Gender sociology

The concept of gender in sociology is one of the fundamental. In order to distinguish the study of gender in sociology, that is, in the context of social relations and processes, it is customary to use the concept of “gender” (from the Latin gender - “gender”), introduced into the scientific circulation by sexologist John Mani (1921-2006) in the course of research on social the roles of marginalized groups ( transvestites , transgender people ) in modern society. Gender is social gender. ^[2]

From the point of view of structural sociology and in full accordance with the Durkheim tradition, gender itself is a social phenomenon, so the use of the term “gender” is a pleonasm . But its use is intended to emphasize that we are talking about a sociological approach to the issue of gender when it comes to wide discussion. ^[2]

The concept of “gender” (Latin sexus, “gender”, “half”, “division”) can be used more broadly and include anatomical differences and signs. The concept of "gender" is usually applied in the field of sociology or social psychology. ^[2]

According to B.M. Bim Badu and S.N. Gavrov

“Despite the predominantly sociocultural conditionality of the changes observed today in the content of gender roles played by women and men, the very possibility of these transformations is also determined socio-biologically, because a man has not only male hormones, but also female and male women.” ^[3]

T. Laker believed that only the male sex exists, and the female was considered to be its underdeveloped form.

Galen said that the male and female bodies are similar. Only some have organs outside, others have. - inside. Intersexuality is a fusion of male and female sexes, that is, various mutations of the genital organs and body functions, this can include such a phenomenon as hermaphrodites , both true and pseudo-.

In 1968, the concept of gender was introduced by Robert Stoller . Thus, unlike his predecessors, Stoller singled out the concepts of sex as a biological gender and gender as a social gender.

Later, Judith Lorber, in her work “Sex as a Social Category”, considered the sex and gender categories in 5 possible positions:

1) sex as a biological category - directly this combination of genes and genitals , prenatal, adolescent and adult hormonal sets ; the ability to procreate (as expected, congruent with the above properties and with the purpose of belonging to the floor as a biological category);

2) sex as a social category - destination from birth, based on the type of genitals ;

3) sex-gender self-identification - self -awareness as a representative of a given sex, a sense of one ’s female or male body , awareness of one’s gender identity in a social context;

4) gender as a process - training, learning, taking a role, mastering behavioral actions already assimilated as appropriate (or inappropriate - in case of rebellion or rejection) to a certain gender status, “recognition of gender as a social category” by a person belonging to this floor as a biological category;

5) gender as a social status and structure — the individual’s gender status as part of the social structure of prescribed relations between the sexes, especially the structure of domination and subordination , as well as the separation of domestic and paid labor by gender.

• Bourdieu P. Male domination / Bourdieu P. Social space. Fields and practices. Moscow, St. Petersburg, 2005 ISBN 5-89329-761-X .
• Dugin A. G. “Sociology of Sex (Structural Sociology)” // “Structural Sociology” M., 2010.
• Male gender community: patterns and specifics of development. Monograph ed. G.G.Silaste, I.Yu. Zaya . M., 2013.194 s. ISBN 978-5-91146832-3

• Gender
• Gender history
• Gender law
• Sexism
• Gender Inequality Index

• X-Gender A popular science resource on gender studies. Social aspects of gender, psychology and physiology of gender
• Gender Museum Museum of Women's History, History of Women's and Gender Movements