The temporal ring is a bronze , silver , gold female jewelry, usually strengthened near the temples . It was worn one or several pairs at once.
Known from the Bronze Age, were common among the Eastern Slavs in the Middle Ages. The first temporal rings in Eastern Europe are bronze coils dating from the 3rd-4th millennium BC. e. ( Tripoli culture , Ukraine). By the 8th – 9th centuries AD e. they became so popular among Western Slavic tribes that they began to be considered typical Slavic jewelry. Gradually, the fashion for temporal rings spread to the Eastern Slavs, reaching their highest peak in the 11th – 12th centuries. Slavic women hung the temporal rings to the headdress ( crown , ring ) on the ribbons or straps that framed their faces. Different tribes had their own characteristic forms. Rings were hung on ribbons or thongs to a headdress, sometimes stuck in a tape or thong, sometimes strengthened directly in hair or threaded in an ear lobe. They were made of silver, bronze, copper.
Content
History
The very first temporal rings were found in graves of the catacomb and Unetitsa cultures , as well as in the burials of Mycenae and Troy of the Bronze Age [1] . In the east, temporal rings are found in graves of the Karasuk culture [2] .
In a later era, the temporal rings characterize the burials of the Black Forest culture [3] .
However, the temporal rings reach a true flowering and diversity in the culture of the Slavs of the Middle Ages (VIII-XII centuries). There is evidence that the design of the rings could experience the influence of Arab and Byzantine culture [4] .
Slavic temporal rings, like other jewelry, began to penetrate into Scandinavia from the second half of the 10th century , possibly together with their carriers, and as means of payment - most of these jewelry was found in the form of scrap. Also in the late Middle Ages, temporal rings were found in burials on the territory of the North Caucasus (in Karachay-Cherkessia [5] and Ingushetia [6] )
Among the temporal rings found in the Croatian burial grounds of the Istrian peninsula, wire rings of small diameter were widespread. The ends of many of them are wrapped in rings-loops with which they are connected. In addition, there were widespread head rings with a pendant in the form of a bunch of grapes, as well as two- and three-bead rings with scanned beads [7] .
Seven-Beam Rings
The early radial temporal rings, which served as the prototypes of the seven-rayed and seven-bladed ornaments of Radimichi and Vyatichi, are of Danube origin. These include rings of the Zaraisk treasure of the 9th century, among which there are five-beam with false grains on the shield and three balls at the ends of each ray, and seven-rays with one ball at the ends of the rays. The seven-rayed rings of the Poltava treasure (9th century) belong to the same group of temporal jewelry. Close to Zaraisky and the temporal ring with seven sharp rays, found on the Novotroitsky settlement (IX century). The Novotroitsk rings, cast, probably on the spot, replicate jewelry brought from the Subunavia. The seven-beam temporal ring of the Khotomel settlement in Pripyat Polesye dates back to the 8th – 9th centuries. Radial rings of the same shape were also found on the site of the Gornal Romanesque culture , on the site of the Titchikha Borschev culture in Voronezh Podonye, in Kvetuni near Trubchevsky, as well as in the settlements in Gnezdovo near Smolensky and Supruty in Upper Pochie. In general, they date from the 9th – 10th centuries; the nesting find is the border of the 9th and 10th centuries.
Types of temporal rings
| Type of | Ethnic conformity | Description | Region | Period | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seven-beam | Radimichi , northerners [8] [9] | Kursk Region [8] | VIII-XII centuries [9] | ||
| Bracelet-shaped | Krivichi | Wire rings with a diameter of 5 to 10 cm, the bottom of the wire is flattened by forging, which gives the ring a crescent or bracelet-like appearance. Also this type of rings is characterized by knotted ends. In a few cases, small holes were made on the lamellar parts of the rings, through which thin wire rings with trapezoidal plate pendants were threaded [10] . | Vitebsk and Minsk region [11] of Belarus, as well as Pskov , Kaluga , Nizhny Novgorod , Ryazan [12] and Smolensk region of Russia. | V-XII centuries | |
| Diamond-shaped | Ilmen Slovenia | Bronze rings in which there were robotic-like bulges (shields) in an amount from 2 to 5. Sometimes trapezoidal pendants were attached to the rings [13] | Leningrad ( Gatchinsky district ) [14] and the Novgorod region. | ||
| Seven-bladed | Vyatichi | Moscow Region [15] | |||
| Spiral | Northerners | Kursk [16] and Poltava region [17] , Lithuania [18] | |||
| Three bead | Dregovici [19] | Kiev (for what is called the "Kiev type") [20] and the Chernihiv region of Ukraine [21] |
Notes
- ↑ Funeral Equipment Analysis: Decorations
- ↑ Karasuk culture of the XIII-IX century BC e. Archived May 20, 2014 on Wayback Machine
- ↑ Black Forest culture
- ↑ Social foundations of the culture and art of Slavic tribes
- ↑ 4. Earrings and accessories
- ↑ Medieval material culture of the Ingush
- ↑ Croats
- ↑ 1 2 Shpilev A. G. Radial and lobed temporal rings of the Kursk Territory (IX - early XIII centuries) - Kursk: Kursk State Regional Museum of Archeology, 2007
- ↑ 1 2 Classification and cultural attribution of radial temporal rings Archival copy of February 6, 2015 on the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Formation of Smolensk-Polotsk Krivichi. Valentin Sedov. Ancient Russian nationality. Historical and archaeological research. History books online. E-library
- ↑ Archaeological finds
- ↑ Slavs. Historical and archaeological research
- ↑ Women's costume of Novgorod XI-XII centuries
- ↑ Archaeological sites of Gatchina district
- ↑ Tsaritsyno Mounds Archived May 29, 2014 on Wayback Machine
- ↑ Kursk State Regional Museum of Archeology
- ↑ The evolution of old Russian metal decoration in the IX-XI centuries. (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment November 22, 2012. Archived March 12, 2012.
- ↑ Headpiece and jewelry
- ↑ Head Jewelry: Temporal Rings Archived July 24, 2014 on Wayback Machine
- ↑ The Three Bead Temporal Rings (Ochelya) Archived on April 17, 2013.
- ↑ Temporal bead rings, cuff rings, Archival copy of July 24, 2014 on Wayback Machine
Literature
- Levashova V.P. Temporal rings // Transactions of GIM. - M. , 1967. - No. 43 . - S. 7–54 .
- Agapov A.S. and Saracheva T.G. On methods of wearing temporal rings // Russian Archeology. - 1997. - No. 1 . - S. 99–108 .
- Zhilina N.V. Ancient Russian precious pattern: traditions and influences (on the example of temporal adornments) // Ancient Russia. Questions of medieval studies . - 2005. - No. 3 (21) . - S. 30–31 .
Links
- Temporal rings // Big Soviet Encyclopedia
- Korshun V. Temporal decorations of the ancient Slavs - chronology, typology, symbolism (kulturologia.ru)
- Levasheva V.P. Temporal rings
- The temporal decorations of the ancient Slavs - chronology, typology, symbolism
- Seven-beam temporal rings
- Seven-lobed temporal rings as a decoration of braids and in a ribbon. Picture
- Panchenko M.V. Multi-temporal temporal rings on the lands of Southern Russia // East European Archaeological Journal. - September-October 2002. - No. 5 (18) .
- Yushko A. Mounds and temporal rings .
- Shtykhov G.V. Formation of Polotsk Krivichi // Is baltu kulturos istorijos. - Vilnius: Diemedis, 2000 .-- S. 209-218 . (inaccessible link)
- Peter Beatson Temple rings, and female headdress of the Eastern Slavs in Rus' . (eng.)