A dictionary is a book or any other source, the information in which is organized by breaking it into small articles , sorted by title or topic . Distinguish between encyclopedic and linguistic dictionaries.
With the development of computer technology, electronic dictionaries and online dictionaries are becoming more common.
The first Russian dictionary is considered to be the Alphabet Book , placed in the list of the Papers of the book in 1282 and containing 174 words [1] .
Content
- 1 Definitions
- 2 Typology
- 3 Sample dictionaries
- 3.1 XIX century
- 3.2 XX century
- 4 notes
- 5 Literature
- 6 References
Definitions
Different sources define the concept of a dictionary differently:
- dictionary - a book containing a collection of words (or morphemes , phrases , idioms , etc.) arranged according to a certain principle, and giving information about their meanings, usage, origin, translation into another language, etc. (linguistic dictionaries) or information about the concepts and objects that they designate, about figures in any fields of science, culture, etc. [2] ;
- dictionary - a collection of words, sayings of a language, with interpretation or translation. Dictionaries are general and particular, everyday and scientific [3] ;
- dictionary - a collection of words (usually in alphabetical order), stable expressions with explanations, interpretations or with translation into another language [4] ;
- dictionary - a collection of words of a language in the alphabetical order or in the word production located [5] ;
- dictionary - a book containing a list of words, usually with explanations, interpretations or translation into another language [6] ;
- dictionary - a book containing a list of words arranged according to one or another principle (for example, alphabetically ), with various explanations [7] .
Typology
Dictionaries are usually divided into two main types: encyclopedic and linguistic .
The object of the description of linguistic (linguistic) dictionaries is linguistic units ( words , word forms , morphemes ). In such a dictionary, a word (word form, morpheme) can be characterized from different sides, depending on the goals, volume and objectives of the dictionary: from the side of semantic content, word formation, spelling, spelling , correct use. Depending on how many features of the word are described in the dictionary, dictionaries are single-aspect and multi-aspect.
- Synchronous linguistic dictionaries reflect a section of the language of a certain time (for example, the language of the XVIII century, the modern language).
- Diachronic (for example, etymological ) - reflect the development of the language over time.
Encyclopedic ( dr. Greek ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία - “learning in a full circle”) dictionaries contain extra-linguistic information about the described language units; these dictionaries contain information about scientific concepts, terms, historical events, personalities, geography, etc. The encyclopedic dictionary does not contain grammatical information about the word, but gives information about the subject designated by the word.
The terminological dictionary contains the terms of any field of knowledge or topic and their interpretation [8] .
Sample Dictionaries
XIX century
- Nikolay Yanovsky . New word interpreter in alphabetical order. Part one. . - SPb. : Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1803.
- Nikolay Yanovsky. New word interpreter in alphabetical order. Part two. . - SPb. : Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1804.
- Peter Alekseev . Church Dictionary. Part one. A - D. - SPb. : Printing house of Ivan Glazunov, 1817. - S. 279.
XX century
French-Russian phrasebook .
English-Russian dictionary.
Large English-Russian Polytechnical Dictionary.
Explanatory dictionary of modern English for an advanced stage.
Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language edited by S. I. Ozhegov.
Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary
Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary
Mathematical Encyclopedic Dictionary
Notes
- ↑ Shirsky K. Essay on ancient Slavic-Russian dictionaries // Philological notes. Voronezh, 1869.
- ↑ New Encyclopedic Dictionary. M., 2000.
- ↑ Dal V.I. Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language .
- ↑ Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N. Yu. Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language .
- ↑ Dictionary of the Russian Academy. St. Petersburg, 1806-1822.
- ↑ Dictionary of modern Russian literary language in 17 vols., 1948-1965 .
- ↑ Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language in 4 vols. under the editorship of D.N. Ushakova .
- ↑ GOST 7.60-2003
Literature
- Dictionary // Great Russian Encyclopedia. Volume 30. - M. , 2015 .-- S. 424-425.
- Lisovsky N.M. Dictionary // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- Vompersky V.P. Dictionaries of the 18th Century / Otv. ed. Corr. USSR Academy of Sciences N. I. Tolstoy : Reviewers: T. G. Vinokur , V. V. Lopatin ; Russian language Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences . - M .: Nauka , 1986 .-- 136 p. - 6000 copies. (region)
- Dictionaries and vocabulary in Russia in the 18th century / Ans. ed. L. L. Kutina , E. E. Birzhakova . - L .: Science . Leningra. Department, 1980 .-- 168 p.