Warengien, Gaston

G. Varengien was born on July 20, 1901 in Lille ( France ). His father was a teacher of foreign languages. Already at the age of 19, Warengien became a licensor in literature, and at 22, he became an aggregate in philology. Since that time, he has been teaching languages ​​and literature in various schools and lyceums of Lille, Tours and Paris .

During the Second World War he served as a staff officer, was engaged in encryption. In 1940 he was captured, and in 1942 he was convicted of "intercepting English radiograms" and exiled to a concentration camp in Lübeck , where he remained until May 1945.

In 1953, he was appointed professor of literature at the British Institute (at the University of Paris ). Varengien was a recognized authority in French lexicology, collaborated with the lexicographic group Larousse. In 1963 he retired.

In recent years, he lived in the French city of Enigne . He died on December 20, 1991 in Paris.

He met Esperanto Varengien in 1916. Already at 24, he became a member of the Language Committee (the predecessor of the Academy of Esperanto ). G. Warenghien entered the history of the Esperanto movement as an outstanding Esperantologist, author and co-author of several authoritative dictionaries, an extraordinary publicist, a talented translator and poet.

Lexicographic activity

In 1927, Wargengien was invited to participate in the preparation of the Complete Esperanto Dictionary, edited by Emil Grosjean-Mopin . However, due to the serious illness of one of the employees, Wargenjen actually did most of the work on the dictionary. The complete Esperanto Dictionary ( Esper. Plena vortaro de Esperanto, PV ) was published in 1930 and immediately gained popularity and authority among Esperantists. His second revised edition came out in 1934, and subsequently it was repeatedly reprinted stereotyped.

The experience gained in working on Plena vortaro was subsequently useful to Varengien, when in the post-war years he already independently prepared the Supplement to the Complete Dictionary ( Esper. Suplemento al la Plena vortaro de Esperanto , 1954) and worked on the Grand Esperanto-French Dictionary ( French Grand Dictionnaire Espéranto-Français ), which was released in 1957 and until the end of the 1980s, remained the most authoritative dictionary of its kind.

After selecting numerous employees in various fields, in April 1960 Wargenjen began work on his lexicological masterpiece, the Complete Illustrated Esperanto Dictionary ( Esper. Plena ilustrita vortaro de Esperanto, PIV ). After finishing work, the typewritten version of the dictionary occupied 3285 pages. The dictionary came out in 1970 and, despite various kinds of criticism, quickly took the position of the most authoritative Esperanto dictionary. In 1987, the Supplement to the Complete Illustrated Dictionary was published, and since 1990, under the leadership of M. Goninaz (whom Warengien advised until his death), work began on preparing the immediate successor to PIV, the so-called. New Complete Illustrated Dictionary of Esperanto ( Esper. Nova Plena ilustrita vortaro de Esperanto, NPIV ; published in 2002).

Warengien as a grammar

Varengien became famous as an outstanding specialist and researcher in the field of Esperanto grammar. In collaboration with the Hungarian Esperantist K. Kalochai G. Warengien prepares the most fundamental and detailed description of Esperanto grammar at that time - the so-called. Full grammar ( Esper. Plena gramatiko , first edition of 1935). When working on this work through the efforts of Warengyen, Esperanto linguistic terminology was largely developed and expanded.

The second edition of Full Grammar was published in 1938, the third - at the turn of 1950-60. Starting with the fourth edition, a constantly updated manual is published under the title “Complete Analytical Grammar” ( Esper. Plena analiza gramatiko, PAG ). The last two editions (the fourth, 1980, and the fifth, 1985) came out after the death of K. Kalochai. Despite the fact that this guide is subjected to various criticisms, it is de facto the most authoritative "academic" description of Esperanto grammar and its word formation system.

In addition to Full Grammar, Warenghien has published numerous articles and guides on Esperanto grammar in French. In 1934, Warengien founded the French Institute of Esperanto, and in 1963-79 he was chairman of the Academy of Esperanto .

Contribution to Esperanto versification theory

In collaboration with C. Kalochai and (third edition) R. Bernard Warenghien wrote a fundamental guide to Esperanto versification, published under the title “Guide to Parnassus” ( Esper. Parnasa gvidlibro , years of publication 1932, 1968, 1984). This guide has described and documented the norms of Esperanto metrics , rhyming , and the principles of adapting various poetic solid forms to Esperanto.

Varengien as editor and publicist

Varengien has authored numerous reviews and articles on Esperanto literature , the history of Esperanto , and cultural and art issues in general. Numerous essays and articles by Warengien are published in five separate books:

• "Eseoj 1. Beletro" (" Essay 1. Fiction ", 1956) - the book is devoted mainly to the analysis of the most important original and translated works in Esperanto.
• “Lingvo kaj vivo” ( Language and Life , 1959) - a selection devoted to the history and development of Esperanto, some of its features and “problematic” issues.
• “Ni kaj ĝi” (“ We and It, ” 1973) - a selection devoted to issues of religion and its relationship with culture and art.
• "1887 kaj la sekvo ..." (" 1887 and the consequences ... ", 1979) - a selection devoted mainly to issues of Esperantology, lexicography, as well as the initiator of Esperanto L. M. Zamenhof .
• “Kaj la ceter '- nur literaturo” (“ And the rest is just literature ”, 1983) - a selection devoted to the work of K. Kalochai and translated Esperanto literature.

G. Warengien was one of the editors of Literatura Mondo (Literary World, 1922–1949) and editor-in-chief of La Nica Literatura Revuo (Nice Literary Review, 1955–62); both of these magazines played an important role in the cultural life of the Esperanto community. In addition, Varengien collaborated with many other Esperanto periodicals.

G. Warenghien was the compiler or editor of the following collections and anthologies:

• Leteroj de Zamenhof ( Letters of Zamenhof , 1948)
• Lingvaj respondoj ( Language Answers , 1962)
• Fundamenta krestomatio ( Basic Reading Book, 1992, 18th edition)

Translations and original work

G. Warengien is famous as a translator of poetry in Esperanto. He translated mostly from French (his translations of poems from the series “ Flowers of Evil ” by S. Baudelaire , as well as his four-volume anthology of French poetry, prepared by him), but also from German (“Songs and Romances” by G. Heine , together with K. . Kalochai), Italian ("The Decameron " by J. Bocaccio ) and Persian ( Rubai Omar Khayyam ).

Warenghien also wrote original poems (mostly under the pseudonyms Georges E. Maura, A. Nurak, A. Papadiamantopoulos, Georgo Peterido Peneter), which received very good praise from critics, especially the lyrical collection “Duonvoĉe” (“Under the Voice”) and the erotic poem “ Travestiita muzo ”(“ Dressed Muse ”). Nevertheless, as the original poet Varengien is still less known and popular than the translator and Esperantologist.

• “Plena vortaro de Esperanto” (The Complete Dictionary of Esperanto, et al., 1930)
• “Parnasa gvidlibro” (“Guide to Parnassus”, a guide to Esperanto versification, in collaboration with K. Kalochai , 1932)
• “Plena gramatiko de Esperanto” (“Complete Grammar of Esperanto”, by C. Kalochai, first edition - 1935)
• Pripensoj aŭ Sentencoj kaj primoraj maksimoj (Maxims and Moral Thoughts, translation of the work of Laroshfuko , 1935)
• “Facilaj Esperantaj legaĵoj” (“Simple texts in Esperanto”, edited by general, 1935)
• “Duonvoĉe” (“In an undertone”, original poems, 1939)
• "ABC d'Espéranto à l'usage de ceux qui aiment les lettres" (1946)
• “Leteroj de LL Zamenhof. La tragedio de lia vivo rivelita de lia ĵus retrovita korespondo kun la francaj eminentuloj "(" Letters of L. L. Zamenhof . The tragedy of his life, in reflection of his just found correspondence with French celebrities ", 1948)
• Poemoj de Omar Kajam (Poems by Omar Khayyam , translation, 1953)
• “Essay 1. Fiction” (1956)
• Grand Dictionnaire Espéranto-Français (Grand Esperanto-French Dictionary, 1957)
• La floroj de l 'malbono ( Flowers of Evil by S. Baudelaire , translation with other translators, general edition, 1957)
• Lingvo kaj vivo (Language and Life, collection of essays, 1959)
• “Libro de amo” (“Book of love”, original erotic works, together with K. Kalochai, 1965)
• “Kantoj kaj romancoj” (“Songs and Romances”, translations from Heine , together with K. Kalochai, 1969)
• “Plena ilustrita vortaro de Esperanto” (“The Complete Illustrated Dictionary of Esperanto”, in collaboration with a team of authors, general edition, 1970)
• “Ni kaj ĝi” (“We and It,” original essay, 1972)
• La ĥimeroj (Chimeras, translations from J. Nerval , 1976)
• “La trofeoj” (“Trophies”, translations from J.-M. Heredia , 1977)
• "Tra la parko de la franca poezio" ("In the park of French poetry", 4 volumes, translations, 1977-1984)
• “1887 kaj la sekvo ...” (“1887 and the consequences ...”, original essay, 1979)
• “Kaj la ceter '- nur literaturo ...” (“And the rest is just literature”, original essay, 1983)
• "Beletro, sed ne el katedro" ("Fiction, but not because of the pulpit," research on original literature in Esperanto, 1987)
• "Plena ilustrita vortaro de Esperanto. Suplemento ”(“ A Complete Illustrated Dictionary of Esperanto. Supplement ”, in collaboration with R. Levro, 1987)
• “Francaj kanzonoj malnovaj kaj modernaj” (“Old and Modern French Songs”, translations, together with R. Bernard, 1991)
• "Dekamerono. Unuaj tri tagoj "(" The Decameron . The First Three Days ", translation, together with P. Martinelli, published posthumously in 1995)
• “Alilingvaj erotikaj poemoj” (“Translations of erotic poetry”, together with J. Lagrange and M. Goninaz )

• Korolevich A. I. The book about Esperanto . - Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1989 .-- S. 170-171. - 256 s. - ISBN 5-12-000985-9 .
• Tvarožek E. Esperanto literature review = Skizo de la Esperanta literaturo. - second. - Bratislava: "Espero", 2004. - S. 39-40. - 92 p. - ISBN 80-969042-4-8 .
• Cherpillod A. Gaston Warengien 1901-1991 - Herald of the international language = Gaston Waringhien 1901-1991 - Héraut de la langue internationale. - Courgenard, 2000 .-- 80 p. - ISBN 2-906134-49-X .
• Haupenthal R. et al. He and us. The jubilee book in honor of the 80th anniversary of G. Warengien = Li kaj Ni. Festlibro por la 80a naskiĝtago de Gaston Waringhien / Haupenthal R. - Antwerp: "La Laguna", 1985. - 512 p. - ISBN 9063360347 .
• A. Korĵenkov - “Gaston Waringhien” - An article about G. Varengien from the magazine La Ondo de Esperanto (in Esperanto)
• G. Warengien on a site dedicated to original Esperanto literature (Esperanto)
• G. Warengien's poems from the collection “Dekdu Poetoj” (“ Twelve Poets ”) (under the pseudonym GE Maura)