Gnei Pompey Strabo

Origin

Gnei Pompey belonged to the plebeian family of Pompeev , whose representatives are mentioned in sources starting from the II century BC. e. The Pompeius Nomen clearly has the same origin as the toponym Pompeii in Campania , but nothing is known of any connection between Pompeev and the city located in the vicinity of Vesuvius ^[1] .

The first consul of this genus was Quintus (141 BC), the alleged ancestor of Pompeev Rufus . The connection between the latter and that branch of the genus to which Gnei Pompey Strabo belonged remains undetermined. According to the Capitol fasts , his father and grandfather bore the names Sextus and Gnei, respectively ^[2] . The latter is mentioned only in the pedigree of his grandson ^[3] ; Sextus Pompey was governor of Macedonia around 118 BC. e. and died in a battle with the Celts ^[4] . Perhaps his wife and mother of Gnei Jr. was the sister of the satirist poet Gaius Lucilius (according to another version, Lucilia was a generation younger and was not a mother, but a wife) ^[5] . Gnei Jr. had a brother Sextus , a prominent intellectual of his time ^[6] .

It is known that Gnei Pompey owned vast lands in Pitsena ^[7] . At the same time, Roman citizens living in this region belonged to the tribe of Velin , while Pompeii belonged to the tribe of Krustumin ^[8] . Antikoved E. Pais suggested that the possession in Pitsen appeared at Strabo only during the Allied war , but other experts unanimously rejected this hypothesis as untenable ^[9] .

The third part of the name of Gnei Pompey, Strabo ( Strabo - "Cross-eyed"), is a personal nickname that appeared due to the amazing external similarity of Gnei with his cook Menogon, who was called Strabo ^{[10] [11]} .

Career start

Based on the requirements of the law of Willius , the researchers attribute the birth of Gnei Pompey to the 130th years BC. e .; the latest possible date is 132 years. ^[12] He began his career, in accordance with tradition, with the election of a quaestor . Presumably this event dates back to 104 BC. e. ^[13] Gnei performed his duties in Sardinia when the prophet Titus Albucius ruled this island. The latter, after returning to Rome, was brought to trial on charges of abuse of power, and Pompey also wanted to testify against him, but the Senate considered this a violation of subordination ^[11] . According to Cicero , “they refused him not because they considered him unworthy to act as a prosecutor, but in order not to give the authority of the court the will to arbitrarily insult the sanctity of close relations” ^[14] .

Later, Strabo was the praetor and governor of Macedonia with the authority of a prophetor, like his father. This is reported by only one source - an inscription in honor of Gnei, found on the Acropolis of Athens ^[11] . Accordingly, there are no exact dates here; presumably governorate date back to 93 or 92 BC. e. ^{[9] [15]} In any case, the praetor of Strabo may refer at the latest to 92 BC. e., since the law of Willie established a minimum time interval between a preture and a consulate of three years ^[16] . V. Drumann at one time suggested that Gnei Pompey was the governor of Sicily , but later researchers found that Drumann erroneously interpreted references to Gnei Pompey the Great ^[11] . Perhaps in Macedonia, Strabo had to fight with the barbarian tribes living along the northern borders of the province; at least by the beginning of the Allied war, he clearly had the experience of a commander ^[15] .

Allied War: Legate

When the Italians rebelled against Rome (end of 91 BC), Gnei Pompey became a legate under the command of the consul Publius Rutilius Lupa ^[17] . The latter led military operations in northern Italy, and among his five legates were also Gaius Marius and Quintus Servilius Cepion . Pompey was instructed to crush the uprising in Pitsena, which was of great strategic importance to Rome: through this region, communication was maintained with Cisalpine Gaul . Strabo received this appointment as the largest local landowner and owner of an extensive clientele ^{[18] [19]} .

From 90 BC e. surviving sources provide a lot of information about Gnei Pompey ^[11] . His army besieged the city of Auskul , from where, a few months before, the whole uprising had begun. The defense here was occupied by the praetor of the Mars Titus Lafrenius , who defended himself very energetically. Peligins led by Vettius Skaton and pitsentins under the command of Guy Vidacilia came to the aid of the city. Strabo retreated in front of the superior enemy forces to the Mount of Falern and was defeated in battle. He locked himself in the city of Firms, where he was besieged by Lafrenia; Vidacilius and Scaton left - apparently suggesting that Pompey was already over. But the legate was able to replenish his army at the expense of local residents and to raise discipline, which probably suffered from failure, so that the situation stabilized ^{[20] [21]} .

It is not known how long Strabo defended Firms. In the end, the legates of Sulpicius came to the rescue from the south ^{[22] [23]} ; there was a hypothesis that it was Publius Sulpicius , the future national tribune , but after the publication of the work of C. Tsicorius it is generally accepted that we should talk about Servius Sulpicius Galbe ^[24] . With a combined strike on both sides, the Romans defeated Titus Lafrenia, with the army of Sulpicius supposedly playing the main role ^[25] . Lafrenius fell in battle ^[20] ; the remnants of his troops were locked up in Auskul, the siege of which was taken up by one of Caesars (presumably Sextus Julius , consul of 91 BC). Pompey, in yet another battle, defeated the Pentecines. Having received news of this victory, the Roman senators again put on “togas with a border and other insignia of official distinction” ^{[26] [27]} .

Allied War: Consul and Proconsul

The victories gained in the course of the campaign, which was generally unfavorable for Rome, ensured that Gnei Pompey was elected consul for the next year (89 BC) ^{[18] [28]} . His colleague was another plebeian, Lucius Porcius Cato ^[29] . Now Strabo had to exercise command over the entire northern strategic direction ^[20] , and under his command there were 75 thousand soldiers ^[30] (although historiography believes that this was the total number of Roman troops in Italy this year ^[31] ) . The members of the tribe of Velin, to which Pitsen was assigned, predominated in his military council. Here was the consul Lucius Marcius Philippe , aristocrats Lucius Junius Brutus Damasippus and Lucius Sergius Katilina , who began their careers, ^[32] representatives of the Italian aristocracy Lucius Instei , Lucius Vettius , and Guy Tarquizius (from which researchers conclude that there were connections between Pompey and the top of the Italians). It is also known that at the beginning of this campaign at the headquarters of Strabo was a 16-year-old rider Mark Tullius Cicero ^[33] . Before the end of the year, he was transferred to the army of Lucius Cornelius Sulla in Campania ^[34] .

The main hostilities unfolded in the area of ​​Auskul, which continued to defend itself from the Romans. Gnei Pompey initiated negotiations with Vettius Skaton, but this did not lead to anything. The army of Mars tried to break through to help the city, but Strabo defeated it; according to Orosia , 18 thousand Italians died in this battle, and another 3 thousand were captured. 4 thousand Mars were driven into the mountains and there all died due to inclement weather ^[35] . On the same day, the Romans clashed with an army of Pecentins led by Vidacilius, who were defeated but could not be destroyed. Guy Vidacili, who was a native of Auskul, broke into the city with eight cohorts , and then, realizing that the outcome of the siege was a foregone conclusion, he committed suicide. Finally, in November 89 BC e., after a siege lasting almost a year, Ausculum was taken by storm ^[36] .

For these victories Gnei Pompey was awarded the honorary title of Emperor . According to one version, this happened after two battles with Mars and Pitcentines ^{[37] [38]} , according to another - after the capture of the city ^[39] . November 17, 89 BC e. an inscription dated from which it follows that Strabo immediately granted a whole tour of Spanish riders Roman citizenship, as well as snappers , necklaces and a double rations ( frumentum duplex ) ^[40] . In those days, even personal grants of citizenship to provincials were extremely rare; hence, researchers conclude that the generosity of Gnei Pompey in relation to the soldiers of his army ^[25] .

December 25, 89 BC e. Strabo celebrated in Rome a triumph over the Auskulans and the Pitcentines ( de Asculaneis Picentibus ). It was the only triumph in the entire Allied war. Ancient authors report that among the captives, a woman walked through the streets of Rome, carrying in her arms the then-small Publius Ventidius Bass , later a prominent commander who was the first among the Romans to defeat the Parthians ^{[41] [42] [43] [44]} .

Since at that time Rome lived in the midst of a severe financial crisis, the Senate was counting on rich Ausculum prey. But Gnei Pompey preferred not to surrender the captured values ​​to the treasury of the republic, but to keep them for himself. Formally, he had the right to this: military booty was at the disposal of the commander, although it was supposed to be spent on public needs in the future — decoration of temples, distribution to soldiers, etc. ^[45] Nevertheless, in that specific situation, the actions of Strabo caused a general disturbance. Researchers suggest that Pompey shared the booty with his officers and soldiers, which ensured their devotion for the coming years ^[46] .

The expansion of Strabo's influence should have been facilitated by the adoption of the law he proposed ( Lex Pompeia de Transpadanis ), according to which a number of communities north of Pada (as well as, presumably, some Ligurian communities south of this river ^[34] ) received Latin citizenship ^{[47] [ 48]} . In addition, he implemented Lex Julia and Lex Plautia-Papiria , which granted citizenship to those Italians who did not join the uprising, as well as to those rebels who laid down their arms for a certain time. All this was to make Pompey the patron of a huge army of clients and almost the sovereign over all of Pitsen and Transpadan Gaul ^[49] .

Wellay Patculus reports on Gnei Pompey's claims to the second consulate ^[50] . However, the consuls at 88 BC. e. Lucius Cornelius Sulla and Quintus Pompey Rufus were elected; it is not known whether Strabo put forward his candidacy at all. In any case, the legislation of the republic prohibited two consuls in a row, and the situation at the end of 89 BC. e. for the Romans it no longer seemed extraordinary, so the re-election of the commander (albeit lucky) could not be considered justified. Wrath Pompey simply extended his authority , and he continued to fight in northern Italy ^[51] . According to the assumption of Matthias Gelzer ^[52] , it was precisely this year that the Westin and the Peligns capitulated before him, as reported by the epithet Libya ^[53] .

By the beginning of 88 BC e. Antiquologists allegedly attribute the trial of Strabo. The charge was related to Lex Varia , a punishment for those who contributed to the rebellion of the Italics; however, the specific grounds remain unknown. The fact of the trial itself may indicate hostile relations between Pompey and a substantial part of Nobility ^[52] ; but the verdict was acquittal, and after this Strabo returned to command of the army ^[54] .

Gnei Pompey and Sulla

Before it was possible to pacify all the rebellious Italians, the internal political struggle in Rome escalated into a civil war (88 BC). The people's stands Publius Sulpitsy proposed to distribute new citizens among all the tribes (rather than 8 or 10 specially created ones), which would enable them to influence the outcome of any vote. In addition, the stands offered to take command in the then war with Mithridates at the Consul of Sulla and transfer it to Guy Maria. Sulla did not put up with this, moved his army to Rome, occupied the city and repealed new laws. Sulpicius was soon killed, and Mary had to flee Italy ^[55] .

About the attitude of Gnei Pompey to these events, nothing is known. M. Geltzer suggested that Strabo could sympathize with Sulpicius: the latter could be his ally in the Allied war, moreover, Pompey had to understand the need for concessions to the Italics ^[56] . Other experts point out that the fighting comrade of Strabo from the Sulpicius clan most likely belonged to the Galb branch; in addition, the laws of Sulpicius did not give Pompey anything personally ^[57] .

Soon what was happening affected Strabo. In Rome, a decision was made to terminate his powers, extended just a few months before, and to transfer his army to Quintus Pompey Rufus. According to Valery Maxim , this was decided by the Senate ^[58] , according to Appian - the national assembly ^[59] . Some researchers accept the first version ^{[60] [61] [62]} , others accept the second ^{[63] [64]} . Sallust in one of the surviving fragments of “History” reports that “the plebeian tribunes G. Gerenny, by agreement, prevented the consul Sulla from passing the law on his return” ^[65] . According to Aulus Gellius , we are talking about the return to Rome of Pompey ^[66] , in whose interests, apparently, the stands acted ^{[67] [68]} . Guy Guerenius presumably vetoed the decision of the National Assembly on the resignation of Strabo, but the Senate nevertheless adopted the relevant resolution ^{[61] [69]} .

In any case, Sulla was behind the decision: he needed to get rid of a potential competitor in the struggle for power ^[68] before leaving for the East and provide his ally Pompey Rufus with a strong army so that he could protect himself and the order existing in Rome ^[69] . The Senate, although cautious of Sulla, supported him in this matter: the permanent command of Strabo during the third consecutive campaign could be fraught with danger in terms of nobility ^[70] , and Pompey Rufus was an excellent candidate for defenders of the new order. Moreover, protection was necessary, since Mari could at any moment return from exile ^[71] .

Strabo could not like such a turn. In words, he agreed to resign, but his successor was killed by soldiers the very next day after arriving in the army. Strabo did not begin to punish anyone, confining himself to verbal censure, and immediately again assumed the authority of the commander, although this was a direct violation of the will of the Senate. In this regard, the statements by Wellej Paterculus ^[72] and the epitator Livius ^[73] that Gnei Pompey himself was the organizer of the murder of Rufus sound logical. Many researchers consider this explanation plausible ^{[74] [64] [75]} .

Sulla, learning about the incident, limited himself to surrounding himself with bodyguards and accelerated preparations for departure to the East. In this situation, it was possible to punish Strabo only at the cost of a new civil war; at the same time, Sulla did not have confidence not only in victory, but also in the fact that his soldiers would generally agree to fight with the Pompei. The senate did not have any resources at all to put pressure on Strabo. The position of the latter was further strengthened when Sulla left Italy ^[76] .

Octavian War

In 87 BC e. the political struggle in Rome again grew into a civil war, which Mark Tullius Cicero called the Octavian ^{[77] [78]} . One of the consuls, Lucius Cornelius Zinn , tried after Publius Sulpicius to distribute new citizens across all the tribes, but met resistance from his colleague, Gnei Octavius , and the entire Senate. He fled from Rome and led to his side the army besieging Nola; many Italian communities supported this rebellion. Then Octavius ​​and the chosen Cinna Lucius Cornelius Merula summoned Pompey to defend Rome. He brought his army and located it at the Collins Gate ^[79] .

Antique authors note that Strabo had no desire to defend Rome at all costs: he strove to defend his interests and was ready to draw closer to Cinna, which is why the latter finally managed to prevail ^[80] . So, Welley Patculus writes:

Deceived in the hope of extending the consulate, Pompey hesitated, took a position between the two groups, began to follow his own interests in everything, and, it seems, began to wait for a chance to go with the army to the side where there was great hope for power.

- Velley Patculus. Roman History, II, 21, 2. ^[50]

Orozius, describing this situation, likens Pompey to a hunter watching the game ^[81] . Scientists suggest that negotiations began between Strabo and Cinna. Gnei Pompey hoped to get a second consulate at the cost of such an alliance, and he might have some hope through the presence of Brutus Damasippus, his ally in the Allied War, among the rebels. But soon Gaius Mari, who returned from exile, joined Zinna, and it became clear that he would become the second consul in the event of the fall of Rome: Zinna needed an alliance with him more than an alliance with Pompey. Presumably just then Lucius Cornelius tried to physically eliminate Strabo ^[80] . According to Plutarch, a group of Pompey’s officers, bribed by Cinna, intended to set fire to the commander’s tent, while one of them was supposed to kill Gnei the Younger (later the Great ). Nothing came of this venture, but nevertheless a dangerous situation arose for Pompeyev:

... A commotion arose in the camp, and the soldiers, burning with hatred for their commander and inciting each other to rebellion, began to dismantle the tents and take up arms. The commander himself, frightened by the noise, did not leave the tent. On the contrary, Pompey openly appeared among the warriors, crying begging them not to leave his father and, finally, threw himself face down on the ground in front of the gates of the camp. There he lay and, shedding tears, asked the departing soldiers to trample him underfoot. The warriors, ashamed, returned, and thus all but eight hundred people changed their minds and reconciled with the commander.

- Plutarch. Pompey 3. ^[82]

Some researchers doubt that the soldiers of Pompey really hated their commander and were ready for rebellion; in addition, Plutarch clearly exaggerates the role in the events he describes of Gnei the Younger. There is an opinion that in reality only a group of officers opposed Strabo who tried to convince the army that the proconsul was dead. When it turned out that Pompey was alive, the riot ended, and only 800 people went over to the side of Mary and Zinn. ^[83]

After this, Strabo finally switched to active hostilities. Sources report two battles involving his troops. First, Pompey fought with Quintus Sertorius ; the battle continued until nightfall and brought no victory to anyone, but the losses amounted to only 600 people on each side ^[84] , which is not enough for the large armies concentrated then under Rome ^[85] . F. Miltner suggested that even then Pompey did not fight at full strength: he could defeat Sertorius, but did not do this, because he still hoped to come to an agreement with Zinn and did not have guarantees from the Senate ^[86] . Later, when Gnei Octavius ​​launched a counterattack against Mary in the Yanikulsky hill area , Strabo sent six cohorts to help him, and then he arrived with the main forces ^[87] . Granius Licinian writes that Pompey did not allow Octavius ​​to develop initial success, because he was afraid that the war would end too quickly ^[88] ; researchers treat this message differently ^[89] .

Subsequently, Strabo no longer participated in the hostilities, although Rome by that time began to suffer from hunger. Secretly from Octavius, Pompey resumed negotiations with Cinna ^[90] , and his position in these negotiations is unknown: he could seek the removal of Maria and, accordingly, the second consul for himself ^[87] or simply retain the command in Pitsen ^[91] . He failed to achieve anything. Soon in the ranks of the armies defending Rome, an epidemic of plague began; 11 thousand soldiers of Pompey ^{[92] [93]} and their commander died from the disease. However, a number of ancient authors report that Strabo died, struck by lightning ^{[94] [95] [96] [92]} . Some researchers accept this version, others, starting with T. Mommsen , suggest that a distortion occurred in the sources: the phrase adflatus sidere (“affected by a pestilence”), which is in the text of Livius, was misunderstood ^[97] .

During the funeral of Gnei Pompey, the Roman plebs demonstrated hatred of a man, whose inaction was considered one of the main causes of their disasters ^[86] : the body of the deceased was pulled from a coffin and dragged through street dirt ^[98] . His soldiers were under the command of Mark Octavius, but soon switched to the side of Zinn ^[99] .

The wife of Gnei Pompey, according to one version, was Lucilia, the sister of the satirical poet Guy Lucilius ^[5] . Strabo had two children: Gnei Pompey , who later received agnomena the Great , and daughter Pompey, who became the wife of Guy Memmia ^[6] .

Because of the history of the appropriated Auskul booty, contemporaries considered Gnei Pompey a greedy man who did not think about the interests of the republic ^{[100] [101] [34]} . According to Plutarch, even his soldiers hated Strabo because of the same passion for profit. ^[102] Cicero calls Pompey "a man hated by the gods and nobility" ^[103] .

In historiography, it is believed that Gnei Pompey was the first, along with Sulla, to openly create the “client army” - a military contingent personally loyal to the commander and ready to even act against the republic ^{[104] [34]} . It is believed that Strabo could seize the sole power in Rome, if not for his early death. At the same time, some researchers believe that Pompey could not triumph in the political struggle because of his chosen tactics of "punctuality" (delays and procrastination) ^[105] .

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