Bialik, Chaim Nachman

Born on January 6 ( old style ) in 1873 in the town of Ivnitsa, Zhytomyr county ^[11], in the family of forester Itsik-Yosef Yankel-Moishevich Bialik (1828 - after 1884) and Dina-Priva Bialik (1833—?). He had an older brother, Sheftel (1862) and a sister, Henya-Edes (1871), as well as a younger sister, Blum (January 20, 1875). From 1880 to 1890 he lived with his parents in the house of grandfather Yankel-Moishe Gershkovich Bialik (1810–?), An interpreter of the Talmud , and his wife Rosi (1814–?) ^[12] in Zhitomir on Moskovskaya Street, house 61. He grew inquisitive, early He began to read religious literature, including Kabbalistic texts, but was also interested in secular sciences ^[13] . About two years he studied at the Volozhin yeshiva ^[14] . At 17, he left for Odessa in the hope of publishing his poems. He lived in poverty for six months, but after meeting Ravnitsky , who liked Bialik’s poem “To the Swallow”, he began to publish and was accepted into the literary environment of Odessa.

In 1893, after the death of his grandfather, he returned to Zhytomyr, where he married Mane, the daughter of a wealthy timber merchant Sheivakh Averbukh. It was probably originally a marriage of convenience, not love, but then genuine feelings appeared between them (the marriage, however, turned out to be childless due to Bialik’s sterility) ^[15] . Together with his father-in-law, he began to conduct entrepreneurial activities (he worked as his clerk), while doing literary work, but after a few years he finally moved to Odessa. Here he became one of the co-founders of the Moria publishing house (closed by the Soviet authorities in 1921 ).

In 1902, the first collection of Bialik's poems was published.

Composed in 1904, after the Kishinev pogrom of 1903 , the poem "The Legend of the Pogrom" ("In the City of Massacre") made him one of the most famous Jewish poets of his time. While visiting Chisinau, where he investigated the circumstances of the pogrom, Bialik fell in love with the artist and writer Ira Ian (1869-1919), who became his new muse. In 1905 they met again in Warsaw . Ira Yang at that time was actively engaged in illustrating works of modern Yiddish literature and, among other things, became the first illustrator of Bialik's books in Russian. She was also the first to translate two of his poems into Russian - The Dead Dead and The Fire Scroll. Their romance flared up with renewed vigor, as a result of which Bialik devoted a whole cycle of love lyrics to Ira ^[15] .

Bialik participated in the Zionist congresses of 1907 and 1913.

In the summer of 1921, he accepted the citizenship of the Belarusian People’s Republic (a passport in his name indicated that H.-N. Bialik, permanently living in Odessa, was born in Slonim of the Grodno province) ^[16] . In the same 1921, at the request of A.M. Gorky , with the personal permission of V.I. Lenin, Bialik moved to Berlin , and in 1924 to Tel Aviv . In 1934 he went to Vienna for treatment, but after an unsuccessful operation, he died on July 4, 1934. He was buried in Tel Aviv with a huge gathering of people.

Ya. B. Gamarnik was the husband of Mani Averbukh’s sister, so Bialik and Gamarnik were brother-in-law . Immediately after the death of Bialik, his widow Manya handed over the keys to their house to the municipality of Tel Aviv so that he would be turned into the museum of the deceased husband. She herself settled in a small apartment provided to her by the mayor's office on Tel Aviv's Maze Street.

Bialik translated the works of Shakespeare , Cervantes , Schiller into Hebrew. Romances (written by A. Crane ) ^[17] and songs ^[18] were written on Bialik’s poems. In 1933 and 1934 was nominated by I. L. Klausner for the Nobel Prize in literature ^[19] .

The work of Bialik influenced all Jewish poetry of the 20th century, including the works of the original Leiser Greenberg and Nathan Alterman . The poetry of Bialik was admired by Maxim Gorky , Vladimir Mayakovsky , Vladislav Khodasevich and Alexander Blok ^[15] .

Translations into Russian

4 poems Per. C. Lipkina // Library of World Literature. Volume 102. Poetry of the peoples of the USSR of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries (in the section "From Jewish Poets") (pages 322-332). Moscow, publishing house "Fiction", 1977

• The legend of the pogrom / Transl. with Heb. and foreword. V. Jabotinsky . - Odessa : Kadima, 1906. - IV, 5-16 p.
• Fiery Charter; Dead Deserts: Poems / Per. and foreword. Ira Yang. St. Petersburg: Modern Thought, [1910]. - 92, [1] p.
• Songs and poems / Authorization. per. with Heb. and enter. Vl. Jabotinsky. St. Petersburg: typ. Acc. total typographic affairs, 1911. - 206, [2] p.
  • Ed. 2nd , add. With portr. author St. Petersburg: typ. Acc. total typographic affairs ("Herold"), 1912. - 220, [4] p.
  • Ed. 3rd, add. With portr. author St. Petersburg: S. D. Salzman, 1914. - 222, [2] p.
  • Ed. 4th , [rep. from the 3rd without change]. With portr. author PG: S. D. Zaltsman, 1917. - 222, [2] p.
  • Ed. 6th, add. With portr. the author. Berlin: S. D. Salzmann, 1922. - 222, [1] p.
• Stories / Authorization. per. with Heb. M .: Safrut, 1918. - 266, [1] p.
  • Ed. 3rd Berlin: S. D. Salzmann, 1922 .-- 220 p.
• Stories / Authorization. per. with Heb. D. Vygodsky. Pg.-M .: "Petrograd", type. them. pioneer Fedorov [in PG.], 1923. - 212, [1] p.
• Poems and poems / Per. Vl. Jabotinsky [et al.]; [Enter. articles by E.Z. and M. Gorky]. [Tel Aviv]: Dvir, [1964]. - XV, 144 p.
• Songs and Poems / Transl. V. Jabotinsky; With adj. translations by V. Ivanov and others. St. Petersburg: EZRO, 1995. - 203 p.

Bialik has been translated and is being translated into most European languages. The translation of Bialik was done by Russian poets Valery Bryusov , Fedor Sologub , Vyacheslav Ivanov and others. The best translation is Russian, made by Vladimir Zhabotinsky with the participation of the author himself ^[20] .

Belarusian translations

• Khaim-Nakhman Bialik. The Spooky Dawn . Per. R. Borodulina // ARCHE Pachatak . - 2000. - No. 3 (8) (Belarusian).

On the Internet you can find a site containing data on family members of H. Bialik. At the moment, the number of relatives of the poet exceeds 600 people. ^[21]

In Israel, a literary prize named after Bialik is awarded annually. Among the awarded were Yehoshua Tan-Pai , Zrubavel Gilad , Chaim Guri , Nathan Yonatan and others. The city is named in memory of the poet. Almost every city in Israel has a street named after him ^[22] . In Tel Aviv, on the same street in the house number 22, there is a house-museum of Bialik ^[23] .

In the homeland of Bialik, which he called "my beloved land, lullaby harbor", the house of his grandfather was preserved (in Zhitomir, on Moskovskaya street, 61) ^[24] .

On the initiative of Chaim Bialik, the name was given to one of the oldest and most respected technical institutes in Israel - Technion ^[25] .

In Israel, issued a banknote with his image and a postage stamp ( 1959 )

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  Banknote of 10 lira issued in 1968, dedicated to Chaim Nachman Bialik

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  Postage stamp of Israel dedicated to the 25th anniversary of the death of Chaim Nachman Bialik

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  Monument to Bialik in Ramat Gan

• Bialik, Chaim Nachman // Jewish Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron . - SPb. , 1908-1913.
• A series of articles about Khaim-Nakhman Bialik and his legacy in the Korostyshevsky’s online journal Culture and Society.
• Hamutal Bar Yosef, Chaim Nachman Bialik European decadence and Russian symbolism in the works of a Jewish poet // scientific editor: Zoya Kopelman (Bridges of Culture, Moscow 2013).