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, which extended the stay of Soviet troops in Hungary ^[12] .

Uprising of 1956

On July 21, 1956, Rakosi was dismissed, his place was taken by Erno Gero . On October 23, 1956, a massive anti-communist demonstration began in Budapest, during which demonstrators tried to seize a number of buildings. On October 24, Imre Nagy was appointed chairman of the Council of Ministers of Hungary. The new Council of Ministers announced a ceasefire, the dissolution of the Hungarian People’s Army and the State Security Directorate and the creation of a gonveda, the cessation of military service, as well as the start of negotiations with the USSR on the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Hungary, the multiparty system was restored on October 30, and the military on October 31 The wing of the anti-communist-minded demonstrators was registered with the National Guard ( Nemzetőrség ), on November 3 a new government was formed from representatives of the APS, NPMH, NKP and SDPV. The WWT asset, which defended public buildings, ministries and district committees, received an order from the Hungarian government to immediately surrender all available weapons. On November 4, the Soviet army entered Budapest and by November 7 suppressed the resistance of the national guard, the Hungarian government was arrested ^[13] .

The reign of Y. Kadar

After the uprising was suppressed, the Hungarian Labor Party was renamed the Hungarian Socialist Workers Party . It was led by Janos Kadar , under whose leadership cautious liberalization of the state, primarily the economy, was carried out. Secretary of the Central Council of the Supreme Council of the All- Union Socialist Republic of Poland Regio Nyers became the main developer of the economic reform begun in 1968. Thanks to the reformist course of Kadar, they began to call Hungary “the funniest hut in the socialist camp”. Hungary had the most liberal censorship, and citizens enjoyed free travel abroad.

Small private ownership of the means of production was allowed. In the period until the end of the 1980s, Hungary occupied leading positions among the socialist countries in a number of sectors. The most famous were pharmaceutical products, Videoton televisions, Lehel refrigerators, Ikarus buses, Rába trucks ^[14] . The country came first in Europe in the production of wheat and meat per capita, and second in the number of eggs. Unlike most countries of the socialist camp, the consumer market in Hungary practically did not suffer from shortages of consumer goods.

In 1983, the principle of alternative general elections was approved. In addition to the previously existing 352 single-mandate constituencies, another 35 MPs were elected on a single national list, which included prominent party, state and public figures, figures of literature and art ^[15] . In single-mandate constituencies there should have been at least two candidates. In 1985, elections to the Hungarian National Assembly were held by such a system ^[16] .

Democratic Reforms

In 1989, the leadership changed in the HSWP, the party’s ideology was declared Social Democracy , and it was renamed the Hungarian Socialist Party , the one-party system was canceled, liberal parties were created - the Alliance of Free Democrats (ASD) and the Alliance of Young Democrats (better known by Hungarian abbreviation Fides), a number of conservative parties - the Hungarian Democratic Forum (VDF), the Independent Party of Small Masters, the Christian Democratic People's Party (PPCD). Hungary was again proclaimed the Republic of Hungary - the third democracy in the history of Hungary. Foreign policy was changed - a course was taken to return to Europe, the withdrawal of parts of the Soviet army from the territory of Hungary began (ended in 1991 ).

The highest body of state power - the State Assembly ( Országgyűlés ), was elected by the people on the proposal of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Hungarian Socialist Workers Party, the permanent body of the State Assembly - the Presidency ( Elnöki Tanácsa ), the highest executive body - the Council of Ministers ( minisztertanács ) from the Chairperson of the Council of Ministers, deputy Chairpersons of the Council of Ministers, ministers and state secretaries, were formed by the State Assembly on the proposal oliticheskogo MSzMP Bureau of the Central Committee, and other state administration bodies - the Ministry (minisztérium).

The territory of Hungary was divided into regions ( megye ) and cities with regional rights ( megyei jogú város ) (since 1971 the capital, regional cities ( megyei város ) and regions), regions into districts ( járás ) and cities with district rights ( járási jogú város ), community districts ( községi ), cities ( városi ), cities with regional rights and cities with district rights to urban areas ( városi kerületi ).

The representative body of the region - the regional council ( megyei tanács ), was elected by the population by the majority system for a period of 4 years, the executive body - the executive committee ( végrehajtóbizottságok ) of the regional council, was elected by the regional council.

The representative body of the district - the district council ( járási tanács ), was elected by the population according to the majority system for a period of 4 years, the executive body - the executive committee of the district council, was elected by the district council.

The representative body of the community is the community council ( községi tanács ), elected by the population according to the majority system for a period of 4 years, the executive body - the executive committee of the community council, was elected by the community council.

The representative body of the city - the city council ( városi tanács ), was elected by the population according to the majority system for a period of 4 years, the executive body - the executive committee of the city council, was elected by the city council.

The representative body of the city district - the city district council ( városi kerületi tanács ), was elected by the population by the majority system for a period of 4 years, the executive body - the executive committee of the city district council, was elected by the city district council.

In 1972, a new version of the Constitution was adopted, according to which district councils were abolished, and regional councils were now formed by city and village councils.

Judiciary - the Supreme Court ( Legfelsőbb Bíróság ), elected by the State Assembly (since 1983 - the Presidium was appointed, the President of the Supreme Court continued to be elected by the State Assembly), district courts ( megyei bíróságok ), elected by district councils, district courts ( járíságáb , body of constitutional oversight (since 1983) - Constitutional Council ( Alkotmányjogi Tanács ).

The only political party - the Hungarian Workers Party ( Magyar Dolgozók Pártja , MDP ) (since 1956 - the Hungarian Socialist Workers Party ), emerged by combining the Communist Party of Hungary and the Social Democratic Party of Hungary.

• National Popular Front ( Hazafias Népfront , HNF , ONF , until 1954 the Hungarian National Independence Front ( Magyar Függetlenségi Népfront , MFN , VNFN ), until 1949 the Hungarian National Independence Front ( Magyar Nemzeti Függetlenségi Front , MNFF) , VNF
• Hungarian Communist Youth Union ( Magyar Kommunista Ifjúsági Szövetség , KISZ , VKSM ) (youth section of the WSPP) (until 1957 - the Union of Working Youth ( Dolgozó Ifjúság Szövetsége , DISZ , СТМ ))
• National Council of Trade Unions ( Szakszervezetek Országos Tanácsa , SZOT , NSP ) (trade union center of the HRW)
• Hungarian National Council of Women ( Magyar Nők Országos Tanácsa ) (women's section of the UWG) (until 1956 - Hungarian Democratic Union of Women ( Magyar Nők Demokratikus Szövetsége , MNDSZ ))
• Hungarian-Soviet Friendship Society ( Magyar-Szovjet Baráti Társaság )

• Вооружёнными силами Венгерской Народной Республики являлась Венгерская народная армия ( Magyar Néphadsereg )
• Органами внутренних дел Венгерской Народной Республики являлась Полиция ( Rendőrség )
• Органом государственной безопасности являлось Управление государственной безопасности ( Államvédelmi Hatóság )

Денежная единица - форинт ( forint ) (0,0757 грамм золота, 7 копеек СССР ^[17] ), был представлен

• алюминиевыми монетами номиналом в 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 филеров (1 филер ( fillér ) - 1/100 форинта) и форинт, никелевыми монетами номиналом в 2 и 5 форинтов ^[18]
• билетами Венгерского национального банка номиналом в 10, 20, 50, 100 и 500 форинтов, а с 1983 года также 1000 форинтов ^[19] эмитировались Венгерским национальным банком ( Magyar Nemzeti Bank ) ^[20]

Основная хозяйственная единица в промышленности - государственное предприятие ( Állami vállalat ), в сельском хозяйстве - сельскохозяйственные производственные кооперативы ( Termelőszövetkezet ). Оператор железнодорожных перевозок - Венгерские государственные железные дороги ( Magyar Államvasutak ), оператор почтовой и телефонной связи - Венгерская Почта ( Magyar Posta ).

Большинство верующих - католики, были представлены епархиями, объединёнными в Конференцию католических епископов Венгрии ( Magyar Katolikus Püspöki Konferencia ):

• Митрополия Эстергома
  • Архиепархия Эстергома ( Esztergom Főegyházmegye )
  • Епархия Дьёра ( Győri Egyházmegye )
  • Епархия Секешфехервара ( Székesfehérvári Egyházmegye )
  • Епархия Сомбатхея ( Szombathelyi egyházmegye )
  • Епархия Веспрема ( Veszprémi Egyházmegye )
• Митрополия Калочи
  • Архиепархия Калочи ( Kalocsa Főegyházmegye )
  • Епархия Печа ( Pécsi Egyházmegye )
  • Епархия Чанада ( Csanád Egyházmegye )
• Митрополия Эгера
  • Архиепархия Эгера ( Egri főegyházmegye )
  • Епархия Ваца ( Váci Egyházmegye )
• Епархия Хайдудорога византийского обряда ( Hajdúdorogi egyházmegye )
• Апостольский экзархат Мишкольца ( Miskolci apostoli exarchátus )

Большинство верующих в восточной части страны - кальвинисты, представлены Венгерской реформатской церковью ( Magyarországi Református Egyház ), лютеране были представлены Евангелическо-лютеранской церковью Венгрии ( Magyar Evangélikus-Lutheránus Egyház ).

Венгерское управление кинематографии ( Magyar Filmgyártó Vállalat , MAFILM )

• Студия художественных фильмов ( játékfilm stúdió )
  • Творческое объединение «Будапешт»
  • Творческое объединение «Гунния»
  • Творческое объединение «Диалог»
  • Творческое объединение «Объектив»
• Студия документальных фильмов ( Híradó- és Dokumentumfilm Stúdió )
• Студия научно-популярных и учебных фильмов ( Népszerű Tudományos Filmstúdió )

Студия мультипликация - Паннония ( Pannónia Filmstúdió )

Газеты, получили информацию от Венгерского телеграфного агентства ( Magyar Tavirati Iroda ) (издаёт 2 раза в месяц бюллетень 'Вести с родины' ('Magyar Hirek') на венгерском языке, а с 1967 - газету 'Ежедневные новости' на немецком ('Neueste Nachrichten') и английском ('Daily News') языках) ^[21]

• Непсабадшаг , Партелет , Таршадалми семле — печатный орган ЦК ВСРП
• Непсава — печатный орган Венгерского Совета Профсоюзов
• Мадьяр немзет и Сабад фёльд — печатный орган Отечественного Народного Фронта
• Мадьяр хирлап — печатный орган Правительства ВНР
• Нёклапья — печатный орган Всевенгерского совета женщин
• Элет эш иродалом и Кортарш — печатный орган Союза венгерских писателей
• Мадьяр ифьюшаг — печатный орган ЦК ВКСМ
• Esti Budapest — печатный орган Будапештского Городского Совета и Будапештского Городского Комитета ВСРП

Журналы:

• « Ludas Matyi » ( венг. «Гусиный пастух Мати» , 1945—1992) — сатирический журнал
• « Pajtás » ( венг. «Приятель» , 1946—1989) — детский журнал
• « Ország Világ » ( венг. «Весь мир» , 1957—1991) — иллюстрированный журнал

Телевизионное вещание и радиовещание осуществляло государственное предприятие «Венгерское радио и телевидение» ( Magyar Rádió és Televízió , MRT ) по 2 теле- (заголовки «MTV 1» и «MTV 2») и 3 радиопрограммам (заголовки «Kossuth» , «Petőfi» и «Bartók» ). В 1974 году MRT было разделено на государственные предприятия «Венгерское радио» и «Венгерское телевидения» а для руководства ими был создан Государственный комитет по телевидению и радиовещанию ( Állami Rádió és Televízió Bizottságot ).

• Конституция Венгрии 1949 года в первоначальной редакции
• Конституция Венгрии 1949 года в редакции 1983 года

• Контлер Л. История Венгрии. Тысячелетие в центре Европы = A History of Hungary: Millenium in Central Europe. — М. : Весь мир, 2002. — 656 с. — ISBN 5-7777-0129-9 .
• Войны второй половины XX века. Сост. А. Н. Гордиенко, 1998.

• Венгерская социалистическая рабочая партия
• Cold war
• Президенты Венгрии
• Управление государственной безопасности (Венгрия)