Hryvna - a silver or gold item ( jewelry , insignia or distinction ) in the form of a hoop worn around the neck, including in Kievan Rus .
There are also options in bronze and iron, twisted and smooth versions. Cervical hryvnias were made of thick wire (drota), sometimes twisted, with looped ends bent. Hryvnias were rarely fastened, more often they were compressed so that their ends went far behind each other. They were worn around the neck, one or two, sometimes with necklaces . Decorated with ornaments or notches. The design of the hryvnia has changed over time. The rigidity of the structure, which has survived to this day, remained unchanged. Hryvnia became fashionable again in the early 1950s.
In the Old Slavonic language, the word hryvnia meant a necklace or bracelet [1] , hence the second meaning of the word - “ monetary unit ” [2] .
Other nations and nationalities had a different name.
Content
History
The decoration has been known since the Bronze Age . In some peoples, hryvnia was worn mainly by men, while by others - women. The Medes and Persians wore it noble men and women. Among the Gauls, it was first only a feminine adornment, then a sign of the dignity of male leaders . The Romans called the hryvnia torques and served as a reward for military distinction. Hryvnia was also included in the outfit of noble men and women among the Scythians and Sarmatians , among the Tissagets on the Kama , and among the Sogdians in Central Asia .
In the Middle Ages, it retained the same significance among the Western and Eastern Slavs , Scandinavians, and many Volga, Kama, Oka, Baltic tribes. At that time in Russia, the hryvnia was worn as a sign of distinction (difference) and at the same time decoration. Russian warriors in the X-XI centuries received a neck hryvnia as a reward. In the XII-XIV centuries, the cervical hryvnia gradually turned into an exclusively feminine decoration in wealthy families. In the XII-XIV centuries, the hryvnia was a female decoration in Russia among both feudal lords and peasants. In the XVI century in Russia, she was part of the wedding dress of both the groom and the bride.
Torques
Torkves ( Tork ) is a Celtic version of the neck hryvnia: a cult necklace made of bronze , gold , precious metals, worn around the neck, waist, across the chest, like bracelets.
Most of them were open in front, but despite this, many of them were made for almost constant wear, and it was difficult to remove them, despite the fact that gold is a soft metal. The word comes from lat. torquere or torques , from torqueo “twist”, “turn” ( PIE lemma * terk? - ).
Starting from the statue of the Hirschlanden fighter (VI century BC., Hallstatt culture ) in painting and sculpture, the torc is the identifier of the “Celtic world” [3] . Nevertheless, cervical hryvnias were also known to the Scythians , Illyrians [4] , Thracians and other peoples of the European Iron Age from the VIII century BC to the III century AD. Scythian hryvnias from the Tolstaya Mogila burial mound, Pereshchepinsky treasure and others are distinguished by a high level of skill.
The Torquesas were clearly valuable, as they are often found to be cut into pieces, which means that they were used as a store of value . It is noted that the Iberian gold torques were made with certain weights that are multiples of the Phoenician shekel . [five]
The earliest Celtic torques are most often buried with women. According to some authors, torques was an ornament for women until the end of the 3rd century BC, after which it became an attribute of warriors. [6] In the Iron Age, the Golden Celtic Torques was a key element identifying the owner as a person of high rank , and many of the best works of ancient Celtic art are Torques. Celtic torques disappears during the period of the great migration of peoples , but in the Viking era , torques returns to fashion, mainly in the form of silver jewelry. [7]
The first appearance of the Torquesses in Sicilian art dates back to the beginning of the Iron Age, about 500 BC. Titus Manlius received the nickname "Torquatus" from the torques taken from the murdered Gaul; in Roman history, many of his descendants bearing this name are glorified.
In Symbols
It is an ornament of the state symbol of the national republics of Russia.
- Republic of Mordovia .
Gallery
Torques from the museum in Reims.
Snettishemsky treasure.
Northern Spain, IV — II century BC.
Bronze Galsky Torques (modern reproduction).
Achaemenid torques from Persia , 350 BC. From the burial in Susa.
Torques from northern Gaul.
Torques from Galicia.
Simple torques. Museum of Pilgrimage, Rio de Janeiro.
See also
- Jewelry in Ukraine
- Hryvnia
- Hryvnia (measure of weight)
Notes
- ↑ History of the hryvnia (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment March 19, 2010. Archived April 6, 2009.
- ↑ Hryvnia // Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language : in 4 volumes / auth. V.I. Dahl . - 2nd ed. - SPb. : Printing house of M.O. Wolf , 1880-1882.
- ↑ Celtic style. Torques unopened (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment March 16, 2011. Archived on April 9, 2011.
- ↑ JJ Wilkes. Illyrian chiefs wore heavy bronze torques. - 1992. - S. 223. - ISBN 0-631-19807-5 .
- ↑ González-Ruibal, “Torcs”
- ↑ Green, 45-48, 74
- ↑ Jim Cornish, Elementary: Viking Hoards Archived October 14, 2007 at Wayback Machine , on the Center for Distance Learning & Innovation Website
Links
- Ryabtseva S. S. Snakes and dragons. About the continuation of an ancient tradition in the jewelry business of the Middle Ages. // STRATUM plus. - Chisinau, 1999. - No. 3 .
- Hryvnia X — XI centuries.
- Scythian neck hryvnia
- Scythian golden spiral neck hryvnia