Quint Pompey Ruf

Origin

Quintus Pompey belonged to the plebeian clan Pompey , whose representatives are mentioned in the sources, beginning from the II century BC. er Nomen Pompeius obviously has the same origin as the toponym Pompeii in Campania , but nothing is known about Pompei’s connection with the city in the vicinity of Vesuvius ^[1] .

The first consul of this family was Quint (141 BC). According to the Capitoline Fasta , the father and grandfather of Pompey Ruf wore the prenomenes of Quint and Aulus, respectively ^[2] ; Therefore, there is an assumption that it was the consul of 141 BC. er was his father. There is a great chronological distance between these two Pompeii, but it is known that Quintus Sr. married late ^[3] . In this case, Quintus Jr. had a sister ^[4] , the mother of a certain Guy Sicinius , "who died in the questor's rank" ^[5] . The close relatives of Ruf could be Pompeii the Bithynics: in particular, the tribune of the people of 102 BC. er Aul Pompey could be his cousin ^[6] .

In a distant relationship, Quintus Pompey consisted of Gney Pompey Strabo , Consul, 89 BC. er and the father of Gneus Pompey the Great ^[7]

Career start

The first mention of Quint Pompey in extant sources may refer to 99 BC. er At that time, internal conflicts broke out in Rome: the senatorial estate and horsemanship united against popular politician Lucius Appuleu Saturnin , who was killed as a result on the first day of his third tribunate (December 10, 100). Shortly thereafter, according to Orosius , some Caton and Pompey proposed a bill to return Quint Caecilius Metella of Numidia from exile - an influential nobil who led the fight against Saturnin and because of this was forced to leave Rome ^[8] . The author of The History Against Pagans does not mention the full names of the authors of this initiative, and other sources generally do without indications of specific individuals ("loud voices were heard from the Senate and the popular assembly demanding the return of Metell" ^[9] ; "a proposal was made to return Metell from exile ^[10] ). Nevertheless, the researchers suggest that we are talking about Marcus Portia Catone Salonian the Younger and Quint Pompey Rufe, who, therefore, were also tribunes of 99 BC. er ^[eleven]

The initiative of the two tribunes met with general sympathy and received support from a number of representatives of the nobility, but did not become law because of the active opposition of another tribune, Publishing Fury . For the latter, according to Plutarch and Orosia, stood Guy Mari , Metellov’s old enemy ^{[10] [8]} . Quintus Cecilius returned to Rome later; nevertheless, Quintus Pompey could be considered a “friend of the aristocracy” ^[12] because of these events.

In 91 BC. er Quintus Pompey was a city praetor ( praetor urbanus ) ^[13] . The researchers suggest that in this capacity he supported the popular tribune of Mark Liby Drusus , who came up with a reform program that envisaged an expansion of the senate at the expense of horsemen , a transfer to the control of senators of the courts, a large-scale division of land and the granting of civil rights to the Italians . Drumus supporters also included Marcus Aemilius Skavr , Lucius Licinius Crassus , Marc Anthony Orator , both Quintus Muzia Scaevoli - Pontifex and Augur , Guy Aurelius Cotta , quaternary (former questor ) Guy Julius Caesar Strabo Vopisk , a prominent speaker, Publius Sulpitius (his name and his profile) (his connection), Guy Julius Caesar Strabo Vopisk , a prominent speaker, Publius Sulpitius (his name and his profile, his name) Pompey close friendship ^[14] ) ^[15] . There is an opinion that Lucius Cornelius Sulla also belonged to the number of like-minded Druze, then only praetori (former praetor) ^[16] .

Reforms met with strong resistance. All the laws of Druze were repealed in the same year, and the tribune of the people fell at the hands of the murderer. On the activities of Quintus Pompey as a praetor, it is only known that he forbade Quintu Fabius Maxim, the son of Maxim Allobrogik , to use his father's property because of his riotous lifestyle ^[17] .

The following year, the enemies of the reforms held by the hands of one of the new tribunes, Quintus Varius of the North , the law ( Lex Varia ), according to which those who pushed the Roman allies to the uprising were to be tried - in word or deed. On the basis of this law, the prosecution of supporters of Druze began, and many had to retire into exile. Quintu Pompey was also charged. According to Marcus Tullius Cicero, he was present at the trial (he was 16 then). A witness on the part of the prosecution was the consul Lucius Marcius Philippe , and his “testimony was not inferior to the prosecution either by passion, or by force, or by wealth of speech” ^[18] . Sources do not report the outcome of the process; allegedly Ruf was acquitted ^[19] .

Election of consul

In 89 BC er Quintus Pompey nominated his candidacy for the consuls. At this time, Rome began a war with the king of Ponta Mithridates , who had just occupied the province of Asia . One of the consuls of '88 was to receive command in the theater of operations, and this made the struggle for the magistracy especially dramatic: the war that had begun did not seem particularly difficult, but promised the commander fame, loot and sympathy from the Roman business community ^[7] . Quintus Pompey went to the polls in alliance with the patrician Lucius Cornelius Sulla , who distinguished himself during the Allied War and enlisted the support of the Metellas. To consolidate this union, Pompey’s son married Sulla’s daughter.

In addition, some sources report claims about the consulate of Gnay Pompey Strabo ^[20] (but Welley Paterkul could be mistaken ^[7] ) and Guy Maria ^[21] ; opinions of researchers regarding the existence of the last candidate differ - there are votes for ^[22] and against ^[23] . In addition, Guy Julius Caesar Strabo Vopisk, a renowned speaker who did not occupy the position of a praetor compulsory for a candidate, but could receive support from his older consular brothers Lucius Julius Caesar and Quintus Lutation Katul , as well as Mark Antony, became the applicant for the consulate, as well as Mark Antony ^{[ 24]} .

Elections began later than usual - already at the beginning of the year (88 BC). Two tribunes of the people, Publius Sulpcius and Publius Antistius , spoke out against the candidature of Guy Julius, insisting that it was impossible to get a consulate without passing through the interim stage of the pretury ^[25] . Both Caesar and the tribunes had numerous supporters, between whom street clashes began ^{[26] [27]} . In the end, Caesar lost the election, and Sulla and Pompey became the consuls ^[28] .

Sources do not report in whose interests Sulpicius acted, having stood in the way of Caesar Strabo ^[29] . At the same time, the treatise on Friendship mentions the break in relations between Publius and Pompey Ruf, which occurred after the election of the latter as a consul. This gap "caused universal amazement and regret," and from that moment Sulpicius "mortally hated" Pompey ^[14] .

In historiography, these sources of data caused an extensive discussion. Many scientists share the opinion that the tribune supported his friend, Quint Pompey Ruff, during the elections. Thus, A. Kivni writes that immediately after the split of the Druzean "party", Sulpicius joined a political group headed by Pompey and Sulla. The Tribune helped the two of them get a consulate and waited for them to support his bill in return for new citizens, which continued the policy of Druze. Having been refused, Publius Sulpicius immediately severed this alliance and went to rapprochement with the enemy of Sulla Guy Marie, who was secretly promised command in the Mithridates War ^[30] in exchange for support in the national assembly from his veterans ^[31] . For the tribune, a break with the consuls meant enmity with the senate and becoming popular ^{[32] [33] [34]} . According to the hypothesis of E. Bedian, the tribunes entered into an alliance with Marie after the refusal of the consuls and the senate to approve his bills ^[35] .

There is also an alternative version, according to which Sulpicius became an ally of Mary before the consular elections. Accordingly, he fought with Caesar Strabo not for the sake of friendship with the mobility and, in particular, with Pompey, but defending the Law of Will , and in the future the change of commander in the Mithridates War was his main goal. The Italian problem Sulpice was not interested ^[36] .

Civil War

Of the two consuls, Sulla was to go to the East; Pompey fell in Italy ^[37] . But even before Sulla’s departure, there was a conflict between the consuls and Publius Sulpice. The latter put forward legislative initiatives to return the exiles who fell victim to the Law of Varia, to expel more than two thousand denarii from the Senate for distribution and to distribute Italians who had received citizenship during the Allied War during the Allied War (before that they could be included only in 8 or 10 tribes who voted last) ^[38] . Pompey and Sulla turned out to be resolute opponents of these bills, despite the recent collaboration with Sulpcieu; against, according to Appian , all the “old citizens” who were united against the “new” turned out to be ^[39] . On the eve of the voting, street clashes began, and then the consuls announced non-business days ^[40] in order to “postpone the vote of the draft law and the expected disaster in connection with it” ^[39] . Either they wanted to avoid new unrest, or were afraid that the outcome of popular will would be in favor of the tribune ^[41] .

Then Sulpicius brought his supporters with daggers hidden under their clothes (there is a hypothesis that they were veterans Maria ^[42] ) to a forum at the Dioscuri temple , where Pompey and Sulla held a national gathering, and demanded that the consuls not interfere with voting. In the ensuing battle, Pompey 's son was killed "because he spoke too freely in his speech" ^[43] . Consuls fled. Pompey “fled and hid” ^[44] , while Sulla hid in the house of Maria and there held talks with him: he went on his own behalf and on behalf of a colleague to make concessions and canceled non-servile days. For a time, the conflict was considered settled - but Sulpicius, in addition to the three old bills, put forward and the fourth to vote, on giving Mary the pro-consular empire and command in the war with Mithridates. All these initiatives have become laws ^{[45] [46]} .

Plutarch writes that at the same time Sulpicius dismissed Quintus Pompey from office ^[44] . There is no consensus in historiography about the degree of plausibility of this message; Some historians see the decisive argument “against” that other ancient authors are silent about this and call Pompey a colleague of Sulla in connection with subsequent events ^[47] .

Upon learning of what had happened, Sulla raised a revolt against the Republic and moved his army, which was under Nola , to Rome. Quintus Pompey Ruf joined him; according to Plutarch, Ruf participated in the campaign from the very beginning ^[48] , and according to Appian, he joined his colleague already near Rome ^[49] . A. Kivni considers the first version to be more likely ^[50] . The Senate sent a number of embassies to meet the rebels, but Sulla and Pompey did not stop their army. It is known that Pompey occupied one of the four legions of the Collin Gate , and then the battle began on the streets of Rome ^[51] . Thanks to the deep flanking round, the consuls won, and Marius and Sulpicius fled the city ^{[52] [53]} .

The very next day, under the pressure of the consuls, all the laws of Sulpice were abolished, and the tribunes themselves, Guy Mari and 11 others were declared “enemies” ( hostes ) - that is, they could be killed with impunity, and their property was subject to confiscation ^{[54] [55 ]} . Sulpicius was soon assassinated, and his severed head was exposed on the rostra in Rome ^[56]

Doom

Soon after the capture of Rome, it was decided to terminate the pro-consular powers of Gnay Pompey Strabo, extended just a few months before, and to transfer him to the army to Quintus Pompey Ruf. This army at that time was in the north of Italy and continued to pacify those allies who had not yet submitted to Rome. According to Valery Maxim , the decision on command for Ruf was made by the senate ^[57] , according to Appian - the national assembly ^[58] . Some researchers accept the first version ^{[59] [60]} , some - the second ^[61] .

In any case, Sulla stood behind the decision: he needed to provide his ally Pompey Ruf with a strong army before leaving for the East so that he could protect himself and the order existing in Rome ^[62] . At the same time, protection was necessary, since Mari, who fled to Africa , at any time could return ^[63] .

Strabo could not like this turn. In words, he agreed to resign, but Quintus Pompey was killed on the day of his arrival in the army by soldiers. Strabo did not punish anyone, confining himself to verbal censure, and immediately again assumed the powers of the commander, although this was a direct violation of the will of the senate. In this connection, the statements of Velley Paterkul ^[64] and Livy's epitator ^[65] that Gney Pompey himself was the organizer of the murder of Ruff himself sound logical. Many researchers consider this explanation plausible ^{[66] [61] [67]} .

The sources mention one son of Quint Pompey of the same name , Sulla's son-in-law, who died during the life of his father ^[68] . His children were the tribune of the people of 52 BC. er and Pompey , second wife of Gaius Julius Caesar . It was about her that Guy Julius said: “Caesar’s wife must be above suspicion” ^[69] .

Another Quint Pompey Ruf appears in the Senate ruling from 73 BC. er T. Mommzen suggested that this nobile was adopted by the consul of 88 years after the death of his own son, but F. Müntzer doubts the plausibility of this hypothesis ^[70] .

Marcus Tullius Cicero in his treatise Brutus calls Quinta Pompey a mediocre speaker ^[18] , who also used Lucius Elius Stilon ^[71] to write speeches. В историографии Руф считается второстепенным и неярким историческим деятелем — «малопримечательным родственником Помпея Страбона» ^[72] .

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• Квинт Помпей Руф (англ.) . - in Smith 's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.