Saltwort ( Latin Halóstachys ) is a monotypic genus of plants of the Amaranth family. The only species is Halostachys belangeriana . Small and medium shrub . Halophyte . Distributed in the Caucasus , in Central and Central Asia .
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Halostachys CAMey. ex schrenk | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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Halostachys belangeriana ( Moq. ) Botsch. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
It contains the alkaloid golostakhin , acting on the human body similarly to ephedrine .
Content
- 1 Description
- 2 Distribution
- 3 Systematics
- 4 Synonyms
- 5 Use
- 6 notes
- 7 References
Description
Halostachys belangeriana grows as a shrub up to a height and a width of 1-3 meters. The stems are erect and highly branched, the old stems are mostly bare. Young stems are blue-green, fleshy, jointed. The opposite leaves are fleshy, bare, bent to the base and cover the stem (thus forming nodes ), with short triangular scaly leaf blades [3] [4] [5] .
Inflorescences consist of numerous opposite lateral cylindrical spines 15-30 × 2-5 mm, on the jointed pedicels . Groups of three bisexual flowers sit in the axils of rhombic or square bracts [4] . Opposite bracts are not related to each other [6] . The ovoid shape with a decrease to the base of the pyramidal perianth consists of three fused tepals. There is one stamen protruding from the flower. The oval ovary has two stigmas. The flowering and fruiting phase lasts from July to November [3] [4] [5] .
The fruit is covered with a fleshy, somewhat overstated, triceps, shiny perianth. The pericarp is film. The upright seed is oblong and red-brown, containing a semicircular embryo and a plentiful endosperm (nutrients).
Distribution
The distribution area of Halostachys belangeriana extends from the Balkan Peninsula , the Caucasus ( Russia , Armenia , East Turkey ), Western Asia (northern Iran , Afghanistan , Pakistan ), Central Asia ( Turkmenistan , Mongolia ) to Xinjiang and western Gansu in China [3] [4] [5] .
Plants are halophytes and grow in salt marshes, saline and alkaline sediments, saline ditches, in dry riverbeds [4] and along the shores of saline lakes [5] .
Systematics
The genus was first described in 1843 by Alexander Ivanovich Shrenk [7] . It included three species: Halostachys caspica , Halostachys nodulosa and Halostachys songarica . The name was introduced in 1838 by Karl Antonovich Meyer as Halostachys caspia , but without a description of the genus. In 1874, the species Halostachys songarica was chosen as a lectotype of the genus. But at the same time, in 1866, Halostachys songarica and H. nodulosa were isolated into the genus Halopeplis Franz Ungern-Sternberg . Mikko Piirainen in 2015 proposed to keep the name Halostachys with one species Halostachys caspica [8] (which is synonymous with Halostachys belangeriana ) [9] .
Today, the genus includes only one species - Halostachys belangeriana ( Moq. ) Botsch. The name Halostachys caspica [5] [10] [11] is also sometimes used. The earliest description of this species was made in 1771 by Peter Simon Pallas as Salicornia caspica Pall. , but this name is illegal, since Salicornia caspica L. has existed since 1753. Synonyms of Halocnemum caspicum (Pall.) M. Bieb. Halostachys caspia (Pall.) CAMey. ( nom. inval. ) , Halostachys caspica (Pall.) CAMey. ex Schrenk and Arthrocnemum caspicum (Pall.) Moq. (pp, nom. confus. ) are based on this illegitimate name [3] .
Phylogenetic studies have confirmed that Halostachys is closely related to the genus Sarsazan ( Halocnemum ) [6] .
Synonyms
- H. caspica - Caspian saltworm
- H. nodulosa
- H. occidentalis
- H. patagonica
- H. perfoliata
- H. ritteriana
- H. songarica
Usage
Halostachys belangeriana grows in extreme environmental conditions and is a good fodder plant, tolerant of salt content in the soil. Better feed quality is achieved during the flowering phase [11] . Flavonoids with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties are economically important phytochemicals [10] .
Notes
- ↑ For the conventionality of specifying the class of dicotyledons as a superior taxon for the plant group described in this article, see the APG Systems section of the Dicotyledonous article .
- ↑ In many classifications, Marevye are considered as an independent family. APG classification systems based on molecular analysis of DNA include it in the Amaranth family.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Ian Charleson Hedge:. In:: Chenopodiaceae. In:, Volume -. 2001, ISBN. Halostachys belangeriana (English) // Helmut Freitag et al. Flora of Pakistan. - Missouri Botanical Garden Press & University of Karachi, 2001. - Vol. 204 . - ISBN 1930723105 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Ian Charleson Hedge. Halostachys belangeriana // Flora Iranica / Karl Heinz Rechinger et al. (eds.). Graz: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt 1997.- T. 172, Chenopodiaceae . - S. 125-126 . - ISBN 3-201-00728-5 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Gelin Zhu, Sergei L. Mosyakin & Steven E. Clemants. Halostachys caspica (English) // Flora of China: en. - 2004 .-- March 15 ( vol. 5 ). - P. 357 .
- ↑ 1 2 Gudrun Kadereit, Ladislav Mucina, Helmut Freitag. Phylogeny of Salicornioideae (Chenopodiaceae): diversification, biogeography, and evolutionary trends in leaf and flower morphology (English) // Taxon. - 2006. - Vol. 55 , iss. 3 . - P. 630-632 .
- ↑ Alexander von Schrenk. Chenopodiaceae staticesque novae vel nondum descriptae quas in itinere ad fluvium Tschu versus legit Alexander Schrenk (lat.) // Bulletin de la Classe Physico-Mathématique de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg. - 1843. - Vol. 1 . - P. 361 .
- ↑ Piirainen, M. Proposal to conserve the name Halostachys (Chenopodiaceae s.str .; Amaranthaceae sensu APG: Salicornioideae) with a conserved type (English) // Taxon. - 2015. - Vol. 64 , iss. 2 . - P. 386–387 .
- ↑ Piirainen, M. Halostachys belangeriana . Chenopodiaceae. Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity . Uotila, P. (ed.) (2009). Date of treatment January 21, 2018.
- ↑ 1 2 Hao Liu, Yan Mou, Jianglin Zhao, Jihua Wang, Ligang Zhou, Mingan Wang, Daoquan Wang, Jianguo Han, Zhu Yu, Fuyu Yang:. In: 15,, p. . doi :. Flavonoids from Halostachys caspica and their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities (Eng.) // Molecules. - 2010 .-- Vol. 15 . - P. 7933-7945 . - DOI : 10.3390 / molecules15117933 .
- ↑ 1 2 B. Rasuoli, B. Amiri, MH Assareh, M. Jafari. Nutritional value of a halophyte species, Halostachys caspica in three different phaenological stages and three different sites (Eng.) // Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research. - 2011. - Vol. 18 , no. 1 (42) . - P. 32-41 .
Links
- Solyanokolosnik // Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 vol.] / Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov . - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.