Social insurance

Historically, three forms of organization of social insurance systems have been identified:

• Collective (insurance organized by trade unions);
• State;
• Mixed (based on the interaction of the state and trade unions).

The earliest form of social protection is collective insurance. It appeared in Europe in the second half of the 19th century, together with trade unions defending the rights of employees to employers and the state. A typical example in this regard is England , where social security was carried out as collective self-help and self-insurance by creating mutual assistance funds, sickness funds, unemployment funds.

State social insurance introduced in Germany in 1883 as part of the social reforms carried out by Bismarck became the first legislative decision in the history of the issue of social protection of the population. Sickness insurance laws were passed, followed by disability and old-age insurance. These types of insurance were to be provided by health insurance funds, company cash registers and free mutual assistance cash registers. Insurance premiums were established by law and paid by employers and employees proportionally: one third and two thirds of the amount of contributions, respectively.

A mixed form of social insurance first appeared in Switzerland . Under the municipality of Berne in 1893, an unemployment insurance fund was established, which was managed by a commission of employers, trade union representatives and the municipality. Membership at the box office was voluntary. A citizen of the country could enter there, and after nine months of paying insurance premiums, he received the right to unemployment benefits for a period of 70 days during the year.

History of Social Insurance in Russia

• 70s of the XIX century −1917 - The beginning of the Russian social insurance system was laid in 1861, when the law “On the Mandatory Establishment of Subsidiary Partnerships at State Mining Plants” was adopted. Insurance funds were formed from contributions of workers (2-3% of the salary) and contributions from the plant management in an amount equal to the annual amount of contributions of workers. The funds raised were used to pay sickness benefits, pensions for the disabled, widows and orphans.

In 1912, the III State Duma adopted a package of laws that laid the foundation for Russian social insurance: “On Approving Presences for Workers' Insurance”, “On Approving the Council for Workers' Insurance”, “On Providing Workers in the Event of Illness”, ≪On Workers' Insurance Against industrial accidents. ”

• 1918-1933 years . In accordance with the decrees of 1918 "On the introduction of full social insurance" and "Regulations on the social security of workers" social insurance was replaced by social security - "free" "social insurance of workers. Funds were supposed to be collected from enterprises and entrepreneurs and from the state budget.

1921 - during the NEP there was a need to return to the practice of social insurance - the provision of payments at the expense of the state was replaced by payments from funds formed from contributions. With the abandonment of the NEP policy, the system of accounting for social risks and social insurance was again maximally simplified.

• 1933-1990 years . Since 1933, social insurance has come under the jurisdiction of trade unions. By 1938, a model of social insurance was emerging, which was based on the centralization of funds collected and spent according to uniform rules. Funds came from payments from enterprises and / or from the state budget. Health services were withdrawn from the social insurance system and received funding only from the budget ^[2] .

Social insurance is a tool for implementing state social policy .

In the Russian Federation, social insurance is financed from the state special-purpose extrabudgetary Social Insurance Fund , as well as other collective and private insurance funds. In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 39), voluntary social insurance, the creation of additional forms of social security and charity are encouraged.

Today in Russia, social insurance can be expressed in the form of state pensions and state benefits.

Government benefits

The most common allowance from the social insurance complex is temporary disability benefit received on the basis of a disability certificate issued at a medical institution. At the same time, a disability certificate is issued not only to the patient himself, but also to the parents of the sick child.

Maternity allowance is a typical example of women's social insurance, paid in the amount of full wages. Here you can mention the allowance for the birth of a child, for care until he reaches the age of one and a half years, or the age of three years.

Social insurance also includes such types of material support of the population as unemployment benefits and burial benefits .

The funds of the state social fund are spent exclusively for the purpose of social protection. In addition to paying the above types of pensions and benefits, money can be used to pay trips to balneological institutions for the purpose of sanatorium-resort treatment, dietary (medical) nutrition, partial maintenance of health and sanatorium children's camps, sanatoriums on the balance of policyholders.

• Disability pension
• Childcare allowance for children under 1.5 years old
• Social burial allowance in Russia

• Valentine Roik. Economics, finance and social insurance law. Institutes and insurance mechanisms. - M .: Alpina Publisher , 2012 .-- 258 p. - ISBN 978-5-9614-1961-0 .
• Raizberg B.A., Lozovsky L.Sh., Starodubtseva E.B. Modern economic dictionary. - M .: INFRA-M, 2006 .-- 495 p. - (Library of dictionaries "INFRA-M"). - ISBN 5-16-000184-0 .
• Ed. G. B. Pole. The budget system of Russia. - M .: UNITY-DANA, 2007 .-- ISBN 5-238-01110-5.

• Website of the Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation