Andreas Sigismund Marggraf ( German: Andreas Sigismund Marggraf ; March 3, 1709 , Berlin - August 7, 1782 , Berlin ) - German chemist , member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences ( 1738 ), honorary member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences ( 1776 ), one of the last significant chemists of the theory era phlogiston .
| Andreas Sigismund Marggrave | |
|---|---|
| Andreas Sigismund Marggraf | |
 Andreas Sigismund Marggrave | |
| Date of Birth | March 3, 1709 |
| Place of Birth | Berlin |
| Date of death | August 7, 1782 (73 years old) |
| A place of death | Berlin |
| A country |  Holy Roman Empire |
| Scientific field | chemistry |
| Place of work | Chemical Laboratory of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, Physicochemical Section of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, Physical Class of the Berlin Academy of Sciences |
| Alma mater | University of Strasbourg , University of Halle , Freiberg Mining Academy |
Content
- 1 Biography
- 2 Scientific work
- 3 Literature
- 4 References
Biography
Father, pharmacist of the royal court Henning Christian Marggraf, was engaged in pharmacy and chemistry with the young man. Later, he becomes a student of Professor Caspar Neumann, who, as a student of Georg Stahl , teaches him chemistry in the light of the phlogiston theory, which determined the style of scientific thinking of Marggrave for life. In the future, he deepens his knowledge by studying chemistry and physics in Strasbourg , medicine in Halle ( 1733 - 1734 ), metallurgy at the Freiberg Mining Academy ( 1735 ).
Since 1735 he has been working in his father's pharmacy in Berlin. Since 1738 - Member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences (with a salary). Since 1754 - Director of the Chemical Laboratory of the Berlin Academy of Sciences. In 1760 - 1761, director of the Physico-Chemical Section of the Berlin Academy of Sciences. From 1767 until his death ( 1782 ) - Director of the Physics Class of the Academy and the laboratory under him.
Scientific work
- 1743 - development of a method for producing phosphorus from urine using phosgenite , sand and coal
- 1745 - obtaining potassium cyanide and a description of its effect on metal salts
- 1746 - development of a method for producing pure zinc by calcining a mixture of its oxide with coal without air in clay refractory retorts, followed by condensation of zinc vapor in refrigerators
- 1747 - introduction of a microscope as a research device in chemistry
- 1747 - detection with a microscope of sugar crystals in thin sections of beet roots, which subsequently led (through the efforts of his student F.K. Ashar ) to the emergence of the sugar beet industry in Europe.
- 1748 - research of iron-rich water from a Berlin source and recognition of its healing properties, which gave the name to one of the districts of Berlin - “Healing spring” ( German Gesundbrunnen )
- 1749 - study of formic acid and its salts
- 1750 - obtaining gypsum as a result of the interaction of sulfuric acid and calcareous earth, establishing the similarity of the composition of gypsum with other sulfate salts, in particular, with heavy spar ( barium sulfate )
- 1754 - isolated an alumina precipitate from an alum solution (alkali action), which he called “alum earth” (Alaunerde), and established its difference from other lands.
- 1758 - detection of differences in the color of the flame when burning sodium and potassium
Literature
- Volkov V.A., Vonsky E.V., Kuznetsova G.I. Outstanding chemists of the world. - Moscow: "Higher School", 1991.
- Goncharov A.I., Kornilov M. Yu. Handbook of chemistry. - Kiev: “Vishcha school”, 1977.
- Jua M. "History of Chemistry." - Moscow: Mir, 1966.
Links
- Marggrave, Andrei Sigismund // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- Marggraf Andreas Sigismund // Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 vol.] / Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov . - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.