James Hepburn ( born James Hepburn ; c. 1535 - April 14, 1578 ) - 4th Earl of Botwell (in another spelling Boswell ) in 1556 - 1567 , the Duke of Orkney , a Scottish nobleman, the third husband of the Queen Scotland's Mary Stuart , a marriage with whom led to the overthrow of the Queen in 1567 .
| James Hepburn | |
|---|---|
| English James hepburn | |
 | |
| Date of Birth | OK. 1535 year |
| Place of Birth | |
| Date of death | April 14, 1578 |
| Place of death | Dragsholm Castle , Denmark |
| A country | |
| Occupation | |
| Father | Patrick Hepburn |
| Mother | Agnes Sinclair |
| Spouse | 1. Gene Gordon 2. Mary Stuart 3. Anna Trondsen |
Content
Young years
James Hepburn was the son of Patrick Hepburn, 3rd Earl of Botwell , an associate and probable lover of Queen Maria de Guise . Continuing the policy of his father, who died in 1556 , James remained faithful to Mary de Guise and supported the pro-French policy of the regent during the Protestant revolution of 1559 - 1560 . After the return of the young Queen Mary Stuart to Scotland in 1561, Earl Botwell, however, entered into a conspiracy with Arran against the Queen and her advisers, but was captured and deported from the country.
The uprising of Morea in 1565 and the attempts of Queen Mary to expand the social support of her reign led to her reconciliation with Botwell. In October 1565, James Hepburn returned to Scotland and entered the circle of noblemen closest to Mary Stuart. Bothwell was appointed Sheriff of Edinburgh and Huddington , he was transferred to the most important Scottish border fortresses and entrusted with the organization of the defense system against England . During a conspiracy of radical Protestants that led to the assassination of Riccio in 1566 , Botwell gathered a large army to defend the queen.
Bothwell and Mary Stuart
At the same time, Mary Stuart began to feel for the count feelings that are far from innocence. The courageous, energetic, decisive thirty-year-old Botwell sharply contrasted with the weak-willed queen's spouse Lord Darnley . Apparently, already in the fall of 1566, Mary Stuart's passion for Botwell became an obvious fact. The historian and humanist George Buchanan , a contemporary of Mary and Botwell, describes the episode when, in the late fall of 1566, in a storm, the queen, who learned about the wound of her lover, threw the royal court and rushed almost alone to his castle on the English border.
Lord Darnley, who had obstructed Earl Botwell’s path to Mary Stuart’s hand, was killed on February 10, 1567 under suspicious circumstances. Popular rumor attributed this death to the conspiracy of the queen and her lover. The Council of State tried to hold Botwell accountable, accusing Darnley of the murder, but the count managed to get the charges down by force. At the end of March 1567, Botwell divorced his wife, and on May 15, 1567 the marriage of the Catholic Queen Mary Stuart and the adherent of the Church of Scotland, Earl Botwell, who had received the title of Duke of Orkney, had taken place.
The murder of Darnley and the scandalous marriage of the queen with the alleged killer caused outrage in the country. Almost all the barons of Scotland opposed Mary Stuart, regardless of faith. Public opinion in the country and beyond was also opposed to the queen. On June 15, 1567, the royal troops at Carberry collided with an army assembled by rebel barons. After several days of negotiations, the Queen's soldiers deserted. After ascertaining that Botwell safely left the battlefield, Mary Stuart surrendered to the mercy of the barons and on July 24, 1567 signed the abdication.
Botwell's death
James Hepburn fled to his possessions on the Orkney Islands . Parliament, assembled after Mary's abdication, accused Botwell of murder and treason and confiscated his land. Government troops were sent against him, which forced Botwell to retreat first to the Shetland Islands , and then to flee to Norway . In Norway, Botwell fell into the hands of the relatives of one girl she had seduced in her youth and was imprisoned by the King of Denmark and Norway . The count remained in custody until his death in 1578 .
In Culture
- In literature
- Stefan Zweig . Mary Stuart. Marie Antoinette. - M .: Thought, 1992. - S. 3-352. - 830 s. - ISBN 5-244-00654-1 .
- Margaret George . The Mystery of Mary Stuart = Mary Queen of Scotland and the Isles. - M .: Eksmo, 2014 .-- ISBN 978-5-699-74507-4 .
- Margaret George . Mary Stuart's mistake = Mary Queen of Scotland and the Isles. - M .: Eksmo, 2015 .-- ISBN 978-5-699-75839-5 .
- Margaret George . The last dance of Mary Stuart = Mary Queen of Scotland and the Isles. - M .: Eksmo, 2015 .-- ISBN 978-5-699-82952-1 .
- In the cinema
- In the 1936 film " Mary of Scotland, " the role of Earl of Botwell was played by Fredrick March
- In the 2004 film Conspiracy Against the Crown , the role of Earl Botwell was played by Kevin McKidd .
- In the 2013 film Mary is Queen of Scotland , the role of Earl Botwell was played by Sean Biggerstaff .
- In the series “The Kingdom ” of 2013-2017, the role of Earl Botwell in the fourth season was played by Adam Crosdell.
- In the 2018 film Mary is Queen of Scotland , the role of Earl of Botwell was played by Martin Compston .
Links
- Bottuel, James-Gepburn // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- Detailed biography of James Hepburn