Fishing

Fishing is one of the oldest forms of economic activity of people . The distant ancestors of the people of the archanthropes and Neanderthals were able to fish in shallow ponds with "bare hands." The Indian tribes of Amazonia recorded a somewhat more “perfect” way of fishing in shallow factories by stunning using branches, described in detail in the 1950s by the white Brazilian Helena Valero, who had lived among the Yanomamo tribes for 20 years ^[2] .

Reliable archaeological evidence of fishing as a separate activity using harpoon , harpoon and primitive traps has existed since the Middle Paleolithic . The oldest of the fishing hooks was discovered in 2016 on the island of Okinawa , in Japan . According to preliminary estimates, the age of the hooks is 23 thousand years, and the material from which they are made is the shells of marine mollusks ^[3] .

The time of the Mesolithic dates back to the first fishing nets. With a harpoon, it became much easier to fish, because thanks to the bone hooks at the end of the harpoon, it could not slip. With the help of networks, it became possible to mine and stock it in significant quantities. In the mythology of different nations, weaving nets is a special art that is akin to the ability to forge swords or build ships ^[4] .

In different regions of the world, primitive tribes have long been witnessed by ethnographers an original way of river fishing - using plant poisons. To catch fish with the help of the latter, small rivers or streams were first blocked in the narrowest places by stone, wooden, rod dams or wicker fences. Then the roots of the plants were crushed or their stems and leaves were macerated, after which they were thrown into the water upstream. After a few minutes, the poisonous fish that had surfaced upside down was collected.

Fishing became the third most important occupation of ancient people after gathering and hunting. For many tribes, it became the main source of subsistence (for example, for some tribes of the north-west of North America ). Fishing was usually combined with gathering , hunting , and farming . In pastoral tribes, fishing did not play a significant role. The forms and methods of traditional fishing, as well as the tools, were very diverse and represented almost all the known methods of non-commercial fishing: dams, nets , baskets , fishing rods , fish wheels , etc.

Around 2000 BC e. in ancient Egypt , the first evidence of fishing from boats appeared ^[5] . With the advent of exchange and trade , among many nations, fishing has gradually taken the form of fishing, and in recent times it has acquired an industrial character.

Modernity

Commercial fishing

The main types of fish in commercial fishing in the world, in decreasing order of catch: Peruvian anchovy , pollock , striped tuna , sardinella , herring , Japanese mackerel , northern blue whiting , tenfold horse mackerel, yellowfin tuna, Japanese anchovy, Atlantic cod, saber, Atlantic mackerel , European sardine, Argentinean ilex squid, dosidicus squid, mackerel, Baltic and Black Sea sprat, yellowtail, capelin, Japanese blue crab, shrimp, Mexican menhaden, Canagurt, Far Eastern sardine.

From a fishing point of view, you can divide the fish: marine, always living in the sea; walk-throughs, spending part of their life (large) in the sea and part in the rivers where they enter fresh water for spawning ; and on freshwater, living permanently in rivers, lakes , etc.

Moreover, in Russia, commercial fish are divided into:

• red, which includes:
  • salmon
  • whitefish ;

• partial (on the Volga ), white (on the Don ), black (in the Urals ), which means:
  • pike
  • zander ,
  • catfish
  • carp
  • crucian
  • Chekhon (tariff classification).

The most important commercial fish belong to the family of herring (Clupeidae) and cod (Gadidae). Less important, but still very important commercial value, especially in Russia, are fish from the family of cyprinidae (Cyprinidae), salmon (Salmonidae) and sturgeon (Acipenseridae).

In 2006, Science magazine published a forecast predicting the degradation of commercial fisheries by 2048, while maintaining the current catch rate ^[6] .

In 2015, the catch by Russian fishermen of fish and other aquatic biological resources in Russian, international and foreign waters amounted to 4,505.3 thousand tons. In 2016, the catch increased to 4812.0 thousand tons. For 11 months of 2017, the catch amounted to 4381.4 thousand tons (+ 2.5% compared to the same period in 2016) ^[8] .

In January 2019, the Admiralty Shipyards launched the construction of the newest super trawler of the ST-102 project (the customer is Russian Fishery Company LLC (RRPK). It is estimated that a total of six vessels of this project will be built by 2023 ^[9]

In addition, fishing has given rise to cultural events. First of all, " World Fisheries Day ", existing since 1985, as well as " Fisherman 's Day ".

• Fishing industry
• Recreational fishing
• Fishing boat
• State fishing committee
• Fish farming
• Sandol Fishing
• List of Fish Countries

• Borodin N.A. , Karyshev N.A. Fisheries // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• Fishing // The peoples of the world. Historical and Ethnographic Handbook / Chap. ed. Yu. V. Bromley . M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1988.S. 593

• Commercial fish species
• Fishing video. Pike, crucian carp, etc.