Loch Ness monster

According to legend , the first who told the world about a mysterious creature in a distant Scottish lake were the Roman legionnaires , who mastered the Celtic expanses with a sword in their hands at the dawn of the Christian era. Locals immortalized in stone all the representatives of the Scottish fauna - from deer to mouse. The only stone sculpture that the Romans could not identify was a strange image of a long-necked seal of gigantic proportions.

Loch Ness Monster

The first written mention of the mysterious creature that lives in the waters of Lake Loch Ness dates back to the VI century AD. In the biography of Saint Columbus , written a hundred years after the events by Adomann , the abbot of the Aion Monastery in Scotland, it is told about the triumph of the saint over the "water animal" in the River Ness. Rector Columbus then engaged in the conversion of the Gentiles to the Picts and Scottes in his new monastery off the west coast of Scotland. So, Columbus baptized the King of the Picts Brude I around 565 BC. e .; the capital of Brude Inverness is located near Loch Ness. According to the life, once Columbus went to Loch Ness and saw that the locals were burying one of his people - he was crippled and killed when he sailed in the lake. Nisag (the Celtic name for the monster) killed him. Local residents, armed with hooks, to drive away the monster, dragged the body of the deceased to the shore. One of the saint's disciples frivolously threw himself into the water and sailed through a narrow strait to drive the boat. When he sailed from the shore, "a strange-looking beast arose from the water, like a giant frog, only it was not a frog." Columbus drove off the monster through prayer. In another version of the legend, which however did not mention details of the appearance of the monster, who called him simply a gigantic beast, the saint turned him into a tree.

The Celtic legend of the Kelpi water spirit, migrated to medieval folklore, mentioned during the first peak of the monster's observations in 1933-1934, describes the water spirit of the lake as a horse with a long neck and a very small head. Seeing an accidental traveler, Kelpie lured him, exposing his glossy back - as if offering to bring it - and carried the gullible man under water.

The first documented information about observing creatures on the lake dates back to the construction of General Wade’s old military road on the south coast (XVIII century) - then blasting near Foyers frightened off two huge dozing monsters. Throughout the 19th century, messages came that described the gigantic salamanders. On the whole, the “monster” seemed to calm down for a long time, but suddenly in 1880, with complete calm and clear sky on the lake, it turned over and went down to the bottom with people a small sailboat. They immediately remembered the monster, fortunately there were people who saw it.

Thus began the legend of the Loch Ness monster. In 1932, a certain Miss MacDonald claimed that she saw a creature making its way through the shallows to the lake. This message did not arouse much interest, although subsequently the researchers drew attention to it, since an eyewitness claimed that the creature resembled a crocodile with a short head. In the spring of 1933, the Inverness Courier newspaper for the first time published a detailed story about the observation of an unknown creature in the lake by married couple Mackay, cited by a local resident, inspector of the Department of Water and Forestry Alex Campbell, who subsequently testified about his own repeated observations of the creature and claimed in a BBC television interview that on a boat, the lake, along with constable John Fraser, literally ran into an unknown creature and heard his breath. In March, Mackay was returning from Inverness along the north shore of the lake, when suddenly Mrs. Mackay saw:

A huge dark body, now rising then disappearing into the water. When the fright passed, she examined two black humps, cutting through the surface of the lake. Suddenly, with a strong splash, they disappeared into the depths.

The article with the testimonies of Mackeev caused a sensation, and caused a real pilgrimage of the curious to the lake. In the summer of that year, the northern shore of Loch Ness was significantly landscaped - then the new A82 Inverness-Fort Augustus road was paved, cut and thinned by a windbreak and shrubs growing on the edge of the shore. The unexpected reader response that caused the message about the monster was largely due to the fact that readers are tired of gloomy economic and political news.

A stream of new messages arrived in May of that year. Mr. Alexander Shaw and his son stood on the lawn at Whitefield House when they saw circles on the water at a distance of 500 yards (455 m), seeing something that resembled the back of an animal. Both eyewitnesses said that they saw something long and wriggling, after which the water shot up, splattered, as if a huge tail had hit it. Then the gigantic creature was noticed by the Clement family from Temple Piera near Dramnadrohit, on the northern shore of the lake near Yorkhart Castle. Thomas Clement recounted that the animal was 40 feet long, with four fins and a tapering long neck with small tubercles. On May 28, the creature reappeared, this time around Cherry Island. Nora Simpson watched him from a distance of about 45 feet for 10 minutes, then the animal went under water. The description given by Simpson coincided with the description of Clement.

On July 22, 1933, a new observation occurred, this time on the shore - a London businessman George Spicer and his wife were driving a car along General Wade's old military road to Foyers, when suddenly they saw 200 yards ahead of a 30-foot beast crawled out of the undergrowth in side of the shore and blocking the road with his body. Spicer himself described the creature he saw as "a hideous scarecrow with a long neck." Contrary to the assurances of experts that what they saw could be a mirage that distorted an ordinary otter or horse, Spicers resolutely refused to admit that they saw something like that.

On November 12, 1933, a certain Hugh Gray from the hills near Foyers made the first known photograph of a monster - an extremely poor quality blurred image of a certain S-shaped figure. Gray confirmed the information about the appearance of the creature, and experts from Kodak , checking the negatives, said that they were genuine. Scientists, however, met the image with extreme skepticism - Professor Graham Kerry from the University of Glasgow, said that the photo does not prove whether it is a living creature, another expert, zoologist J. R. Norman from the British Museum, suggested that Gray whale bottlenose some of the sharks or the wreckage. ” On December 12, a group of chroniclers from a Scottish film studio managed to photograph how an animal moved in shallow water near Inverfarigueig. A little earlier, on December 6, Gray's photo appeared on the front page of the Daily Sketch. In response to this, the Daily Mail competing with Sketch sent at her own expense a member of the Royal Geographical and Zoological Societies, posing as Marmadyuk Montagu Wetorla, a large-scale beast hunter, to track down the beast. Weterl and his photographer Gustav Pauli searched the shores of the lake and on December 18, 1933 found a number of strange tracks on the southern shore near the village of Dores. At the risk of his reputation, Wettle believed in their authenticity. Secretly, the imprint of the track was sent to London for examination at the Museum of Natural History.

In the winter of 1934, in many respects influenced by the Daily Mail newspaper news, which kindled passions around the phenomenon, the question of the existence of Nessie by journalists was proposed to be submitted to parliament with a proposal to allocate subsidies for research, and possibly even capture the animal, but this idea was rejected. Upon closer inspection, the mysterious traces Wetorl found turned out to be footprints of a stuffed hippo, which were usually used as a pedestal for umbrellas. An increasing number of scientists began to say that evidence for the existence of the Loch Ness monster does not exist ^[2] . However, Wetherl, without losing his presence of mind, arrived in London, claiming that he was simply played.

In August 1934, Richard Singh was vacationing with his family in Fort Augustus at the western end of the lake, when in calm clear weather he saw a “black mound, about 3 feet long, rising one foot above the water” on the water, after which the object began to move away heading north. According to the scientist, they tried to catch up with the creature, following the coast by car for almost two miles, measuring that it was moving at a speed of 15 miles per hour. In an interview with the Air Force crew, Singh noted that the locals who met on the road bridge and whom they showed “this thing” reacted to as seen as something ordinary.

During the war, strange phenomena on the lake faded into the background, although air defense observers recorded dark figures on the lake. A flood of messages and photographs spurred public interest in the mystery of the lake in the 1950s.

In July 1955, Peter McNab, a banker from Ersher, photographed something in the bay near Yorkhart Castle that looked like a huge elongated dark creature that cut through the expanse of the lake.

In 1957, Mrs. Constance White, who had lived on the lake for many years, published her book “This is More Than a Legend,” which collected 117 stories of “eyewitnesses” who allegedly saw Nessie. The book wrote that in all the stories the appearance of the animal was described in approximately the same way: a thick massive body, a long neck, a small head.

Surgeon's Photo

Gradually, according to these descriptions, the image of a certain prehistoric creature living in the depths of the reservoir began to emerge in the public imagination. In 1934, this image received a real embodiment thanks to the so-called "surgeon photo" (Surgeon photo). Its author, a respectable London physician, R. Kenneth Wilson, claimed that he photographed the monster by accident when he traveled in the vicinity, watching the birds. In 1994, it was found that this image was a fake, made by Wilson and three accomplices - the very same Montague Wetorl, his own son, Jan, who purchased the materials, and Wetor's stepson Christopher Sparling, who made the figure itself. Two of Wilson's accomplices voluntarily confessed to the deed, and the first confession (in 1975 ) was left without public attention because of the belief in the honesty of Dr. Wilson.

Nessiteras rhombopteryx

In 1972, a group of experts led by an American researcher, Dr. Robert Raines of the Academy of Applied Sciences, conducted a series of studies using a combination of sonar and photographic equipment. During the tests, unexpected images were obtained, one of which - a giant diamond-shaped fin - was published in 1975 and caused a sensation. Rhines and the English naturalist Sir Peter Scott jointly proposed to give Nessie a scientific name: Nessiteras rhombopteryx (from Greek: “a monster (monster) Nessie with diamond-shaped fins”). There were skeptics who not only questioned the results of computer processing of sound and photographic research data, but also saw an anagram in the “scientific” term: 'Monster hoax by Sir Peter S' (“The Monstrous Fake of Sir Peter S.”)

Veteran researcher Adrian Schein of the Loch Ness Project, generally skeptical of Raines' discoveries, at least ruled out the possibility of intentional fraud. “In my opinion, the researchers only mistakenly interpreted the images of the bottom of the lake and some objects that fell into the field of view of the cameras,” he said. Shine, who conducted psychological experiments (during which, for example, a pillar emerged from the water in front of groups of subjects), is convinced that the self-hypnosis factor is crucial. But - "... does not explain all the oddities recorded by researchers."

In 2003, a group of specialists sent by the BBC , with the help of 600 sound emitters, conducted a complete study of the lake and did not find anything unusual in it. But after three years, new documentary evidence appeared that inexplicable things were happening in the lake ^[3] .

Gordon Holmes Movie

In May 2007, amateur researcher Gordon Holmes decided to place microphones in the lake and examine the sound signals coming from the depths. Off the west coast, he noticed movement in the water and immediately turned on a video camera, which recorded the movement under the water of a long dark object bound for the northern part of the lake. The creature’s body remained mostly under water, but its head emerged from time to time, leaving a wave trail.

A few days later, fragments of the filming appeared in the news bulletins of television programs in many countries of the world. ^[4] Experts who studied the film confirmed its authenticity and concluded: a creature about 15 meters long was moving at a speed of 10 kilometers per hour. However, the Holmes survey is not considered conclusive evidence of the existence of a prehistoric monster in the lake. Opinions appeared that it could be a giant bug or a worm, a light illusion or a log set in motion by an internal current ^[3] .

Satellite image

In the summer of 2009, a resident of the UK said that while viewing satellite photos on Google Earth [1] he saw the creature he was looking for. On the photograph of the service, one can really see something remotely resembling a large marine animal with two pairs of fins and a tail ^[5] .

Recent research and debunking the myth

A group of specialists from the UK, using a robot called Munin, carried out, according to the researchers themselves, the most detailed study of Loch Ness Lake to date (April 2016). Scientists representing the Loch Ness project under the leadership of Adrian Schein decided to check the information provided at the beginning of 2016 by a certain fisherman that there is a huge crevice at the bottom of the lake. According to the fisherman, she could well contain the legendary monster. According to the researchers, the robot using sonar methods was able to obtain very detailed information about this section of the lake at a depth of up to 1,500 meters. Moreover, the maximum depth of the lake reaches "only" 230 meters (this is one of the deepest lakes in Scotland). Nevertheless, experts decided to check the periodically sounding assumption that in fact it is deeper due to crevices or underwater tunnels not yet open, reports Sky News .

No anomalies were found during the study, which means that there is no cleft in which the monster could hide. According to the researchers, this suggests that the Loch Ness monster, apparently, still does not exist ^{[6] [7]} , but the robot, moving along the bottom of the lake, came across a fake monster created in 1969 for filming of " Sherlock Holmes ' Private Life ". During the filming, the model drowned in the lake - due to the fact that the director Billy Wilder demanded to cut off two humps from it, which worsened buoyancy ^{[8] [9]} .

Last photo of the Loch Ness monster

The 58-year-old amateur photographer Ian Bremner photographed ^[10] what today (September 2016) may be one of the most convincing cases of observing the Loch Ness monster. Bremner rode through the mountains in search of a deer, but instead witnessed a striking sight: he saw Nessie swimming in the calm waters of Loch Ness. Ian spends most of his weekend around the lake, photographing stunning natural beauties. But when he returned to his home, he noticed in the picture a creature, which, he believes, can be that elusive monster.

The picture shows a floating two-meter creature with a silver wriggling body - its head flickered in the distance, and about a meter from it you could see the tail, with which the animal rushing away beat with a splash in the water. The creature was spotted the moment it surfaced to swallow air. In the photo taken by Ian, you can see a long snakelike creature, which fully corresponds to the generally accepted description of Nessie that appeared back in 1933. The shot he made is very reminiscent of some of the most distinct and most famous images of this creature.

In 2016, cases of a “meeting” with a monster were reported five times already, including a testimony submitted by Ian. This is the largest number of cases since 2002. Some of Ian's friends believe that in fact, three seals playing in the water are visible in his photograph.

In August 2018, it was reported that in England, a 12-year-old schoolgirl, while relaxing with her family, captured on camera something that could be a “Loch Ness monster”. The girl and her family were in Invermoriston when, allegedly, she noticed an underwater creature. The Loch Ness monster either plunged into the water, then surfaced again, but at a closer distance from the coast. The incident took place around 19:00 last Friday on the first day of the schoolgirl’s family vacation. They managed to capture “something” on a mobile phone’s camera, after which the video turned out to be posted on the Internet.

According to the British, the creature had a long neck, and the head seemed to have a hook shape. The Loch Ness monster seemed black to a 12-year-old schoolgirl, and he was only able to observe him in the waters of the lake for about several minutes. According to the expert Steve Feltham, who studies the creature, the material received from the schoolgirl can be considered the best in recent years, and he also has the confidence that the pond should be studied more carefully ^[11] . For all years, 1081 cases of observation of the Loch Ness monster hiding in the water were recorded ^[12] .

The main argument of the skeptics remains the undeniable fact that the amount of biomass in the lake is not enough to support the life of a creature of the size attributed to the Loch Ness monster. Despite the enormous size and abundance of water (brought here by seven rivers), Loch Ness has scarce flora and fauna. In the course of research conducted by the Loch Ness project, dozens of species of living creatures were identified. However, sound scanning showed that there are only 20 tons of biomass in the lake, which is enough to support the life of one living creature weighing no more than 2 tons. Calculations based on a study of the fossilized remains of a plesiosaur show that a 15-meter pangolin would weigh 25 tons. Adrian Schein believes that the search should be not one creature, but "a colony that would have 15 to 30 individuals." In this case, all of them, in order to feed themselves, should be no more than 1.5 meters in length; practically this means that the lake is not able to feed a colony of creatures larger than lake salmon (salmon).

In addition to the above fact, there are a number of indirect arguments that also work against the version of the reality of "Nessie." For example:

• Озеро Лох-Несс, в описаниях часто представляемое как пустынное и находящееся где-то в глуши, в действительности является частью Каледонского канала с достаточно интенсивным судоходством; оно также остаётся популярным объектом туризма . Легенда о «Несси» активно обсуждается в СМИ и пропагандируется местным туристическим бизнесом уже порядка 80 лет. Трудно предположить, чтобы в таких условиях в течение нескольких десятков лет не удалось получить хотя бы чёткой фотографии животного, если бы оно реально существовало.
• Ведущиеся практически непрерывно в течение десятков лет исследования на озере, в том числе проводимые профессиональными биологами целенаправленные поиски крупных животных, не дали никакого конкретного результата. По мнению палеонтолога Кирилла Еськова , методика и оснащение современной биологической науки не оставляют шансов избежать обнаружения при систематических поисках неизвестным науке животным, если только они не скрываются там, где исследования в принципе не проводятся. ^[13]
• Территория, где располагается озеро Лох-Несс, как и вся Шотландия, в ходе последних оледенений покрывалась сплошным ледяным щитом (см. Последняя ледниковая эпоха ). Науке не известны крупные животные, способные выжить в таких условиях.

Впрочем, сторонников реальности «Несси» аргументы не убеждают. Так, профессор Бауэр пишет:

Съёмка Динсдейла убедительно доказывает: в озере — по крайней мере в 60-х годах — действительно обитало гигантское живое существо. Более того, я убеждён, что оно существует здесь — или существовало — в единственном числе. Непонятным остаётся другое. Всё указывает на то, что для поддержания жизни этому существу необходим кислород. Но на поверхности оно почти не появляется. Если суммировать показания очевидцев, описывавших массивное тело с горбом, плавники и длинную шею, то вырисовывается облик современного плезиозавра. Но существа, обитающие в Лох-Нессе, не выходят на поверхность и часть жизни проводят на дне. Это говорит о том, что мы имеем дело уже с потомком плезиозавра, который выработал со временем способность оставаться без воздуха в течение очень долгого времени.

— Профессор Хенри Бауэр, Virginia Polytechnic ^[3]

Сторонники реальности «Несси» ссылаются на старинные легенды, согласно которым на дне озера существует сеть пещер и тоннелей, которые позволяют монстру уплывать в море и возвращаться обратно. Однако проведённые исследования дна и берегов свидетельствуют о том, что существование подобных тоннелей здесь маловероятно.

Академик А. Б. Мигдал приводит, не называя его имени, мнение известного океанолога: ^[14]

О чудовище озера Лох-Несс и снежном человеке он сказал: «Очень хочется верить, но нет оснований». Слова «нет оснований» означают, что вопрос изучался, и в результате изучения обнаружилось, что нет оснований доверять первоначальным утверждениям. Это и есть формула научного подхода: «хочется верить», но раз «нет оснований», то надо от этой веры отказаться.

Реликтовый плезиозавр

Большинство сторонников существования чудовища считали его реликтовым плезиозавром , но за 70 лет наблюдений не удалось найти ни одного трупа животного. Сомнения вызывают и сообщение Адомнана в VII веке о наблюдении животного монахом Колумбой . Плезиозавры были жителями тёплых тропических морей, и возможность их существования в холодных водах Лох-Несса вызывает сильные сомнения. Высказывались и гипотезы о криптидах — неизвестных науке животных (огромная рыба, длинношеий тюлень, гигантский моллюск). Предлагались и другие версии происхождения Несси, не требующие гипотезы о реликтовых или неизвестных науке существах.

Купающиеся слоны, выдры и балтийские осетры

В 2005 году Нейл Кларк, куратор по палеонтологии музея университета Глазго, сопоставил первые достоверные данные наблюдений за монстром с графиком путешествий бродячих цирков по дороге в Инвернесс . И пришёл к выводу, что местные жители видели не доисторических динозавров , а купающихся слонов .

Ученый выяснил, что большинство сообщений о Несси относятся к 1933 и последующим годам. Именно в это время в округе озера останавливались бродячие цирки по дороге в Инвернесс.

Кларк считает, что первые наблюдения и фотографии Несси были сделаны именно с купающихся и плавающих слонов. Когда слон плывёт, он выставляет на поверхность хобот . Также на поверхности воды видны два «горба» — макушка головы и верхушка спины слона. Картинка очень похожа на описания и фото Несси. И только потом, как полагает Кларк, управляющий цирковой группой Бертрам Милл предложил крупное денежное вознаграждение (₤20 тыс., или ₤1 млн в современных деньгах) тому, кто изловит для него Несси. Сторонники этой версии косвенным подтверждением считают наблюдение мисс МакДональд, которая якобы видела чудовище, похожее на крокодила, и сообщение супругов Спайсеров, видевших создание на берегу — скептики выдвинули предположение, что они могли принять за крокодилообразное чудище или одну из выдр , обитающих в окрестностях озера, или выброшенного на отмель балтийского осетра , рыбу, способную вырастать в длину до 3-6 метров. Впрочем, эта версия не объясняет всех случаев наблюдения.

Тектоническая деятельность

По мнению итальянского учёного-сейсмолога Луиджи Пиккарди , по дну озера проходит тектонический разлом под названием Great Glen . Огромные волны на поверхности озера, а также поднимающиеся с его дна громадные пузыри, по мнению итальянца, — не что иное, как результаты тектонической деятельности на дне озера. Всё это, как утверждает Пиккарди, может сопровождаться выбросами языков пламени, характерными звуками, напоминающими приглушённый рев, а также вызывать несильные землетрясения, которые и принимают за чудовище.

Всплытие затонувших брёвен

По версии инженера-электрика Роберта Крейга ^[15] , за появления чудовища наблюдатели принимали случаи всплытия на поверхность ранее затопленных стволов шотландской сосны Pinus silvestris, во множестве растущих по берегам озера. Это дерево чрезвычайно смолисто, из-за чего его упавшие в воду стволы могут вести себя необычным образом:

• The trunk of a tree that has fallen in water, over time, absorbs enough water, loses buoyancy and "rolls" to a depth where it burrows into the bottom silt. Under the influence of water pressure, the outer layers of the tree are compressed and, together with the resin impregnating them, form a “shirt”, impervious to water and gases and practically not subject to decay. In this case, rotting occurs in the inner layers of the tree, accompanied by the release of gases. These gases squeeze resin through the capillaries of the barrel; as a result, blisters filled with gas are formed at the ends of the barrel.
• Under favorable conditions, the total volume of blisters on the trunk with time becomes large enough so that the half-rotten trunk acquires positive buoyancy. Then, with the slightest shaking of the water, it floats to the surface. When the surface reaches the trunk, the upper end “emerges” from the water. Gas-filled blisters on the barrel, appearing at a shallow depth or, especially, in the air, burst, since the gas pressure in them is much higher than atmospheric, creating strong noise and splashes, turning the log from side to side, etc. Gas loss in "Floats" leads to the fact that after a short time the log loses buoyancy and, "emerged" from the water and held on the surface for several seconds or minutes, finally goes to the bottom.

Craig believes that all or most eyewitnesses describe just the cases of the emergence of such logs in front of their eyes: a tree trunk with tarry “floats” at the end takes monsters on their long necks for their heads, and the sounds emitted by the escaping gases are interpreted as “breathing” or the "roar" of a monster. Craig notes that for the described effect, practically only a Scottish pine is suitable, and it has grown on the coast - other trees, due to insufficient resin, rot completely after immersion in water, they do not create conditions for the formation of "floats". In addition, Craig noted that the monster legends are associated only with three Scottish lakes from more than half a thousand - Loch Tay , Loch Morar and Loch Ness, although among other lakes there are also quite large and deep-sea ones. But only along the shores of the three above-mentioned lakes do forests from Pinus sylvestris grow. An indirect confirmation of this hypothesis can be one of the versions of the legend of St. Columbus, who, through prayer, allegedly “turned the monster into a tree” (see above ).

Conscious hoax

One of the alternative explanations for this phenomenon is that the owners of hotels and other establishments located near the lake used the ancient legend of the monster in order to attract tourists. Therefore, “eyewitness accounts” and photographs allegedly confirming their allegations were published in local newspapers, and even Nessie models were made. Wilson's accomplice, Christopher Sparling, was Montagu Weatherler's stepson and testified that people from the newspaper had put pressure on Weatherly to demand strong evidence. Noteworthy is the proximity of the revitalization of the theme “monsters from Loch Ness” (1933) and the film adaptation of “The Lost World ” by Arthur Conan Doyle (1925), which popularized cryptozoology , thereby creating fertile ground for the emergence of an urban legend about the existence of a relic lizard in Scotland. It should be noted that the “first witness” - Mr. John Mackay - was the owner of the hotel in Inverness, and in the film “The Lost World” there is a scene of a plesiosaur floating by a steamboat and a small mise-en scene at the very end of the picture, where a brontosaurus fell off the Tower Bridge it had broken in Thames, floating on the surface of the river, lifting his head high on a thin neck and arched his back exactly as it is captured in the "photo of the surgeon."

This version does not explain the earliest references to the creature, however, these references themselves, like most medieval legends, are not accurate and are not confirmed by anything. You may notice that the biographies of a number of medieval Christian saints contain references to the fantastic monsters expelled or subdued by them (for example, St. Attract , St. Clement of Metz and others); it is possible that the story of the pacification of a monster on Lake Loch Ness was recalled a posteriori when the urban legend of "Nessie" was already formed.

Fantastic versions of the Loch Ness Monster in popular literature

• In the story of Roger Zhelyazny's “Horses of Lear” (1981), the Loch Ness Monster is one of several creatures that are painted in ancient paintings harnessed to the chariot of the Celtic god of the Sea of ​​Lear.
• In the book “Reaper” (Reaper) (2014) by Brock Allen, the Loch Ness monster lives like a Reaper's pet in another dimension. There, the monster is known as Snelochs and released in our world by some children who are trying to save the protagonist’s sister from the Reaper.
• In the book Boggart and the Beast (1997), Susan Cooper, Loch Ness Monster, is actually an invisible creature that changes shape, which is trapped in one of the forms.
• In the book "Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them" (2001), J. K. Rowling says that the Loch Ness Monster is the world's largest "water".
• “Loch" (2005) Steve Altena is a novel about the Loch Ness monster, which includes many historical and scientific elements in the storyline. In this book, the creature is called a species of giant and carnivorous eel.
• In Keri Arthur's Destiny Kills (2009), Destine's heroine is a sea dragon who can change her appearance. She uses the legend of the Loch Ness monster as a cover necessary for life among people unnoticed.
• In “39 tips” (Rick Riordan and other authors) claim that there is a monster-shaped submarine.
• In a series of books by Diana Gabaldon about time travels of the Loch Ness, the monster appears as a plesiosaur, capable of moving in time.
• In Dick King Smith's Water Horse (2007). The Water Horse boy discovers and hatches an egg belonging to the legendary Celtic creature, the Water Horse. Having named him Crusoe after a fictional character, he is finally forced to release him in Loch Ness.
• In Lawrence Yep’s book, The Dragon's Guide to Making Man Smarter, Nessie is a sentient being who prefers confidentiality and is the custodian of the Loch Ness environment.
• In the novel “Fishermen and Winegrowers” ​​by Mikhail Kharit, the Loch Ness Monster is a demon from the other world caused by the experiments of the magician Alistair Crowley , who lived on the banks of Loch Ness.
• In a series of books by the writer Kira Bulychev about Alice, the Loch Ness Monster appeared in several books: in the Reserve of Fairy Tales, Kozlik Ivan Ivanovich, and The Purple Ball, it was said that Nessie was the cousin of Snake Gorynych; and in "Dragonosaurus" it was believed that she was a dinosaur who knows how to breathe out the fire, lost in Sherwood Forest as a kid.

• Bagent M. Forbidden Archeology = Forbidden Archeology. - M .: Eksmo , 2004 .-- 135 p. - ISBN 5-699-04989-4 .

• Samples P. A. The alphabet of shambaloids: Muldashev and all-all-all . - M .: Yauza, Pressky, 2005 .-- 288 p. - (AntiMuldashev). - 9000 copies. - ISBN 5-98083-038-3 . Archived June 2, 2017 on Wayback Machine

• An article from Around the World magazine, 1982